美国联邦证据规则中文版
联邦证据规则中英文对照
联邦证据规则中英文对照全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：一、导言美国联邦证据规则是美国联邦法院审理案件时适用的证据规则。
它规定了在联邦法院中承认和呈现证据的程序和要求，确保案件的公正和公正审理。
本文将对联邦证据规则中的一些重要条款进行中英文对照解释，以帮助读者更好地理解其内容和意义。
二、证据的目的和范围1. Purpose and Scope of the Rules of Evidence《联邦证据规则》适用于联邦审判中所有事实的证明，除宪法或国会法案另有规定外。
这些规则应当被解释为在每一程序中公平地处理每一案件，消除不合理的费用和延迟，并促进证据法的发展以实现审判中的真理和正义。
三、证据的可接受性2. Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible; Irrelevant Evidence InadmissibleEvidence that is not relevant is not admissible. Relevant evidence includes evidence that tends to make a fact more orless probable than it would be without the evidence, and the fact is of consequence in determining the action.4. Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts五、证据的见证6. Witnesses6. 证人每个人都有资格成为证人，除非这些规则另有规定。
证人只可以就他有个人知识的事项作证。
7. Opinion Testimony8. Hearsay八、结尾第二篇示例：联邦证据规则（Federal Rules of Evidence）是美国法律体系中一项重要的法规，其为在联邦法院中处理证据的规则提供了指导和约束。
美国联邦证据规则
一、关联性证据规则概述
Rule 403. Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
二、证据规则的功能
诉讼证明活动并不单纯是主观认识客观 的事实发现过程，同时也是法律价值的 实现过程。
诉讼证明追求的价值：秩序，自由，公 平和效率。 （一）查明案件事实 （二）追求其他价值
三、证据规则的体系
关联性证据规则 传闻证据规则 非法证据排除规则 意见证据规则 最佳证据规则 补强证据规则
第二节 关联性证据规则
FRE404（a）Character evidence generally Evidence of a person's character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion.
证据法条翻译
所有相关的证据是可以受理的，除另有由美国宪法，美国国会通过法案，这些规则，或由最高法院根据法定机构规定的其他规则的规定。证据是不相关的是不予受理。
规则403。对相关证据排除偏见，混乱，或浪费时间的理由
虽然相关的，证据可能被排除在外，如果它证明价值实质上受到不公平损害，对这些问题的困扰，或误导陪审团，危险或因无故拖延，浪费时间，或累积证据不用介绍考量重。
规则411。责任保险
证据表明，一个人是或不是被保险人对责任并不取决于是否受理问题的人疏忽或其他错误。此规则不要求对责任保险的证据时，另如代理范围
这些规则在美国之前，美国破产法官和美国法院提出诉讼法官裁判的范围内，并与1101条规定的例外情况。
规则102。目的和建设
这些规则应当被解释为安全管理的公平性，无理拖延费用和消除，以及增长和证据法的发展提升到了真理可能会被公正地查明和确定程序结束。
第103条。裁决的证据
（一）错误的裁决的影响。
联邦证据规则
出版法律信息研究所，康奈尔大学法学院，2008年9月。为了解释这些规则的决定以及州证据材料，请访问第五十二页的证据。
第一条总则
规则302。国家在民事诉讼法律适用和司法程序
在民事行为和程序，一个尊重事实这是一个主张或抗辩，以国家法律的元素，提供了决策规则是按照国家的法律确定的推定效力。
第四条。相关性及其限制
规则401。定义的“相关证据”
“有关证据”的方法收集证据有任何倾向，使任何事实，后果，更可能的行动或多或少可能会比没有确定是存在的证据。
法院可以采取司法认知，是否要求或没有。
（d）当强制性的。
法院应采取司法认知，如果要求一个党和提供必要的资料。
(完整版)美国联邦民事诉讼规则(内含中文目录)
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetentperson in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint toits chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribedby the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any suchdefendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United Statesmarshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.。
美国联邦民事诉讼规则(内含中文目录)
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第1章一般规定第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第501条一般规则第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREI.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTIONRule1 Scope and Purpose of RulesThese rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81. They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of ActionThere shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERSRule 3 Commencement of ActionA civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a) Form. The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff. It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint. The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b) Issuance. Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal. If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant. A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c) Service with Complaint; by Whom Made.(1) A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint. The plaintiff isresponsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subdivision(m) and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summonsand complaint.(2) Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age. At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose. Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C. §1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C. §1916(d) Waiver of Service; Duty to Save Costs of Service; Request to Waive.(1) A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection tothe venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2) An individual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subdivision(e), (f), or (h) and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in thisparagraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons. To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons. The notice and request.(A) shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant,if an individual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent (or otheragent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process) of adefendant subject to service under subdivision (h) ;(B) shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C) shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify thecourt in which it has been filed;(D) shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an officialform promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance andof a failure to comply with the request;(E) shall set forth the date on which request is sent; (F) shall allow thedefendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that dateif the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the UnitedStates; and(G) shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request,as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a requestfor waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the courtshall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on thedefendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3) A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requestedis not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed,except as provided in paragraph (3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5) The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph (2) for failure to comply witha request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred ineffecting service under subdivision (e), (f), or (h), together with the costs, includinga reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e) Service Upon Individuals Within a Judicial District of the United States. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1) pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in whichservice is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action broughtin the courts of general jurisdiction of the State; or(2) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personallyor by leaving copies thereof at the individual's dwelling house or usual place of abodewith some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by deliveringa copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or bylaw to receive service of process.(f) Service Upon Individuals in a Foreign Country. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an individual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1) by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as thosemeans authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtrajudicialDocuments; or(2) if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable internationalagreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculatedto give notice:(A) in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for servicein that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B) as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatoryor letter of request; or(C) unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i) delivery to the individual personally of a copy of thesummons and the complaint; or(ii) any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to beaddressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the partyto be served; or(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by thecourt.(g) Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state. Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph (2)(A) or (2)(B) of subdivision (f) or by such means as the court may direct.(h) Service Upon Corporations and Associations. Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1) in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for individualsby subdivision (e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to anofficer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment orby law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute toreceive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2) in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribedfor individuals by subdivision (f) except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i) thereof.(i) Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1) Service upon the United States shall be effected(A) by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the UnitedStates attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to anassistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by theUnited States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or bysending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certifiedmail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United Statesattorney and(B) by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registeredor certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington,District of Columbia, and(C) in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agencyof the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summonsand of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A) Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employeeof the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the UnitedStates in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and by also sending a copy of the summonsand complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, orcorporation.(B) Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with theperformance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not theofficer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected byserving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (i)(1) and byserving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4 (e), (f),or (g).(3) The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4 (i) for the purposeof curing the failure to serve:(A) all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(A),if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the AttorneyGeneral of the United States, or(B) the United States in an action governed by Rule 4 (i)(2)(B), if theplaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in anindividual capacity.(j) Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1) Service upon a foreign state or a political subdivision, agency, or instrumentalitythereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1608(2) Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subjectto suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to its chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribed by the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any such defendant.(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1) Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdictionover the person of a defendant(A) who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of generaljurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a placewithin a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 milesfrom the place from which the summons issues, or(C) who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D) when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2) If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of theUnited States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, withrespect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over theperson of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of generaljurisdiction of any state.(l) Proof of Service. If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court. If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United States marshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof. Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph (1) of subdivision (f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph (2) or (3) thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court. Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service. The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m) Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. This subdivision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subdivision (f) or (j)(1).(n) Seizure of Property; Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1) If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction overproperty. Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner providedby the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2) Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the districtwhere the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summonsin any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of thedefendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstancesand in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process(a) Generally. Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4 (1). The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b) Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt. An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district. Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the statein which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(a) Service: When Required. Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties. No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b) Same: How Made. Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party; or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof; or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein; or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein. Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c) Same: Numerous Defendants. In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties. A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d) Filing; Certificate of Service. All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: (i) depositions, (ii) interrogatories, (iii) requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and (iv) requests for admission.(e) Filing With the Court Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit themto the office of the clerk. A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes. A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules. The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001. By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b) Making Service.(1) Service under Rules 5(a) and 77(d) on a party represented by an attorney is made onthe attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2) Service under Rule 5(a) is made by:(A) Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i) handing it to the person;(ii) leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or otherperson in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in aconspicuous place in the office; or(iii) if the person has no office or the office is closed,leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place ofabode with someone of suitable age and discretion residingthere.(B) Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served. Serviceby mail is complete on mailing.(C) If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerkof the court.(D) Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means,consented to in writing by the person served. Service by electronic meansis complete on transmission; service by other consented means is completewhen the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designatedto make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D) through the court's transmission facilities.(3) Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D) is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation. As used in this rule and in Rule 77 (c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.(b) Enlargement. When by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order, or (2) upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect; but it may not extend the time for taking any action under Rules 50 (b) and (c)(2), 52 (b), 59 (b), (d), and (e), and 60(b), except to the extent and under the conditions stated in them.(c) Unaffected by Expiration of Term. [Rescinded Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966.](d) For Motions Affidavits. A written motion, other than one which may be heard ex parte, and notice of the hearing thereof shall be served not later than 5 days before the time specified for the hearing, unless a different period is fixed by these rules or by order of the court. Such an order may for cause shown be made on ex parte application. When a motion is supported by affidavit, the affidavit shall be served with the motion; and, except as otherwise provided in Rule 59 (c), opposing affidavits may be served not later than 1 day before the hearing, unless the court permits them to be served at some other time.(e) Additional Time After Service by Mail. Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party by mail, 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.Prospective amendment:。
美国《联邦证据规则》中品格证据原则详解
美国《联邦证据规则》中品格证据原则详解
文 / 汤文华
1. 什么是品格证据
品格证据（character evidence）是英美普通法与制定法中的专有概念。 概括而言，品格证据是指能够证明一个人的品格或品格特征，并以此 来推论该人行为的证据。这里的“品格”不仅仅包含一个人的道德品质（moral qualities），还包括一个人的行为倾向和生活方式等。在庭审实践中，品格 证据所要证明的客体涉及被告人、受害人和证人的品格、惯常的行为方式 及先前行为等。
2 易延友，《证据法学：原则 规则 案例》，法律出版社，2017 年。 3 根据《布莱 克法律词典》，“品格”一词指：属于区别于其他人的道德品质的集合，是一个人 内在品质的一般表现形式。关于某人道德倾向或习惯或伦理品质的意见是专属于他 的，一个人综合的行为倾向或可能性可以通过其习惯、其具有的良好品格或其他品 格的一般声誉加以证明。 4 证据规则的存在不是为了真实地反映世界，而是要确保 陪审员能够正确地考虑呈现给他们的事实。
③证人先前的定罪判决可以用来弹劾证人的可信性。（The following rules apply to attacking a witness’s character for truthfulness by evidence of a criminal conviction: (1) for a crime that, in the convicting jurisdiction, was punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year, the evidence: … (2) for any crime regardless of the punishment, the evidence must be admitted if the court can readily determine that establishing the elements of the crime required proving—or the witness’s admitting—a dishonest act or false statement.）
美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则
《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》目录美国联邦民事诉讼规则导论美国联邦民事诉讼规则第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及命令的送达第3条诉讼开始第4条传唤状第4条之1其他令状的送达第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交第6条期间第3章诉答文书和申请书第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式第8条诉答文书的一般规则第9条诉答文书的特别事项第10条诉答文书的格式第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名；向法院的陈述；制裁第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式——通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文书请求判决的申请第13条反请求和交叉请求第14条第三当事人诉讼程序第15条修改和补充诉答文书第16条审理前会议；日程；管理第4章当事人第17条原告和被告；当事人能力第18条请求和救济方法的合并第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人第20条当事人的许可合并第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并第22条互争权利诉讼第23条集团诉讼第23条之1股东的派生诉讼第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼第24条诉讼参加第25条替代当事人第5章庭外证言与发现程序第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员第29条关于发现程序的约定第30条口头询问的庭外证言第31条书面质问的庭外证言第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用第33条对当事人的质问书第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目的而进入房地产第35条身体和精神状态的检查第36条要求自认第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁第6章开庭审理第38条要求陪审团审判的权利第39条陪审团审判或法院审判第40条为开庭审理而分配案件第41条撤销诉讼第42条合并；分开审理第43条证言的取得第44条官方记录证明第44条之1外国法的确定第45条传票第46条不需要提出异议第47条选定陪审团成员第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决第49条特别裁决和质问书第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定第51条对陪审团的指示：异议第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决第53条主事官第7章判决第54条判决；费用第55条缺席第56条简易判决第57条宣告判决第58条登记判决第59条重新审理；判决的修改第60条对判决或命令的救济第61条无害的错误第62条执行判决程序的中止第63条法官不能继续执行职务第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法第64条对人或财产的扣押第65条禁止令第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人第67条向法院提存第68条判决方案要约第69条执行第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的令状第9章特别程序第71条之1不动产征收第72条补助法官；审理前命令第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权第74条根据《美国法典》第28编第636条第3款（4）项和本规则第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的方式第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院法官提起上诉的程序第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决和诉讼费用第10章地区法院及其书记官第77条地区法院及其书记官第78条申请期日第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速记译回文字第11章一般条款第81条一般适用性第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令第84条诉讼文书格式第85条本规则的称谓第86条生效日期附件一：诉讼文书格式附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》中的词汇英中文语义对照表美国联邦证据规则导言《美国联邦证据规则》介绍第101条适用范围第102条目的和结构第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性第105条有限的可采性第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分第2章司法认知第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团第3章民事诉讼中的推定第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性第4章相关性及其限制第401条“相关证据”的定义第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例第406条习惯；日常工作第407条随后的补救措施第408条和解和要求和解第409条支付医疗或类似费用第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳第411条责任保险第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关第5章特权第6章证人第601条关于证人能力的一般规则第602条缺乏亲身体验第603条宣誓或郑重声明第604条译员第605条法官作为证人的能力第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查第607条谁可以提出质疑第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决第610条宗教信仰或主张第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议第615条排除证人第7章意见证据和专家证词第701条一般证人的意见证词第702条专家证词第703条专家意见证词的基础第704条关于最终争议的意见第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家第8章传闻证据第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认第802条传闻证据规则第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的判决（24）其他例外第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外第805条传闻中的传闻…第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性第9章鉴定和辨认第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定第903条不必要有补强证人证词第10章文字、录音和照相的内容第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品第1002条要求原件第1003条复制品的可采性第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项第1005条公共记录第1006条摘要第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能第11章综合规则第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改第1103条标题。
美国证据法中的证明力规则(上篇).doc
美国证据法中的证明力规则（上篇）()刑事侦查论文渎职罪论文刑事证据论文侵犯财产罪论文侵犯人身权利罪论文危害公共安全罪论文一、问题的提出在中国的法律改革中，师法英美与效仿欧陆一直是学界两种不同的声音。
近些年，在证据法学研究以及证据立法运动中，师法英美完全压过了效仿欧陆的呼声。
正如有学者所言：“在我国当下的法学语境中，一种以移植英美法系国家证据法各项规则为标志的‘变法运一、问题的提出在中国的法律改革中，师法英美与效仿欧陆一直是学界两种不同的声音。
近些年，在证据法学研究以及证据立法运动中，师法英美完全压过了效仿欧陆的呼声。
正如有学者所言：“在我国当下的法学语境中，一种以移植英美法系国家证据法各项规则为标志的‘变法运动’正逐渐成为证据法学研究的主流倾向，以至于在证据法学论文和著作中出现了‘言必称英美’的现象。
而大陆法系国家则被武断地视为‘不存在发达的证据法’的制度，其证据规则和证据理论都不同程度地受到了忽视。
” 这样一种取向导致了当下的证据法学研究成为英美证据法尤其是美国证据法在中国的推演，进而，当下的证据立法运动成为域外证据法尤其是美国《联邦证据规则》在中国的移植嫁接。
在这样一个以英美为师的学术背景中，观察学术界对于证据立法的态度，可以看出，大多数学者都主张以可采性或者证据能力为中心构建中国的证据法。
这与中国的司法实践形成了鲜明对比，观察当下的司法实践可以发现，中国的司法实践对证明力表现出异乎寻常的关注，呼唤证明力规则、创造证明力规则并实践证明力规则。
可以说，证明力规则在当下司法实践中产生有其必然性，是当下以证明力为导向的证据法的必然产物。
然而，证据法学者对以证明力为导向的中国证据法特别是在中国司法实践中长期运行的证明力规则持一种根本性的否定态度，甚至称之为法定证据制度的死灰在当下中国的复燃。
证据法学者往往对证明力规则持一种批判态度，然而，证据法学者对于证明力规则的理性总结、学理思考与司法实务界对之倾注的努力并不匹配。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
美国联邦证据规则介绍：首席大法官沃伦于１９６５年任命一个顾问委员会为联邦法院起草证据规则。
该委员会起草的初稿于１９６９年发表以征求意见。
修订稿于１９７１年公布。
１９７２年，联邦最高法院将其命名为《联邦证据规则》，于１９７３年７月１日生效。
道格拉斯大法官持不同意见。
根据有关授权法案，首席大法官伯格将该证据规则提交国会审议，国会将其搁置以作进一步的研究。
经过广泛详尽的研究，国会将该规则作有关修改后颁布为法律。
１９７５年１月２日批准，１９７５年２月１日生效。
这样，联邦证据规则是联邦最高法院制订规则的程序与国会的立法程序相结合的产物。
至少，广泛收集普通法的案例与有关的制订法是同等重要，两者共同构成证据规则演进的背景。
在理解证据规则时，这些立法渊源都必须加以考虑。
-----爱德华特Ｗ．克利瑞美国联邦证据规则第一章一般规定第１０１条适用范围本规则根据第１１０１条规定的范围和例外，适用于在联邦法院、联邦破产法院和联邦治安法院进行的诉讼。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，同年１０月１日生效；１９８８年４月２５日的修改，同年１１月１日生效）第１０２条目的和结构本规则将用以保证公正施行，消除不合理的耗费和延误，促进证据法的发展壮大，以实现确定事实真相，公正处理诉讼。
第１０３条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果除非影响到当事人的实体权利和具有下列情况，否则错误可以不作为采纳或排除证据的依据：（１）异议对于一项采纳证据的裁定，适时提出要求撤消的异议，或申请记录在案并阐明异议的具体理由，如果该理由未能从上下文中显露出来；或者（２）提供证明对于一项排除证据的裁定，可以提供该证据的要旨使法庭了解或者使其从所提问题的内容中显露出来。
（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录法庭可以增加任何与表明证据特征、证据被提供的方式、提出的异议和相关的裁定有关的其他的或进一步的证词，可以指示用提问和回答的方式来提供。
（c）陪审团审理在陪审团审理的情况下，法官将指导诉讼，以防止不能采纳的证据通过各种手段，如作出陈述、提供证明或进行提问等，对陪审团产生影响。
（d）显见错误本规则不妨碍对涉及实体权利的显见错误提请注意，虽然这些显见错误未引起法庭注意。
第１０４条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问关于证人资格、存在（拒绝作证的）特权或证据可采性的初步询问将由法庭决定，适用下述（b）款的规定。
除涉及特权的问题外，法庭作出决定时不受证据规则的限制。
（b）以事实为条件的相关性当证据的相关性依赖于满足一定的事实条件时，在介绍足以确定具备该事实条件的证据后，法庭应采纳该证据。
（c）陪审团审理在所有案件中，有关（被告人）自白的可采性的审理将避开陪审团。
审理其他初步事项时，出于公正利益的考虑，或者当被告人作证时提出这样的请求，也可以避开陪审团。
（d）被告人作证当被告人对初步事项作证时，与案件中其他争议不同，不适用交叉询问。
（e）重要性和可信性本规则不限制当事人在陪审团面前介绍与重要性或可信性相关的证据的权利。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，１９８７年１０月１日生效）第１０５条有限的可采性如果证据对于一方当事人或出于一种目的可以采纳，而对于他方当事人或出于另一种目的不能采纳，当这种证据被采纳时，法庭根据请求，应将该证据限制在适当的范围，并相应对陪审团作出指示。
第１０６条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关部分当一份书面证词或录音证词，或其中一部分由一方当事人出示时，他方当事人可以请求同时出示该书面证词或录音证词的剩余部分，或者任何其他出于公正立场应予考虑同时出示的书面证词或录音证词。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，１９８７年１０月１日生效）第二章司法认知第２０１条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围本条规则仅适用于关于裁判事实的司法认知。
（b）事实种类适用司法认知的事实必须不属于合理争议的范畴，即：（１）在审判法院管辖范围内众所周知的事实；或（２）能够被准确地确认和随时可借助某种手段加以确认，该手段的准确性不容被合理质疑。
（c）任意采用无论被请求与否，法庭可以采用司法认知。
（d）强制采用如果当事人提出请求并辅之以必要的资料，法庭应当采用司法认知。
（e）被听证的机会对于采用司法认知是否妥当和关于认知的要旨，当事人有权及时请求给予听证的机会。
在未事先通知的情况下，可以在司法认知作出后提出这样的请求。
（f）采用司法认知的时间在诉讼的任何阶段都可以采用司法认知。
（g）指示陪审团在民事诉讼中，法庭应指示陪审团将业经认知的事实作为结论性事实采纳。
在刑事诉讼中，法庭应指示陪审团可以（但不要求这样做）将业经司法认知的事实作为结论性事实采纳。
第３０１条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定在所有民事诉讼中，除国会制定法或本证据规则另有规定外，一项推定赋予其针对的当事人举证反驳或满足该推定的责任，但未向该当事人转移未履行说服责任即需承担风险意义上的证明责任。
该证明责任仍由在审判过程中原先承担的当事人承担。
第３０２条民事诉讼中州法的适用性在民事诉讼中，作为主张或辩解内容的事实如果适用州法确定，那么对于该事实的推定的效力依据州法规定。
第４０１条“相关证据”的定义“相关证据”指证据具有某种倾向，使决定某项在诉讼中待确认的争议事实的存在比没有该项证据时更有可能或更无可能。
第４０２条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的证据不能采纳所有具有相关性的证据均可采纳，但美国宪法、国会立法、本证据规则以及联邦最高法院根据立法授权确立的其他规则另有规定的除外。
没有相关性的证据不能采纳。
第４０３条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关证据证据虽然具有相关性，但可能导致不公正的偏见、混淆争议或误导陪审团的危险大于该证据可能具有的价值时，或者考虑到过分拖延、浪费时间或无需出示重复证据时，也可以不采纳。
第４０４条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外；其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定有关某人品格或品格特征的证据，不能用以证明该人在某特定场合的行为与其品格或品格特征相一致。
下列情况除外：（１）被告人的品格由被告人提供的证明其有关品格特征的证据，或者由起诉方提供反驳被告人品格的证据；（２）被害人的品格由被告人提供的关于被害人品格的证据，或者由起诉方提供来反驳被告人所举关于被害人品格的证据，或者在杀人案件中起诉方为反驳证明被害人先动手的证据而提供的证明被害人一贯性格平和的证据；（３）证人的品格关于证人品格的证据，适用第６０７、６０８和６０９条的规定。
（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为关于其他犯罪、错误或行为的证据不能用来证明某人的品格以说明其行为的一贯性。
但是，如果出于其他目的，如证明动机、机会、意图、预备、计划、知识、身份，或缺乏过失，或意外事件等，可以采纳。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，同年１０月１日生效）第４０５条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价在所有允许采纳有关某人品格证据的案件中，由提供关于名声的证言或者以评价方式作出的证言来进行证明。
在交叉询问中，允许对相关的特定行为实例进行质询。
（b）特定行为实例当关于某人的品格或一贯品行成为一项指控、主张或辩护中至关重要部分时，可以举出该人的特定行为实例加以证明。
第４０６条习惯；日常工作关于某人的习惯或某组织日常工作的证据，不管是否业经证实，也不管是否有目击证人在场，对于证明该人或该组织在特定场合或时刻的行为与其习惯或日常工作一致，是相关的。
第４０７条随后的补救措施当一起事件发生后采取了那些如果事先采取很可能会避免该事件发生的措施时，关于这些事后补救措施的证据不能采纳来证明与该事件相联系的过失或应受处罚的行为。
本规则不要求排除为其他目的而提供证明采取随后措施的证据，如为证明所有权、控制权或者预防措施的可行性，如果这些遭到辩驳或异议的话。
第４０８条和解和要求和解关于在对一项诉讼主张进行和解或企图和解的过程中，（１）提出、表示或允诺提出；（２）接受，表示或允诺接受，一项有价值的考虑的证据，当该诉讼主张的效力或数额引起争议时，不能作为证明对该诉讼主张无效或其数额负有责任的证据采纳。
有关在和解谈判中所作行为或陈述的证据同样也不能采纳。
本规则并不要求对通过其他途径可能发现的证据，仅仅因其在和解谈判中出示便加以排除。
本规则同样不要求，当上述证据为其他目的出示时，如证明某证人有偏见，否认意图不正当拖延诉讼或阻碍刑事侦查、起诉等，也加以排除。
第４０９条支付医疗或类似费用关于支付、表示或允诺支付因伤害而引起的医疗、住院或类似费用的证据，不能作为证明对伤害负有责任的证据采纳。
第４１０条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳除本规则另有规定外，下列证据在任何民事和刑事诉讼中不能作为不利于作过答辩或参加过答辩讨论的被告的证据而采纳：（１）曾作有罪答辩后来又撤回；（２）作不愿辩解又不承认有罪的答辩；（３）在根据联邦刑事诉讼规则第１１条或类似的州程序进行的诉讼中作出以上答辩的陈述；或者（４）在答辩讨论中对代表控诉方的律师所作的陈述，该答辩讨论并未产生被告作有罪答辩的结果，或者被告作有罪答辩后又撤回。
但是，此种陈述在以下情况可以采纳：（i）其他在同一答辩或答辩讨论中所作的陈述在诉讼中已经被提供，而本陈述应被公正地认为是与该陈述同时产生的；（ii）在对伪证或虚假陈述进行的刑事诉讼中，如果本陈述是被告在宣誓后、经记录在案或律师在场的情况下作出的。
（根据１９７９年４月３０日的修改，１９８０年１２月１日生效）第４１１条责任保险关于某人曾经或者未曾进行责任保险的证据，不能采纳来证明该人是否行为有疏忽或其他过失的争议。
本规则不要求有关责任保险的证据在为其他目的出示时，如证明代理、所有权或占有、证人有偏见或不公正等，也加以排除。
（根据１９８７年３月２日的修改，１９８７年１０月１日生效）第４１２条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关（a）不管法律有何其他规定，在被指控犯有美国法典第１８编第１０９章所规定罪行的刑事案件中，关于所谓被害人过去性行为方面的名声或评价的证据，一律不予采纳。
（b）不管法律有何其他规定，在被指控犯有美国法典第１８编第１０９章所规定罪行的刑事案件中，关于所谓被害人过去性行为方面的证据，尽管不是涉及名声或评价的证据，除以下情况外，同样也不能采纳：（１）根据本条（c）（１）和（c）（２）规定可以允许和根据宪法要求可以允许的；或者（２）根据（c）规定被允许，并且属于下列证据：（A）证明与被告人以外的其他人曾有过性行为的证据，由被告人针对被告人是否对所谓被害人有性行为或伤害的争议而提供；或者（B）证明与被告人过去有过性行为的证据，由被告人针对所谓被害人是否同意与被告人进行被控犯罪的性行为的争议而提供。
（C）（１）如果被指控犯有美国法典第１８编第１０９章所规定罪行的被告人根据（b）规定意图提供关于所谓被害人过去性行为方面的证据时，至迟需在确定的审判期日十五日前提出书面申请，要求在审判中出示此证据。