文体与翻译

文体与翻译31文体与翻译Style and TranslationCourse: style and translationLecturer: Wen YueeCONTENTSHistory of translationTranslation of Modern Essays罗新璋曾不无感慨地说: 不懂钱锺书, 罗新璋曾不无感慨地说:"不懂钱锺书,是国人的悲哀;不识钱氏译艺谈,也是译界的不幸. 的悲哀;不识钱氏译艺谈,也是译界的不幸."在《林纾的翻译》一文中,钱锺书先生提出了著名的文学林纾的翻译》一文中, 翻译"化境" 翻译"化境"论,即:"文学翻译的最高理想可以说是把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字, '化'.把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹, 语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于'化境'".(1997 269) '"First impressions are often lasting ones. Indeed, if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the "halo effect." This means that if you're viewed positively within the critical first few minutes, the person you've met will likely assume everything you do is positive.How you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer's first impression of you. In a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use,38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial expressions. In fact, when our facial expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, the listener will typically put more weight on the nonverbal message.To make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm handshake. If the interviewer doesn't initiate the gesture, offer your hand first. Whenever you have a choice of seats, select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one across from it. That way there are no barriers between the two of you and the effect is somewhat less confrontational. If you must sit facing the desk, shift your chair slightly as you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you're not directly in front of your interviewer.Monitor your body language to make sure you don't seem too desperate for the job, or too eager to please. Keep a Poker face in businesssituations. Inappropriate smiling is the most common example of a nonverbal behavior that undercuts verbal messages--making you appear weak and unassertive. Good eye contact is also important. One study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are perceived as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible.第一印象常常是持久的印象.的确,如果处理得当, 第一印象常常是持久的印象.的确,如果处理得当,你就能有幸获得社会学家称之为"光环效应"带来的种种好处. 能有幸获得社会学家称之为"光环效应"带来的种种好处. 这就是说, 这就是说,要是在一开始关键的几分钟里你就给人留下好的印象,初遇者就可能认为你办的事件件都好. 的印象,初遇者就可能认为你办的事件件都好.你的一举一动都会大大影响你给面试者的第一印象. 你的一举一动都会大大影响你给面试者的第一印象.在有关人际交流的一项意义重大的研究中心理学家发现, 流的一项意义重大的研究中心理学家发现,关于情感和态度的信息来自我们的语言文字, 38%来自我们的语音,而惊人的是, 有7% 来自我们的语言文字,有38%来自我们的语音,而惊人的是, 竟有55 来自我们的面部表情.事实上, 55% 竟有55%来自我们的面部表情.事实上,如果面部表情或说话语调与我们所说的话发生矛盾时,听者通常会更加看重那些非语言信息. 与我们所说的话发生矛盾时,听者通常会更加看重那些非语言信息.为了使第一次面试成功,一开始的握手要坚定有力. 为了使第一次面试成功,一开始的握手要坚定有力.如果面试者没有主动伸出手来,你就主动先把手伸出来. 试者没有主动伸出手来,你就主动先把手伸出来.要是可以选择座位的话,要坐在面试者桌子的侧面, 选择座位的话,要坐在面试者桌子的侧面,而不要坐在正对这样坐法你们中间就没有障碍了, 面.这样坐法你们中间就没有障碍了,而且在一定程度上起到减少对立的作用.如果你只能坐在桌子对面, 到减少对立的作用.如果你只能坐在桌子对面,那么坐的时候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身体坐的角度偏一点, 候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身体坐的角度偏一点,这样你就不是正对着面试者了. 不是正对着面试者了.要注意你的形体语言,千万不要表现得对这份工作迫不及待, 要注意你的形体语言,千万不要表现得对这份工作迫不及待, 也不要表现得急于讨好别人. 也不要表现得急于讨好别人.要保持一种办理公事时一本正经的神态.非语言行为可削弱语言信息的力量, 经的神态.非语言行为可削弱语言信息的力量,从而使你显得优柔寡断缺乏自信, 得优柔寡断缺乏自信,而不合时宜的微笑就是一个最为常见的例子.良好的目光交流也非常重要.有一项研究发现, 的例子.良好的目光交流也非常重要.有一项研究发现,多用目光进行交流的求职者可给人以更为机警,可靠, 用目光进行交流的求职者可给人以更为机警,可靠, 自信,负责的印象. 自信,负责的印象.一、科技英语特点1. 以客观陈述为主,较多使用被动句.科技人员在研究和解决科技问题时重视事物本身的客观规律,主观事实和方法,性能和特征,在讨论科技问题是力求客观而准确的陈述,因此,在科技文献中通常以非人称的语气作客观的叙述,从而较多使用被动句.例如:The length of the polymer chain is specified by the number of repeat units in the chain. This is called the degree of polymerization. Unlike many products whose structure and reactions were well known before their industrial application, some polymers were produced on an industrial scale long before their chemistry or physics was studied.2. 大量使用科技词语.科技文献中除了使用各学科专用的科技词语外,还广泛使用各学科通用的半科技词语和书面的非科技词语. 专用的科技词语仅用于某个学科或专业的词汇或术语. 半科技词语指那些日常用于英语,但又是科技英语中常用的那些词汇.例:reaction.书面非科技词语指主要用于科技英语但却严格地属于非科技性质的词语. 例: apply, to yield, generation, available, at the rate of 按~~~的比率,以~~~速度 in terms of 用,借助于 Back in the order of 大约。

3. 表达方式程式化.文章结构程式化:标题,摘要,正文(引言,论述, 结论). 介绍某个过程或功能及达到某种目标时,一般利用动词不定式短语构成目的状语,放在句子的开头.例: To increase the rate of reaction, a catalyst is used. 简述实验结果时,往往在句首使用引导词 it 作形式主语,构成被动句, It was found the rate of follow was improved by increasing the pressure.4. 大量使用非谓语动词,名词及介词短语.非谓语动词作定语,可明确所描述对象. 利用非谓语动词构成的各种短语代替句子中的从句或分句,可使句子简练. 句或分句,可使句子简练.例: Polypropylene (聚丙烯) is the second resin in the family of polyolefins composed of long chain saturated hydrocarbons. (聚烯烃)5. 条件句较多.科技英语中常须提出假设和推理,因而条件句使用得较多. 一般条件句由两个句子组成: 表示假设条件的"if"从句在前,后面主句说明该条件得到满足时的推论或后续步骤. If a polymer sample is cooled rapidly to a temperature just below Tg, its volume continues to decrease for many hours. Glass transition temperature =T.G 玻璃化温度6、复杂的长句较多.Configurational isomerism is then due to the presence in the molecule of one or more dissymmetric centers, in the simplest case asymmetric carbon atoms, each of which can have (R) and (S) absolute configuration; and, or, to the presence of double blonds which can the presence of double blonds which can give cis- and transgeometrical isomers(几何异构体). (几何异构体)7、句子结构严谨合理.科技英语要求客观性,准确性和严密性,既满足语法修辞的要求,又符合逻辑和客观实际.具体根据句子中表达的具体概念分别采用主从结构和平行结构. 主从结构:两个以上不同概念,而不同等重要的成分, 重要成分成主句. 如:(1) The crude petroleum oil obtained from ( ) well consists of a mixture of hydro-carbons each of which is a chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen. (2)The crude petroleum oil obtained from well) consists of hydro-carbons and each of these is a chemical compound of carbon and hydrogen.8. 省略句较多(1) 并列复合句中的省略.在并列复合句中,各句里的相同成分——主、谓、或宾可予以省略. 例:Low density polyethylene has a crystallinity( 晶状体球蛋白 ) ( 晶状体球蛋白) range of 65 percent, and high density polyethylene (has a crystallinity range) of 85 percent.(2) 定语从句中的省略.由关联词which 或that 引出的定语从句,通常可将关联词和从句谓语中的助动词(当从句被动语态时)省略,只留下作定语用的分词短语,如: Vinyl resins ( 乙烯树脂 ) cover a broad group of materials (that are) derived from the "vinyl" radical.(3) 其他省略句.在特定句型中,常可省略一些句子成分. 如: The smaller the particles (are ), the more freely do they move.(4) 一些固定的省略句型:As described above 如前所述 If possible 如可能的(话) As indicated in Fig.I 如图I所示 If required 需要时,如果需要(的话) As noted later 如后所述,从下文可以看出 When in use 在使用时,当工作时 As previously mentioned 前已提及 When necessary 当必要时,如有必要 When needed 如果需要(的话) As shown in table X 如表X所示 If necessary 如有必要二,科技英语翻译的一般知识1、翻译的任务:注重逻辑思维,讲究语言上的规范, 表达上的妥达和译文的流畅.2、翻译的标准:确切性是翻译的总标准.信:忠实原文. 达:通顺,译文通俗易懂. 雅:修辞.辞藻优美,语言精练. 还须做到: 明确: 技术内容上忠实于原文,表达清楚不可模棱两可. 通顺: 合乎中文的语法要求,顺口. 简练: 尽可能简短,精练,不重复罗嗦.3、翻译的过程:理解,表达,校核三个阶段.1)深刻理解原文,精通专业知识. 例:yield, 一般"产量",林业中译作"收获量",造纸业"得率",塑料工业中译作"屈服" 或挤出量.2) 确切的表达译文:不折不扣,恰如其分,明确通顺.3)校核阶段:对内容进一步核实,对语言进行推敲,进行必要的润色加工,尽量删去那些不必要的字.Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem. Dilute 稀释There are two ways by which the pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products. Manure粪便 Effluent污水将来水的问题会变得更加尖锐复杂. 将来水的问题会变得更加尖锐复杂.不断增长的人口将大量增加城市废物,主要是生活污水.另一方面, 增加城市废物,主要是生活污水.另一方面,用水需求的不断增长将使得可用于稀释废水的水量大大减少. 断增长将使得可用于稀释废水的水量大大减少.快速发展的工业越来越多地采用各种复杂的化学方法, 工业越来越多地采用各种复杂的化学方法,从而使废水大量增多,而很多废水中含有种种有害的化学物质. 增多,而很多废水中含有种种有害的化学物质.为了养活迅速增长的人口,农业必须集约化, 速增长的人口,农业必须集约化,这就会不断增加农用化学品的用量.由此看来, 品的用量.由此看来,必须立即采取果断行动研究污染问题的整治措施. 的整治措施.整治污染问题的方法有两种. 整治污染问题的方法有两种.第一种是通过废物处理减少污染的危害,包括固体废物排放"之前" 少污染的危害,包括固体废物排放"之前"的处理和液体废物或污水的处理, 体废物或污水的处理,从而实现水的循环利用或者尽量降低最终排放前的污染程度. 降低最终排放前的污染程度.第二种方法是开发全部或部分废物的经济利用. 第二种方法是开发全部或部分废物的经济利用.农田中施用农家肥补充肥分或有机肥. 补充肥分或有机肥.有些地区使用污水处理厂排放的污水进行灌溉施其他水处理厂排出的废水也可用作补充水源.现在, 肥.其他水处理厂排出的废水也可用作补充水源.现在,禽肉加工等许多行业正在把原先废弃的下脚料加工成可供出售的副产品, 许多行业正在把原先废弃的下脚料加工成可供出售的副产品,其他行业也在研究废弃物的经济利用可能途径. 业也在研究废弃物的经济利用可能途径.蜗居在巷陌的寻常幸福隐逸的生活似乎在传统意识中一直被认为是幸福的至高境界.但这种孤傲遁世同时也是孤独的,纯粹的隐者实属少数,而少数者的满足不能用来解读普世的幸福模样. 有道是小隐隐于野,大隐隐于市.真正的幸福并不隐逸,可以在街市而不是丛林中去寻找. 晨光,透过古色古香的雕花窗棂,给庭院里精致的盆景慢慢地化上一抹金黄的淡妆.那煎鸡蛋的"刺啦"声袅袅升起,空气中开始充斥着稚嫩的童音,汽车启动的节奏,夫妻间甜蜜的道别,还有邻居们简单朴素的问好.巷陌中的这一切,忙碌却不混乱,活泼却不嘈杂,平淡却不厌烦.如果用一双细腻的眼眸去观照,其实每一片青苔和爬山虎占据的墙角,都是墨绿色的诗篇,不会飘逸,不会豪放,只是那种平淡的幸福, 简简单单. 幸福是什么模样,或许并不难回答.幸福就是一本摊开的诗篇, 关于在城市的天空下,那些寻常巷陌的诗. 夜幕笼罩,那散落一地的万家灯火中,有多少寻常的幸福正蜗居在巷陌……Head up high 昂起你的头I was fifteen months old, a happy carefree kid until the day I fell. It was a bad fall. I landed on a glass rabbit which cut my eye badly enough to blind it. Trying to save the eye, the doctors stitched the eyeball together where it was cut, leaving a big ugly scar in the middle of my eye. The attempt failed, but my mama, in all of her wisdom, found a doctor who knew that if the eye were removed entirely, my face would grow up badly distorted, so my scarred, sightless, cloudy and gray eye lived on with me. And as I grew, this sightless eye in so many ways controlled me.I walked with my face looking at the floor so people would not see the ugly me. Sometimes people, even strangers, asked me embarrassing questions or made hurtful remarks. When the kids played games, I was always the "monster." I grew up imagining that everyone looked at me with disdain, as if my appearance were my fault. I always felt like I was a freak. Yet Mama would say to me, at every turn, "Hold your head up high and face the world." It became a litany that I relied on. She had started when I was young. She would hold me in her arms and stroke my hair and say, "If you hold your head up high, it will be okay, and people will see your beautiful soul." She continued this message whenever I wanted to hide.Those words have meant different things to me over the years. As a little child, I thought Mama meant, "Be careful or you will fall down or bump into something because you are not looking." As an adolescent, even though I tended to look down to hide my shame, I found that sometimes when I held my head up high and let people know me, they liked me. My mama's words helped me begin to realize that by letting people look at my face, I let them recognize the intelligence and beauty behind both eyes even if they couldn't see it on the surface.In high school I was successful both academically and socially. I was even elected class president, but on the inside I still felt like a freak. All I really wanted was to look like everyone else. When things got really bad, I would cry to my mama and she would look at me with loving eyes and say, "Hold your head up high and face the world. Let them see the beauty that is inside."When I met the man who became my partner for life, we looked each other straight in the eye, and he told me I was beautiful inside and out. He meant it. My mama's love and encouragement were the spark that gave me the confidence to overcome my own doubt. I had faced adversity, encountered my problems head on, and learned not only to appreciate myself but to have deep compassion for others."Hold your head up high," has been heard many times in my home. Each of my children has felt its invitation. The gift my Back mama gave me lives on in another generation.。