介词、介词短语和短语动词讲解

介词、介词短语和短语动词一、考纲内容熟悉介词的基本意义及用法；辨析相近、易混介词的用法；掌握常用介词短语的意义及用法；掌握常用短语动词的形式、意义及用法。

二、命题趋势1.语法填空主要考察介词的基本意义和用法，用时兼顾对介词短语的考察。

2.短文改错主要考察介词的误用。

3.考察介词与名词、形容词或动词搭配的意义和用法。

三、介词（一）介词的分类1. 从结构上看，介词可以分为以下几类：简单介词（由一个词构成的介词）、合成介词（两个词合在一起的介词）、短语介词（一个或几个简单介词或其他介词组合在一起的介词）、分词介词（部分动词的-ing形式和过去分词形式）。

2. 从意思上考虑，介词可以分为下面三类：引导时间短语的介词、引导地点状语的介词、引导其他短语的介词。

（二）介词（短语）的用法区别1. 表示方位的at,in,on,to,beside/by和near(1)at一般指在较小的地方例：I met him at the shop.(2)in 一般指在较大的地方，或在某一范围内例：a. They arrived in Beijing yesterday.b. Shandong Province lies in the east of China.(3)on 一般指在物体的表面，或相邻并接壤的两个地域例：a. The picture is hanging on the wall.b. Mongolia is on the north of China.(4)to表示某范围外接壤或不接壤的两个位置例：Shandong Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province.(5)beside/by 译为“在...旁边”例：a. She was standing beside her mother.b. There is a small house by the river.(6)near译为“接近；靠近”例：There is a supermarket near my home.2.表示方位的between和among(1)between在两者或每两者之间例：I stand between Sue and Jane.(2)among 在三者或三者以上之间例：The teacher was standing among the students.3.表示方位的across,through,over和past（1）across从...的表面穿过例：He walked across the square to meet us.(2)through从...的内部穿过例：The guide led us through the forest.(3)over从...的上面跨过例：The thief jumped over the fence and fled away.(4)past在...的旁边经过例：She walked past the shop.4.表示时间的介词（1）表示“在...”的：at,in,ona.at表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日例：at 9:00; at noon; at Christmasb. in表示在某段较长的时间内，世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚等。

例：in the 21st century; in September; in the morningc. on表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上例：on 2nd, September; on the morning of 1st, may(2)表示“在...之后”的after,in“after+一段时间”在过去时的句子中做时间状语，相当于“一段时间+later”; “in+一段时间”在将来时句子中做时间状语，指离说话时多长时间以后。

例：a. He returned home after a week(a week later).b. They will come to visit us in a month.注意：“after+时间点”可在将来时态的句子中做时间状语；“in+时间段”表示“在...时间之内”时，可用于完成时或过去时的句子中。

例：a. I will attend a meeting after 2 o’clock.b. In the last ten years, great changes have taken place in this village.(3)表示时间段的for,sincea.“for+时间段”译为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般做完成时态或过去时态句子中的时间状语。

例：He has lived in the small village for 5 years.b.“since+时间点”译为“自从...”，做完成时态句子中的时间状语。

例：I haven’t heard from him since three years ago.5.其他介词（1）表示交通的by,in,on“by+名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词；但是in,on后面的名词必须有冠词或代词等修饰a.He goes to work by car every day=He goes to work in his car every day.b.He goes to work by bike every day=He goes to work in his bike every day.(2)表示“用...”的：by,in,withby侧重方式、方法，多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前；in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前；with多用于表示有形的工具，表示身体器官的名词前。

例：a. He earned his living by selling newspapers.b. Please write the answer in ink.c. They are digging with spades.(3) 表示“除....外”的except, except for 和besidesexcept表示“除...之外”（其他的都），其后的宾语时被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除；except for后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的或整体与局部的关系；besides表示“除...之外”（其他的也），其他的宾语是被包括在内的。

例：a. All my friends took part in the party except John.b. His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.c. He has learned German, French besides English.(三)介词短语1.介词可以和名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配。

2.介词短语在句子中可以做状语、定语、表语、补足语等。

3.常考得介词短语at dawn; at daybreak; in case of; at table; far from; free from; by the way; be fond of; be tired of; be proud of; answer/key to; next to; be similar to; due to; thanks to; be popular with; apart from; instead of; regardless of; in detail; in general; on purpose; above all; in all; after all; in terms of; in need of; in favor of; in return; in short; in place of; in search of; for fear of; in exchange for; in addition to; in spite of; in vain; beyond reach; beyond description; on account of; in a way; in particular; in charge of; as a result of(四)短语动词1.动词+aboutspeak/talk about讨论; think about思考; care about关心; bring about发生；come about发生；go about着手，走动；argue about争论；hear about听说；set about 着手，开始；worry about担心2.动词+ataim at瞄准，计划；call at拜访；glare at怒视；knock at敲（门，窗等）；laugh at嘲笑；look at看；point at指向；shout at冲...喊；stare at凝视；work at 致力于3.动词+awaybreak away摆脱；clear away清除掉，散去；die away减弱，逐渐消失；give away 分发，泄露；pass away去世；put away把...收起来；throw away扔掉；wash away冲走4.动词+backcall back回电话；give back归还；hold back控制住；阻止；keep back隐瞒，扣留；look back回顾；put back放回原处5.动词+downbring down把...降低; burn down烧毁；break down出故障，瘫痪；cut down砍倒，削减；calm down平静下来；put down记下，镇压；slow down慢下来；take down记下，拿下；tear down拆毁，拆除；turn down调小，拒绝6.动词+forapply for申请；ask for要求得到；answer for对...负责；beg for祈求，请求；call for需要，要求；care for关心，喜欢；charge for收费；search for寻找；run for竞选；stand for代表7.动词+fromdate from始于...的时期；die from因...而死；different from与...不同；hear from 收到...的来信；result from由...造成；separate from把...分开8.动词+inbreak in闯入，插话；bring in引进，带来收入；call in召集，来访；check in 登记进入；call in插嘴，打断；drop in顺便拜访；get in收割，进站；give in 让步，投降；hand in上交；result in导致9.动词+intoburst into突然爆发，闯入；change into变成；divide into把...分成；look into 调查，研究；run into碰到；turn into把...变成10.动词+ofapprove of赞成，通过；consist of由...组成；die of死于；dream of梦想；hear of听说；think of想到；11.动词+offbreak off中断，突然停止；come off脱落；cut off切断，隔绝；fall off跌落，掉下；get off下车，动身；give off发出，放出；keep off避开；leave off中断；pay off还清，取得成功；put off推出，延期；see off送行；show off炫耀；start off出发；take off脱下，起飞，成功12.动词+oncall on拜访某人；carry on继续，前行；depend/rely on依靠；feed/live on以...为生；have on穿着（状态）；put on穿上（动作），上演；keep on继续；look on旁观；move on往前走，移动；pass on传递，传授；insist on坚持；try on 试穿；take on呈现，承担，雇佣；turn/switch on打开13.动词+outbreak out爆发；bring out取出，使呈现；come out出版，出来；carry out执行，完成；find out弄清楚；give out分发，公布，用完；go out熄灭，消退；help out帮助；hold out伸出，坚持住；leave out删掉，省略；look out小心，谨慎；let out泄露，使（火）熄灭；make out理解，辨认出；pick out挑选出；put out扑灭，熄灭；run out用完，耗尽；send out发出，派遣；set out出发，着手；turn out结果是，产生；work out解决，算出14.动词+overgo over复习，检查；get over克服；look over翻阅，检查；run over碾过，复查；take over接管，接替；think over仔细考虑；turn over翻到，翻看；watch over: 看守，照看15.动词+throughget through 完成，通过，接通电话；go through经历，遭受，检查；look/glance through翻阅，仔细查看；see through看穿，看透16.动词+toadd to增添，增添了；agree to同意；attend to照顾，处理；belong to属于；come to共计，苏醒；devote to致力于，奉献给；get to到达；lead to导致，通向；object to反对；refer to参考，查阅；stick to坚持，忠于；turn to转向，求助于17.动词+upbring up抚养，培养；break up分手，破裂；clear up收拾，整理；come up出现，提出；cut up切碎；eat up吃光；give up放弃；go up上涨，增长；hold up延误，举起，抢劫；keep up保持；look up抬头，查找；make up组成，编造，和解；put up举起，张贴；pick up抬起，开车接，学会；set up成立，建立；stay up熬夜；tear up撕碎；take up占据，开始从事；turn up调大，出现；use up用完；hang up挂断电话18.动词+withagree with同意，适应于；compare with与...相比；deal with处理；do with处理，需要；meet with遭遇19.三个词以上的短语add up to总计; break away from摆脱；catch up with追上；keep up with=keep peace with与...保持同步；come into being产生，出现；catch sight of看见；do well in在...做得好；get close to接近；get used to=be accustomed to习惯于...；get along/on with相处，进展；get out of逃避，避免；get rid of摆脱，除掉；go on with继续；get down to开始做；keep away from避开，不靠近；keep in touch with 保持联系；keep an eye on: 留心，注意；look up to仰望，尊敬；look down on 轻视，看不起；look forward to盼望；make fun of取笑；make use of=make the most/best of利用；make up for=catch up on弥补；put up with容忍，忍受；pay attention to注意；pay a visit to访问；run out of用完；set fire to=set...on fire防火烧；take part in参加；take care of照看；take pride in=be proud of以...为自豪；play a part/role in起作用；set an example to/for为...树立榜样；take advantage of利用...的优势；take charge of负责，掌管（二）一些常用动词与不同介词或副词搭配1.break away摆脱；break into强行闯入，突然开始；break off中断；break out 爆发；break through克服；break up打碎，结束，解散，分解；break down抛锚，分解；break in破门而入，插嘴2.bring about引起，造成；bring down使倒下，使下降；bring forward提出；bring out显示出来，出版，生产；bring up提出，培养，教育；bring back想起，恢复；bring in引起，挣得3.call for需要，要求；call on拜访，看望，号召；call off取消，停止；call up 打电话，召集；call at访问（某地）；call in请来，召集；call back回电话，召回4.go along进展，陪同前往；go by过去，经过，遵守；go down下降，下沉，下跌；go in for从事，爱好，参加；go for去，选择，想要，攻击；go into研究，调查，从事；go off离开，爆炸，断电，熄灭；go on继续前行，发生，上场；go out离开，熄灭，过时；go over复习，仔细检查；go through通过，经历，仔细检查；go up上涨，增长，涨价e about发生；come across偶遇，讲清楚；come along进展，成功；come into effect生效；come off发生，举行，成功；come on快点，有进展；come out 出来，结果是，出版；come round/around再现，恢复知觉，改变看法；come through 经历，获得成功；come to苏醒，达到，总数为；come up发生，走上前去；come up with赶上，提出；come up to达到，符合；come true变为现实6.cut across绕近道穿过；cut back削减，急忙返回；cut down削减，减少；cut in插嘴，打断，超车；cut off切断，中断，隔绝；cut out删掉，戒掉；cut short 中断，打断，缩短7.hold back阻碍，控制，隐瞒；hold up举起，耽搁，持械抢劫；hold out伸出，坚持；hold off拖延；hold on别挂断，坚持住；hold on to紧紧抓住8.give away赠送，泄露；give out分发，公布，耗尽；give off发出（光、热、气味）；give up放弃，对某人不报希望（on sb.）; give in屈服，投降9.keep away使远离; keep back扣除，隐瞒；keep off避开，不接近；keep on 继续；keep out挡在外面，请勿靠近；keep up保持，持续，继续；keep up with 跟上10.look after照顾；look out注意，当心；look back回顾；look down on/upon 轻视，看不起；look for寻找，寻求；look forward to期待，盼望；look in顺便看望，顺便拜访；look into调查，深入了解；look on观看，旁观；look over 检查；look through浏览，快速查看；look up查阅，仰望11.carry on继续，坚持；carry away冲走，使着迷；carry out执行，贯彻；carry off运走，获得（奖赏）；carry through帮助度过难关，实现12.put aside放在一边，保留；put away放好，收好；put down写下，镇压；put forward提出，推荐；put in伸出，提交，申请；put in for申请，正式要求；put off延期，推迟，阻止，妨碍；put on穿上，上演，增加（体重）；put out熄灭，生产，出版；put up搭起，建造，提供；put up with容忍；put through(把电话)接通，使经受...的考验13.set about开始做；set apart使分离；set aside留出，拔出；set back推迟，阻碍；set down写下；set off动身，引起，使爆炸；set out动身，阐述，着手做...; set up建立，创办14.make for向...前进，促成；make out理解，领悟，辨认出；make up组成，补偿；make up for弥补15.take after与....相像；take apart拆卸；take away拿走，消除；take down记下，拆掉；take for（错）当做，（误）认为；take in吸收，领会，欺骗；take off起飞，脱下；take on呈现，采纳，承担；take one’s time不要着急，慢慢做；take over接管，取代；take to喜欢，养成...的习惯；take up占据，开始从事16.pick out挑出，辨认出；pick up捡起，偶然获得，学会17.send away送走，解雇；send for派人去请；send out分发，散发；send up 上升，发射18.turn down调低，拒绝；turn off关掉，转向，厌烦；turn out制造，结果是；turn over翻身，移交，仔细考虑；turn to求助于；turn up调大，被发现，达到19.get through浏览，翻阅，经历（困难）；get in收割，收获，购买；get over 克服，战胜，做完；get on继续，上车；get round传播，说服，回避；get about 四处走动，传开；get across 传达，使...理解；get along/on with进展，相处；get down记下，使...沮丧；get down to开始认真做；get back恢复，回来；get out 泄露，逃离；get together聚会，收集20.die away减弱；die down熄灭，平静下来；die of因...（病）死亡；die from 因....（外部原因）死亡；die out灭绝高考真题1.（2017 课标Ⅰ）It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.2.（2017 课标Ⅱ）They have also bought for some gardening tools.3.(2017 课标Ⅲ) When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.4.(2016 课标Ⅰ) My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.5.(2016 课标Ⅲ) Now I am leaving home to college.6.(2015 课标Ⅰ) Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.7.(2015 课标Ⅱ) Tony saw a toy on a window shop.8.(2015 陕西) My soccer coach retired in last week.9.(2015 四川) Please help with me and give me some advice.10.(2014 课标Ⅰ) Nearly five years ago, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes in our back garden.11.(2014 浙江) If we could show concern to others in need, the world would be a better place to live in.12.(2014 广西) The more friends we have, the more we can learn for one another, and the more pleasure we can share together.13.(2014 陕西) My uncle immediately jumped up and shot his arrows on the bird.14.(2014 四川) Today, I am going to talk with what you should do when a fire alarm goes off.15.(2017 课标Ⅰ，61) This tend, which was started by the medical community ( ) a method of fighting heat disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease--the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.16.(2017 课标Ⅱ，62) It ran just for under 7 kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they traveled to and ( ) work.17.(2017 课标Ⅲ，48) After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ( ) engineering and architecture.18.(2017 北京，35) Many people who lives along the coast make a living ( ) fishing industry.19.(2017 天津，12) When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be ( ) trees that are over 1,000 years old.20.(2016 课标Ⅰ，64) But my connection with pandas goes back ( ) my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.21.(2016 课标Ⅱ，70) Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ( ) their hands.22.(2016 四川，67) The mother continued to care for the young panda ( ) more than two years.23.(2016 浙江，16) In this article, you need to back up general statements ( ) specific examples.24.(2016 天津，8) Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice ( ) her opinion on the subject.25.(2016 天津，14) I hate it when she calls me at work-- I am always too busy to carry ( ) a conversation with her.26.(2015 课标Ⅰ，66) Instead, I’d h eaded straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away ( ) car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.27.(2015 课标Ⅱ，47) When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day: ( ) the same time, they warm up again for the night.28.(2015 福建，22) A common memory they all have ( ) their school days is the school uniform.29.(2014 课标Ⅱ，44) I got a place next ( ) the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.30.(2014 广东，21) ...and my credit card had already been charged ( ) the reservation.31.(2014 广西，29) September 30 is the day ( ) which you must pay your bill.32.(2014 北京，23) Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves ( ) half an hour.33.(2014 重庆，7) She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went ( ) the road.34.(2014 江西，33) It is unbelievable that Mr.Lucas leads a simple life （）his great wealth.35.(2013 山东，34) The Smiths are praised ( ) the way they bring up their children.36.(2013 上海，25) ---I am looking for a nearby place for my holiday. Any good ideas?---How about the Moon Lake? It is ( ) easy reach of the city.37.(2013 湖北，30) An artist who was recently travelling on a ferry to the southern island discovered ( ) chance a long-lost antique Greek vase.38.(2013 福建，29) Mrs. Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess, as her child are always ( ) the way whenever she tries to.39.(2015 浙江) My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.40.(2014 辽宁) Don’t laugh ( ) me. I may look funny.41.(2015 福建，25) It is said that body language accounts ( ) 55 percent of a first impression while what you say just 7 percent.42.(2014 辽宁) Although we’ve been delighted to have you as neighbors, we are hoping to settle something that bothers to us.。