专业英语2
专业英语
Lecture 1
Introduction
引言
1.1 什么是专业英语
普通英语（Common English, Ordinary English） 特殊用途（English for Special Purposes, ESP）
combination of three single-phase circuits. 正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。 3) The transistor （ 晶 体 管 ） , which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier（放大器）. The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier. 工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。
用动名词短语做主语
4) Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.
改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法
2.1 Grammar Features
② 分词 (Participle)
过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态 1)The power supply（电源）, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase（单相） switch（开关）-mode inverter. The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a singlephase switch-mode inverter. 图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。 double-phase(双相) three-phase(三相)
(3) 国际交流合作
专业英语表达、听说、应变能力
Lecture 2 Features of Specialized English
专业英语的特点
2.1 Grammar Features
语法特点
Байду номын сангаас
客观性（Objective）、准确性（accuracy）和 精练性(conciseness)。 (1) Use of the Passive voice (2) Use of the Verbid 广泛使用被动语态 广泛使用非谓语形式 省略句使用频
2.1 Grammar Features
3) The device（设备） includes an instrument transformation（互 感器） and a relay（继电器） system which has two circuits in it. The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two circuits in it. 这个装臵包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。 其他常用的省略形式： As already discussed 前已讨论 As explained before 前已解释 As described above 如上所示 If so 倘若如此
1.1 什么是专业英语
• 专业英语的词汇和短语包含大量的专业术语、名词 性词组、介词短语、合成新词等
• 专业英语的句子结构方面，经常出现长句、It... 句型结构、被动语态、虚拟语气句、祈使句，其中 祈使句广泛运用于说明书和手册中。 • 专业领域多重视泛读
1.2 学习专业英语的重要性
(1) 科研信息获取
EAP,EOP,EST
科技英语 （English for Science and Technology， EST） 专业英语 (English for special science and technology)
隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主 要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法;特别注重客观事实和真理，表 达准确、精练和正式。 是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业 内容配合更为密切。 专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系。专业英语的学习需要有一个良好 的科技英语基础，同时也要注意其自身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点 和翻译特点等等。
The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.
保险的作用就是保护电路。
2.1 Grammar Features
(3) 省略句使用频繁 (精炼) 省略成分：状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语；定语从句中的关系代词 which和that、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代从句。 1) If it is possible, the open-loop(开环) control approach（方法） should be used in this system（系统）. If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system. 可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。 2) As shown in Fig.1, there is a feedback（反馈） element（元件） in the closed-loop（闭环） system. As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system. Block-diagram(框图) 就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。
2.1 Grammar Features
2) A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely
（仅仅） a combination of three single-phase circuits.
A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a
in two metal plates separated by an insulation
to read the
这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程 ，以便读出期望的数值。 4) Electrical energy can
electrical energy It
medium. Such a device
专业英语阅读能力 当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中90％以上都 是英语。 世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对电气工程、电子工程 和信息类等专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。
(2) 研究成果展示
专业英语写作能力
申报国家奖项 申请专利 发表学术论文：85％以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的
(4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁
（准确、精炼）
It句型：it 充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻” 祈使句: 无主语，精炼。 It is very important (possible, necessary, natural（自然的）, inevitable（不可避免的）) to… It takes very much time learning… It is clear (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) that… It must be admitted that… Let A be equal to B.设A等于B。 Consider a high-pressure chamber. 假如有一个高气压气候室。
As previously mentioned 前已提到
When needed (necessary, feasible)
必要时 If possible (necessary)如果可能（必要） Where feasible 在实际可行的场合 Where possible 在可能的情况下
2.1 Grammar Features
(2)广泛使用非谓语形式 (精炼)
非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓
语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。
①
Gerund
动名词
before it is
1)The signal should be filtered （ 滤 波 ） amplified.（放大）
用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句
(3) Use of the elliptical sentence 繁 (4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁 (5) 复杂长句使用频繁 (6) 后臵形容词短语作定语多
2.1 Grammar Features
(1) 广泛使用被动语态 (客观性)
Workers install the instrument transformers on the highvoltage equipment. Instrument equipment. Voltage(电压) 路) 主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者 个人的主观臆断； 中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象 臵于句子主语的位臵，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。 resistance(电阻) a flow of current(电流) circuit(电 transformers are installed on the high-voltage
The signal should be filtered before
放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波
新传专业英语二
新传专业英语二
新传专业英语二，即新闻传播学专业英语二，是新闻传播学专业的一门必修课程。
该课程旨在培养学生掌握新闻传播学专业英语的基本词汇、语法和表达方式，提高学生的英语阅读、写作和翻译能力，帮助学生更好地了解和掌握国际新闻传播的动态和趋势。
课程主要涉及新闻传播学的基本概念、理论和实践，包括新闻写作、新闻采访、新闻编辑、新闻评论等方面的知识，以及全球媒体发展、跨文化传播、新媒体技术等方面的内容。
课程通常采用英文原版教材，授课语言为英语，授课方式以讲授、讨论、案例分析为主。
学生需要掌握一定的英语基础，具备一定的新闻传播学基础知识，才能更好地学习该课程。
学习新传专业英语二对于提高学生的综合素质和国际化水平具有重要意义，同时也有助于学生在未来的新闻传播领域中更好地发挥自己的专业能力。
2022年自考专业(英语)综合英语(二)考试真题及答案14
2022年自考专业(英语)综合英语（二）考试真题及答案一、语法与词汇从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择一个正确答案，并填在答题纸相应的置上。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
(本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分)1、 ______ English, they have to study a second foreign language.A.ExceptB.Except forC.BesidesD.Beside2、 Without trees our world ______ a much drier place.A.isB.will beC.would beD.must be3、 I would have gone with you, but I ______ too tired.A.wasB.had beenC.must beD.must have been4、 His father was an under-paid worker, ______ hard life turned him into a rebel.A.whoseB.whichC.of whoseD.of which5、 The electricity was cut off while the film ______.A.was shownB.was to showC.was showingD.was being shown6、 What ______ honest man he is.A.aB./C.theD.an7、I’d like to have ______ with you sometime this week about your approaching examination.A.a wordB.some wordC.some wordsD.one word8、 Only in recent years ______ begun to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds, often do more good than harm.A.people haveB.since people haveC.have peopleD.people who have9、 ______ makes mistakes must correct them.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever10、 It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning gray.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for11、 Have you seen Henry lately? My boss wants to know ______.A.how he is getting alongB.how is he getting alongC.what he is getting alongD.what is he getting along12、I don’t know how to get Susan to give up smoking, but I’m going to do it ______.A.in any caseB.in no caseC.by some meansD.by no means13、 Human beings ______ a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects.A.obligeB.oweC.thankD.gratitude14、 ______, the worse I seem to feel.A.When I take some medicineB.The more medicine I takeC.Taking more of the medicineD.The more medicine taken15、 He spoke so ______ that even his opponents were impressed by his words.A.franklyB.clearlyC.convincinglyD.loudly二、完形填空从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择一个正确答案，并填在答题纸相应的位置上。
2022年自考专业(英语)英语阅读(二)考试真题及答案7
2022年自考专业(英语)英语阅读（二）考试真题及答案一、单项选择题 Reading Comprehension.(50 points, 2 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five passages. Following each passage, there are five questions with four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and then write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1、Passage OneIts early August and the countryside appears peaceful. Planting has long been finished and the fields are alive with strong, healthy crops. Soybeans and wheat are flourishing under the hot summer sun, and the corn, which was knee-high by the fourth of July, is now well over six feet tall. Herds of dairy and beef cattle are grazing peacefully in rolling pastures which surround big, ted barns and neat, white farmhouses. [Everything as far as the eye can see radiates a sense of prosperity.]Welcome to the Midwest-one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the world.The tranquility of the above scene is misleading. Farmers in the Midwest put in some of the longest workdays of any profession in the United States. In addition caring for their crops and livestock, theyhave to keep up with new farming techniques, such as those for combining soil erosion and increasing livestock production. It is essential that farmers adopt these advances in technology if they, want to continue to meet the growing demands of a hungry world.Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the countrys leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account forapproximately 75 percent of the amount sold in world markets.This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nations croplands, with the result that soil erosion has become a national problem concerning everyone from the farmer to the consumer.Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrient and minerals necessary for growing crops. Eversince the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago, cultivation and,consequently, erosion have been depleting the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s,nearly two feet of rich, black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is onlyeight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away.This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 percent overthe next 50 years.Questions 1-5 are based on Passage One.The underlined sentence in Para. 1 implies that ____.A.the Midwest is the most prosperous in the USB.the Midwest is the most fertile in the worldC.the Midwest is expecting a good harvestD.the Midwest is within reach of prosperity2、What does the author say about the farmers in Para. 2?A.They live a tranquil but industrious lifeB.They work very hard and learn new skills.C.They work longer hours during week days.D.They have to compete with farmers in other countries.3、From Para. 3, we can learn that ____.A.American farmers feed almost three quarters of the world populationB.75 percent of corn and soybeans in the world market come from the USC.American agricultural exports have a share of 75% in the global marketD.corn and soybeans take up about three quarters of American agricultural exports4、According to Para. 4, ______.A.soil deterioration is becoming a serious problemB.climate change reduces the area of the croplandsC.customers have to pay more for agricultural productsD.high productivity comes along with damaging forces of nature5、The purpose of this passage is _______.A.to show the necessity to improve farming methodsB.to persuade farmers to adopt new farming techniquesC.to inform people of the side effect of intensive cultivationD.to intensify people's awareness of land erosion in the US6、Passage TwoLike many other small boys, I was fascinated by cars, not least because my oldest brother was a bit of a car guy and subscribed to cool magazines like Carand Driverand Motor Trend. Every so often, one of those magazines would run an article on the查看答案。
专业英语第二章翻译
Chapter 2 Boiler第二章锅炉Air heater 空预器Commissioning 试运行Anchor 支座，固定Compressor 压缩机、压气机Anhydrous ammonia 无水氨Condenser 凝汽器Anthracite 无烟煤Containment 反应堆安全壳Atomized 雾化Convection 对流Austenitic 奥氏体钢Coolant 制冷剂Auxialiary 辅助机械Coordinated 坐标，定位Axis 轴Corten低合金耐腐蚀钢Bagasse 甘蔗渣Counterflow 逆流（换热器）Bare tube 光管Creep strength 蠕变强度Bark 树皮Criterion 标准Beam 梁，横梁Critical pressure 临界压力Bituminous coal 烟煤Culm 煤屑Blade 叶片Cyclone furnace 旋风炉Blast 鼓风Debris 残骸、有机残留物Blowdown 排污Decane 癸烷Boiler 锅炉Decay 分解Bulk 大块的Deposited 沉积，沉淀的Burner zone 燃烧器区域Deterioration 恶化Butane 丁烷Diesel oil 柴油Calcination 煅烧Differential 差动，微分Capacity 出力Distillate 馏出物Carbon steel 碳钢Distortion 变形Cerium 铈Division wall 分隔墙，双面水冷壁Chromium 铬Drainage 疏水Circulating fluidized bed CFB 循环流化Drum 汽包床锅炉Coal char 煤焦Dwell time 保留时间Cogenerator 热电联产机组Economizer 省煤器Combustion 燃烧Embrittlement 脆性，脆化Equalization 均衡，平衡Ingress进口，入口Erosive 侵蚀的，腐蚀的In-line 顺列Ethane 乙烷Inorganic 无机的Evaluate 评估，评价Ion 离子Evaporate 蒸发Jurisdiction 权限Excess air 过量空气Lignite 褐煤Extended surface 扩展受热面Lime 石灰Fatigue 疲劳Limestone 石灰石Feedwater 给谁Low alloy 低合金钢Ferrite 铁素体Low-volatile 低挥发分的Fin 鳍片，肋片Margin 裕量，安全系数Flange 法兰Matrix 矩阵Flue gas 烟气Membrane 膜Fouling 沾污Methane 甲烷Furnace 炉膛Mill 磨煤机Generator 发电机Molecule 分子Geological 地质的Molten 熔化Girth 环形Nitric oxide 氮氧化物Govern 控制、调节Nonpressure 非承压的Gravity 重力Nontoxic 无毒的Header 联箱，集箱Organisms 有机体Helical 螺旋状的Oxidation 氧化Helium 氦Peat 泥煤Heterogeneous 不均匀的Pendants superheat platen悬吊式屏式过热器Hopper 斗，料斗Pentane 戊烷Husk 壳，外壳Petrochemical 石油化工制品Hydraulic 水力的，液压的Petroleum 石油制品Ignite 点火Plasma spray coating 等离子喷涂Impurity 杂质Platen 屏Inert 惰性Polymer 聚合物Inferior 低级的，劣质的Pores 气孔，小孔Ingredients 成分Porosity多空的Potassium 钾Slurry 水煤浆Prandtl numbers 普朗特数Sodium 钠Prefabricated 预制的Solvents 溶剂Premium fuel 优质燃料Sootblower 吹灰器Pressure loss 压力损失Sour gas 含硫气体Primary air 一次风Specification 规格Propane 丙烷Stable ignition 稳定着火Proximate analysis 工业分析Stanton number 斯坦顿数Pulp 纸浆Saturated 饱和的Pyrites 黄铁矿Straw 稻草Radius 半径，范围Steam line blowing 蒸汽管路吹灰Rare earth element 稀土元素Steams 茎，杆Recuperator 间壁式换热器Stress corrosion 应力腐蚀Regenerator 回热器，蓄热器Structural formula 结构式Regulate 控制，调节Stud 双头螺栓Repercussions 反应Subbituminous 贫煤，次烟煤Reservoirs 储气罐Suction 真空，负压Residuale fuel oil 渣油Sulphur 硫Resonant 共振Superheater 过热器Retract缩回Swamp 沼泽Reynolds number 雷诺数Sweet gas 无硫气Rigid 刚性的，紧密地Switchgear 配电装置，开关装置Rollers 辊子Temperature-entropy 温熵图Scale 水垢，Tenacious 黏的Seal 密封Thermodynamics 热力学Sedimentary 沉积Tube bundles 管束Serpentine tube 蛇形管Tubular 管状的Shale 页岩Turbine 汽轮机Silica 二氧化硅V elocity 速度Silt 淤泥V ertical spidle mill 中速磨，立轴磨Single-phase 单相V essel 容器Skin casing 外护板Viscosity 黏度Slag 结渣V olumetric expansion 体膨胀Vulnerable 易损的，薄弱的DEH 数字电液系统Wear磨损DNB 偏离核态沸腾Welded 焊接FDF 送风机Wingwall屏式凝渣管FGD 烟气脱硫Yttrim 釔FSSS 炉膛安全检测保护系统Abbreviations HRB 回热锅炉AFBC 常压流化床燃烧IDF 引风机AFCO 燃料自动切断IGCC 整体煤气化联合循环AFWC 给水自动切断LMTD 对数平均温差ASME 美国机械工程师协会MFT 主燃料切断ATM 标准大气压MUF 锅炉补给水BFP 锅炉给水泵NWL 正常水位BUT 按钮OFA 火上风，燃尽风BWC锅炉水浓度PFBC 增压流化床燃烧BYP 旁路SSC 刮板除渣机CFBB 循环流化床锅炉TGA 热重分析仪MCR 最大连续蒸发量UBC 未燃烧DAS 数据采集系统WFGD 湿法烟气脱硫2.1 IntroductionBoilers use heat to convert water into steam for a variety of applications. Primary among these are electric power generation and industrial process heating. Steam has become a key resource because of its wide availability, advantageous properties and non toxic nature. The steam flow rates and operating conditions can vary dramatically; from 1000lb/h (0.1kg/s) in one process use to more than 10 million lb/h (1260kg/s) in large electric power plant; from about 14.7 psi (1 bar) and 212ºF in some heating applications to more than 4500 psi (310bar) and 1100ºF (593℃) in advanced cycle power plant.2.1 简介SSC锅炉利用热量使水转变成蒸汽以进行各种利用。
服装专业英语 (2)
服装专业英语1. 介绍服装专业英语是指在服装设计、生产、营销等领域中所使用的英语词汇和专业术语。
随着全球服装业的发展，英语已成为国际上最常使用的商务语言之一。
掌握服装专业英语不仅可以帮助与国外客户进行沟通，还能提高在国际市场上的竞争力。
本文将介绍一些常用的服装专业英语词汇和表达方式，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用。
2. 服装设计2.1. 设计理念•Design philosophy（设计理念）•Creative inspiration（创意灵感）•Color scheme（色彩方案）•Silhouette（轮廓）•Pattern（图案）•Texture（质地）•Detailing（细节）•Fashion trend（时尚趋势）2.2. 设计过程•Sketch（草图）•Mood board（情绪板）•Fabric selection（面料选择）•Prototype（样板）•Fitting（试穿）•Sample making（打样）•Final adjustment（最后调整）•Collection（系列）3. 服装生产3.1. 生产流程•Production process（生产流程）•Production line（生产线）•Cutting（裁剪）•Sewing（缝制）•Ironing（熨烫）•Quality control（质量控制）•Packaging（包装）•Shipping（装运）3.2. 服装部件•Garment（服装）•Collar（领口）•Sleeve（袖子）•Pocket（口袋）•Button（纽扣）•Zipper（拉链）•Hem（下摆）•Seam（缝合线）4. 服装营销4.1. 销售渠道•Retail（零售）•Wholesale（批发）•E-commerce（电子商务）•Online store（在线商店）•Brick-and-mortar store（实体店铺）•Showroom（展示室）•Pop-up store（临时店铺）•Market（市场）4.2. 销售活动•Promotion（促销）•Advertising（广告）•Marketing campaign（营销活动）•Discount（折扣）•Sales target（销售目标）•Customer service（客户服务）•Branding（品牌打造）•Public relations（公关）5. 服装尺码•Size chart（尺码表）•Measurement（测量）•Bust（胸围）•Waist（腰围）•Hip（臀围）•Sleeve length（袖长）•Inseam（内侧腿长）•Size conversion（尺码转换）6. 结语本文简要介绍了服装专业英语的一些常用词汇和表达方式。
2022年自考专业(英语)英语阅读(二)考试真题及答案
2022年自考专业(英语)英语阅读（二）考试真题及答案一、Reading Comprehension.阅读以下短文，并从文后给出各题的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
1、Many people believe that taking vitamin supplements is the best safeguard against the dangers of an incomplete diet, but this should be a last resort rather than a way out of a problem. Even if there is a genuine need for extra vitamins, then sooner or later the question arises “which ones do I need, how much of them, and how often?” There is really no simple answer to this question. The Food Standards Committee suggests in their recent report to the government that we do not need any extra vitamins. Th ey say that they are “not necessary for a healthy individual eating a normal diet”. Whilst few of us would challenge their authority on the subject of nutrition, it is, perhaps, pertinent to ask the question “how many of us are healthy, and what is a norma l diet?” There is an element of doubt in many minds about these two aspects and though few people are familiar with the wording of the Food StandardsReport they do wonder instinctively if they are eating the right things. The blame for faulty eating habits is often placed at the door of the ubiquitous junk and convenience foods. As we have seen, some of these are not the criminals they are made out to be. White bread is only slightly less nutritious than brown bread and frozen vegetables can be almost as “fresh” as fresh food. There are very few foods which can really be described as pure rubbish. Many pre-packed foods contain too much sugar and we would all benefit by avoiding these, but most tinned, processed and dried foods contain useful amounts of fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals. The addition of a small amount of fruit or a side salad to convenience foods such as pizzas or hamburgers can turn a snack into a well-balanced meal.“Junk” food is difficult to define. White sugar is probabl y the nearest contender for the title. It contains plenty of calories for energy but not much else, and is often described as an “empty calorie” food. Alcohol is also high in calories, but beer and wine contain some of the B vitamins and wine is a good source of iron, so even a teetotaler could not describe all alcohol as useless, nutritionally speaking. Calories measure the energy we derive from the food we eat, and sugarand alcohol are sometimes described as having a high energy density. There is a limit to the amount of energy we need each day (2,000-2,200 calories is the average for women and 2,500~3,000 for men) and if we eat too much sugar and alcohol there is no appetite left for the vitamin-rich foods we need—fish, meat, fruit and vegetables. Buying vitamins can be predicted by psychological as well as nutritional motives and it is prudent to investigate why we think we need them and what benefits we expect from them before we rush off to the health shop to make our purchases.1. According to the Food Standards Committee, _______.2. Canned foods do not necessarily mean unhealthy because they may contain _______.3. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that _______.4. The word “teetotaler'' in Paragraph 2 means _______.5. The passage tells us that _______.A． many of us do not have a healthy dietB． many of us need to think twice about our eating habits C． people do not need extra vitamins if they have a normal dietD． people must have extra vitamins as a safeguard against illnessesA． enough sugarB． some extra supplementsC． fresh vegetablesD． some useful substances we needA． healthy food usually contains no caloriesB．we cannot simply define alcohol as “junk” foodC． alcohol surely contains extra vitaminsD． white sugar is not at all healthyA． a person who never drinks alcoholB． a person who usually cats junk foodC． a person who never eats white sugarD． a person who usually has a balanced dietA． we should not buy vitamins blindlyB． white sugar and meat should not be eaten togetherC． alcohol is a good companion for foods like fish and meat D． we need to measure calories contained in the food before we eat it2、I’ve known the mother sitting in front of me at this parent-teacher conference for years, and we have been through a lot together. I have taught three of her children, and I like to think we've even become friends during our time together. She’s a conscientious mother who obviously loves her children with all of her heart. I’ve always been honest with her abouttheir strengths and weaknesses, and I think she trusts me to tell her the truth. But when she hits me with the concern that’s been bothering her for a while, all I can do is nod, and stall for time.“Marianna’s grades are fine; I’m not worried about that, but she just doesn't seem to love learning anymore.” She’s absolutely right. I’d noticed the same thing about her daughter over the previous two or three years, and I have an answer, right there on the tip of my tongue, for what has gone wrong.The truth—for this parent and so many others—is this: Her child has sacrificed her natural curiosity and love of learning at the altar of achievement, and it's our fault. Marianna's parents, her teachers, society at large—we are all implicated in this crime against learning. From her first day of school, we pointed her toward that altar and trained her to measure her progress by means of points, scores, and awards. We taught Marianna that her potential is tied to her intellect, and that her intellect is more important than her character. We taught her to come home proudly bearing as, championship trophies, and college acceptances, and we inadvertently taught her that we don't really care how she obtains them. We taught her to protecther academic and extracurricular perfection at all costs and that it's better to quit when things get challenging rather than risk marring that perfect record. Above all else, we taught her to fear failure. That fear is what has destroyed her love of learning.Marianna is very smart and high-achieving, and her mother reminds her of that on a daily basis. However, Marianna does not get praised for the diligence and effort she puts into sticking with a hard math problem or a convoluted scientific inquiry. If that answer at the end of the page is wrong, or if she arrives at a dead end in her research, she has failed—no matter what she has learned from her struggle. And contrary to what she may believe, in these more difficult situations she is learning. She learns to be creative in her problem-solving. She learns diligence. She learns self-control and perseverance. But because she is scared to death of failing, she has started to take fewer intellectual risks.1. Marianna’s mother _______.2. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that_______.3. According to the author, _______.4. What can we learn from Paragraph 4?5. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?A．pays much attention to her daughter’s academic achievementsB． is sensitive and is ready to protect her children at any timeC． has much confidence in her childrenD． is honest and trustworthyA．the teacher is really worried about Marianna’s grades B．the mother has been a friend of Marianna’s teacher for 2 or 3 yearsC． the mot her has noticed her daughter’s poor performance in her studyD． the teacher knows the reason why Marianna lost her love for learningA． the whole society are involved in the crime against learningB．teachers should be blamed for students’ loss of strengths C．parents kill their children’s interest in gradesD． children are not born to love learningA． Teachers usually stimulate their students to face new challenges.B． Children will never learn anything if they fail in their scientific inquiry.C． Marianna never wins praise for the effort she puts into problem-solving.D． Parents usually encourage their kids to solve the problems independently.A． Parents Play Important Roles in Academic EducationB． Academic Pressure May Lead to Failure in LearningC． Academic Success Is the Ultimate Goal of LearningD． Academic Perfection Means a Successful Future3、At last unemployment is easing. But the latest low rate—hovering below 6 percent~~obscures a deeper, longer-term pr oblem: “skills mismatches” in the labor force, which will only worsen in years to come. According to the most recent figures, 93 million Americans are unemployed, but 4.8 million jobs stand empty because employers can’t find people to fill them. With new technology transforming work across a range of sectors, more and more businesses are struggling to find workers with the skills to man new machines and manage new processes.One solution has enchanted employers, educators, and policymakers on both sides of the aisle: European-style apprenticeship.I've just come back from Germany, where I visited some halfdozen apprenticeship programs at brand-name companies like Daimler, Siemens, and Bosch, and the metaphor I came away with is a native tree—flourishing, productive, highly adapted to its local climate zone, but unlikely to take root or grow in a climate as different as the America’s. This doesn’t mean we shouldn’t adapt the German model. But it’s not going to be quick or easy.The U.S. has its own tradition of apprenticeship going back many years. But like most kinds of vocational education, it fell out of fashion in recent decades―a victim of our obsession with college and concern to avoid anything that resembles tracking. Today in America, fewer than 5 percent of young people train as apprentices, the overwhelming majority in the construction trades. In Germany, the number is closer to 60 percent—in fields as diverse as advanced manufacturing, IT, banking, and hospitality. And in Europe, what’s often called“dual training" is a highly respected career path.“Dual training” captures the idea at the heart of every apprenticeship: Trainees split their days between classroom instruction at a vocational school and on-the-job time at a company. The theory they learn in class is reinforced by the practice at work. They also learn work habits andresponsibility and, if all goes well absorb the culture of the company. Trainees are paid for their time, including in class. The arrangement lasts for two to four years, depending on the sector. And both employer and employee generally hope it will lead to a permanent job—for employers, apprentices are a crucial talent pool.The first thing you notice about German apprenticeships: The employer and the employee still respect practical work. German firms don’t view dual training as something for struggling students or at-risk youth. “This has nothing to do with corporate social responsibility,” an HR manager at Deutsche Bank told the group I was with, organized by an offshoot of the Goethe Institute. UI do this because I need talent.” So too at Bosch.1. We can learn from Paragraph 1 that in the U.S. _______.2. The word “man” in Paragraph 1 means _______.3. According to the author, Germany’s apprenticeship program_______.4. In the U.S., young people usually train as apprentices in_______.5. What do you know about “dual training”?A． the unemployment rate is droppingB． there are more and more people being laid offC． the unemployed workers are leading an easy lifeD． the problem of skills mismatches will be easily solved A． makeB． serviceC． operateD． maintainA． can be very fruitful in the U.S.B． may not be suitable in the U.S.C． will not be welcomed in the U.S.D． can easily adapt to the new environment in the U.S.A． banking industryB． hospitality industryC． information technologyD． construction tradesA． At the end of the program, the trainees will be offereda permanent job.B． In this program, the trainees spend most of their time learning skills.C． The program tries to strike a balance between theory and practice.D． This program specifically emphasizes on-the-job training.4、“In the beginning was Apple. All things were made by it; and without it was not anything made that was made.” If technophiles were to write their own Testament, these might be the opening lines. Apple’s ability to redefine the appeal of whole categories of computing has attracted the unerring faith of millions of followers. Apple has popularized existing technologies four times: with the Macintosh computer in 1984, the iPod in 2022, the iPhone in 2022 and the iPad in 2022. Recently the faithful have prayed that Apple will pull it off again with its smartwatch. Many firms already make wrist-based devices that measure sleep patterns and exercise, but so far the category has remained a niche plaything for geeks and athletes.On March 9th the firm gathered its flock to share details about the Apple Watch, which will go on sale next month. Tim Cook, its boss, called it “the most advanced timepiece ever created”. In addition to telling the time, it can respond to voice commands, measure its wearer's heart rate, act like a credit card at payment points and provide alerts for incoming calls and e-mails. It can display many of the apps that are popular on smartphones, such as those of social networks, without the hassle of having to pull out a phone.The launch of the Apple Watch points to a broader story: high expectations that wearable technology will soon take off. Some 21m wearable devices were sold last year, according to IDC, a research firm; wrist-worn wearables, including watches, were the majority.Wearables have so far lacked the elegant design and ease of use that helped smartphones ring in such success. Even the fashion models who were hired to demonstrate Google Glass struggled to make it look stylish. Most companies are focusing on the engineering challenges in front of them and paying too little attention to the “cultural engineering” that needs to happen for wearables to become accepted. Apple has hired fashion-conscious executives from luxury brands like Burberry and Yves Saint Laurent to make its watch attractive, but it is not yet obvious that it has cracked the cool code. But the biggest challenge facing wearables is the absence to date of a “killer app”. Watches do not yet provide much more than smartphones currently do, and some models offer far less. Moving beyond phones’ capabilities will take time. It will also depend on getting developers to build apps that will make the most of wearables’ possibilities.1. The author listed the Macintosh, iPod, iPhone and iPadto_______.2. The underlined part in Paragraph 1 means_______.3. According to Paragraph 2, Apple Watch cannot be used to_______.4. What can we learn from Paragraph 4?5. What is the current status of wearables?A． tell us what kind of products Apple can produceB． show us the achievements that Apple has madeC． explain the reason why Apple is so successfulD． define the business scope of AppleA． people who have religious faithB． people who are dedicated to a religionC． people who are loyal to a certain brandD． people who accept the leadership of anotherA． carry out voice commandsB． make payment as a credit cardC． inform the wearer of incoming callsD．measure the wearer’s blood pressureA． Most of the wearables are quite expensive.B． Most wearable producers lack fashion-consciousness. C． Most of the wearables do not have a fashionable look. D． Most wearable producers pay too much attention to culturalengineering.A． They have dominated the market.B． They have already had elegant designs.C． They can provide more functions than smartphones. D． They need further improvement to become accepted. 参考答案：【一、Reading Comprehension.】。
英语专业综英2单词
英语专业综英2单词Unit1单词Ankle脚踝bank排（尤指机器）bolt冲出butt（臀部）calf（腿）careen（倾斜，翻转）colleague（同事）confusion（混淆不清）descent（下降）Devastating（毁灭性的，破坏大的）dilemma（进退两难）drawstring（拉绳，拉带）Flight（台阶，一段楼梯）gasp（大口喘气）heavyset（敦实的，壮实的）Illusion（幻想党）lash（猛击）lobby（大厅）pandemonium （一片混乱）Purgatory（炼狱）rip（撕，锯）rumble（低沉的声音）sap （衰竭）Soak（浸泡）spasm（抽搐）stairwell（楼梯井）sway（摇摆）ultimate（终极的）词组Cast into（扔进）find one’s way to（设法得到）off and on （断断续续）guinea pig（豚鼠）wade into（艰难的向前）window shade（百叶窗）Unit2单词Accomplished（有技术的）adolescent（青春期）aging（老化）agony（精神上或肉体上极度痛苦）apt （有什么倾向，be apt to do sth）aspect（方面）await（等候）Blazer（常指带有俱乐部或学校等颜色或徽章的夹克）contentment（满足）contradict（矛盾）contrast（明显的差异）convince（说服）critical（决定型的）delay（延期）devil（魔鬼，撒旦，恶棍）diet（节食，按规定饮食）distinct（明显的）Feverishly（激动的）frame(框架，人的骨骼)freak（异想天开，嬉皮士）jog（慢跑）Lanky（瘦长）losse—fitting（宽松的）megadose（大剂量，dose为剂量）muscular（肌肉发达的）plead（乞求）premise（前提或假设）pursue（致力于）quirk（怪癖）saint（圣人，圣徒）sanity （明智，头脑清醒）slice（薄片，部分）tailor（剪裁）teen （青少年）though（但是）un-American （非典型美国思想）unsettling（让你紧张焦虑）waist（腰）wiry（瘦长但结实）worship（崇拜）词组Be obsessed with(沉溺于什么)keep score（计分）milk shake （奶昔）pecan pie（山核桃馅饼）take up with（与，，，友好相处）work out（锻炼）Unit3单词Anguish（痛苦）assure（确保）authorize（官方授权）beneficiary（受益人）breast（乳房）collide（撞击）consequence （后果）console（安慰）deplorable（糟透了）diagnostic（诊断的，特征的）ego（自我，自负）endure（忍受）epiphany（显现节）establish（创建）eventually （最终）fascism（法西斯主义）fatal （致命的）flee（逃走）gurney（轮床，医院里用来转运病人的那种床）helicopter(直升机)instantly（立即）intuition（直觉）lump （块，肿块）malignant（恶性的）manicure（修剪）manicurist （从事manicure的技师）miff （微怒，使，，恼羞成怒）occupation（占有期）poignant（尖酸的，切中要害的）psychiatrist精神病医师）rear（后部）rescuer（救援）slur（发音含糊的，写字潦草的）Spinal（脊髓的，脊柱的）striking（显著地，惊人的）stroke （中风）subtitle（字幕）suicidal （自杀性的）surgery（外科手术，外科，手术室，诊疗室）Therapist（临床医疗学家）threaten（威胁）tumor（肿癌）undergo（经历）Wreckage（遗址，遗骸）wrist（手腕）词组Be wrapped up in（沉迷于）give sb a ride（给sb一个免费旅行）set apart（让什么变得与众不同）station wagon（房车）stretch out（伸展）Unit4单词Access（使用权，通路）adjustment(调整)afford（提供，买得起）approximate（相似但不完全相同）backpack（双肩背包，远足用的包）boundary（边界）click（点击时发出嘀嗒声）communication（沟通）complacent（自鸣得意）compromise （和解，妥协）conference（会议，一般指很多天的那种）despair （绝望，令人绝望的人或事）enable（使什么可能）essential （基本的）facilitate（简化，方便）global(全球的)head-on（直接，目的性强）hence（因此）hover（盘旋）hybrid（混合的，混血）intercultural（跨文化的）involve（牵涉）label（贴标签）longing（渴望）Mentality（智力，头脑作用）messaging（信息系统）misgiving（担忧，不相信）Mockingly（取笑。
专业英语第2课
Lesson 2 Carbon and Alloy SteelSteel is probably the most widely used material for machine elements because of its properties of high strength ,high stiffness ,durability and relative ease of fabrication .the term steel refers to an alloy of iron ,carbon ,manganese and one or more other significant elements .carbon has a very strong effect on the strength , hardness and ductility of any steel alloy . the other elements affect hardenability , toughness , corrosion resistance , machinability and strength retention at high temperature .the primary alloying elements present in the various alloy steels are sulfur ,phosphorus ，silicon , nickel ,chromium , molybdenum and vanadium .1. Importance of carbonalthough most steel alloys contain less than 1.0% carbon ,it is included in the designation because of its effect on the properties of steel . as figure 1.2 illustrates ,the last two digits indicate carbon content in hundredths of a percent .as carbon content increases , strength and hardness also increase under the same condition of processing and heat treatment .since ductility decrease with increasing carbon content , selecting a suitable steel involves some compromise between strength and ductility . 钢由于其高强度，高刚度，良好的稳定性和构件间相对缓和的作用成为机械元素应用最广泛的材料。
机械专业英语 (2)
机械专业英语1. Introduction机械工程是一门涉及机械设备和工具设计、制造、使用和维护的学科，是工程技术领域中的一个重要分支。
机械专业英语是机械工程学习中必不可少的一部分，它涉及到机械工程师需要掌握的英语词汇、专业术语、文档阅读和撰写技巧等方面。
本文将介绍一些常用的机械专业英语词汇和常用的表达方式，以帮助读者更好地掌握机械专业英语。
2. Mechanical Engineering Vocabulary以下是一些常用的机械工程专业词汇，可以帮助读者对机械工程领域的基本概念有更好的了解：•Mechanical Engineering（机械工程）: A discipline of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and operation of machinery.•Engineer（工程师）: A person who designs, builds, or maintains engines, machines, or public works.•CAD（计算机辅助设计）: Computer-Aided Design, a software tool used by engineers to create and modifymechanical designs.•CAM（计算机辅助制造）: Computer-Aided Manufacturing, a software tool used to controlmanufacturing processes.•CNC（计算机数控）: Computer Numerical Control,a method of controlling manufacturing machines usingcomputers.3. Common Expressions in Mechanical Engineering在机械工程领域，有一些常用的表达方式，以下是一些示例：•According to the design specifications（根据设计规范）: Indicates that something is done in accordance with the design requirements.•The machine is in operation（机器正在运行）: Indicates that the machine is currently running andperforming its intended function.•The material is heat-treated（材料经过热处理）: Indicates that the material has undergone a specific heat treatment process for improved properties.•The system is experiencing mechanical failure（系统发生机械故障）: Indicates that the system is notfunctioning properly due to a mechanical issue.•The component needs to be lubricated regularly（零部件需要定期加润滑油）: Indicates that regularlubrication is required to ensure proper functioning of the component.4. Reading and Writing Documents in Mechanical Engineering在机械工程领域，阅读和撰写文档是非常重要的技能。
专业英语2翻译
A combination of information technology innovations and a changing domestic and global business environment makes the role of IT in business even more important for managers than just a few years ago信息技术创新加上国内及全球商业环境的不断变化，使得IT在商业中的作用对管理者来说显得比几年前更为重要。
The Internet revolution is not something that happened and then burst, but instead has turned out to be an ongoing, powerful source of new technologies with significant business implications for much of this century.互联网革命不仅仅是发生，然后破裂那样简单，它是一个不断发展的且强有力的新技术源泉，对本世纪许多事物有着重大商业影响。
There are five factors to consider when assessing the growing impact of IT in business firms both today and over the next ten years.Internet growth and technology convergenceTransformation of the business enterpriseGrowth of a globally connected economyGrowth of knowledge and information- based economiesEmergence of the digital firm在评价IT技术现在和未来10年对商业越来越大的影响时，有五个因素评估时要考虑：互联网的发展和技术融合商业企业的转型全球互联经济的增长以知识和信息为基础的经济的增长数字公司的涌现These changes in the business environment, summarized in Table 2.1, pose a number of new challenges and opportunities for business firms and their managements.表2.1总结了商业环境的变化，列出一些商业企业和它们的管理所面对的新的挑战和机遇The internet and technology convergenceOne of the most frequently asked questions by Wall Street investors, journalists, and business entrepreneurs is, “What’s the next big thing?”As it turns out, the next big thing is in front of us: 互联网和技术的融合一个被华尔街的投资者、记者和企业家最常问到的问题是，“下件大事会是什么？”事实证明，下一个大事件正摆在我们面前：We are in the midst of a networking and communications revolution driven by the growth of the Internet, Internet-based technologies, and new business models and processes that leverage the new technologies.我们正处于一个由互联网发展、以互联网为基础的技术及新的商业模式和商业进程所驱动的网络和通讯革命之中，它们还促使新技术的改变。