第四章补充 翻译中的选词法
翻译中的选词法共38页文档
• Chinese, or vice versa. For instance, “pretty” and“handsome” are rendered into “漂亮的” and “英俊的” respectively.It is perfectly all right to say “a handsome car” but “英俊的车子” would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese reader. Thus in E-C translation, a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in the target language. E.g.build
•
Affective meanings refers to what is
communicated of the feelings and
attitudes of the writer towards the reader. You may address somebody as an “idiot”
翻译中的选词法(diction)
• I. 选择语法意义(choice of grammatical meanings)----语法结构分析
• The same word, when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence, has different meanings.
第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（8-11）
第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（教学安排：8课时）与词有关的翻译方法包括：✓直译和意译✓词义的选择✓词的增补与省略✓词类转义法✓重复法✓正说反译法和反说正译法✓分句法和合句法第一节直译和意译首先应当指出，直译不是死译，而是指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译。
意译也不是胡译、乱译，而是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文作相应的调整。
例1原文：我们的朋友遍天下。
直译：Our friends are all over the world.意译：We have friends all over the world.直译以严格意义上的忠实为宗旨，意译则更多考虑英语的特点，更强调译文的效果，不求形式对应，只求语言在深层次中的对应。
总之，选择直译还是意译，应该根据文章具体需要而定，两种译法可以并用。
✧能直译则直译例2原文：爱是耐心和善良；爱不是妒忌和吹嘘；爱不是傲慢和粗鲁。
译文：love is patience and kindness; love is not jealous and boast; love is not arrogance and rudeness.例3原文：进入21世纪，麦当劳团体的对手们又集合到一面共同的旗帜之下——反对全球化。
译文：On stepping into the 21st century, the McDonalds’ groups have again assembled under the same flag——anti-globalization.Upon entering opponents banner rafilled例4原文：电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特，前者是电流单位，后者是电压单位。
译文：the unit of current the one of voltage例5原文：俗话说：“千里搭凉棚，没有不散的筵席”。
再过两三年，咱们都要离开这里的。
第四章 汉译英的理解与表达
第四章汉译英的理解与表达第一节汉译英中的理解问题理解的反面是误解、曲解，而误解和曲解多是因为阅读原文时停留在字面上，或是因为对原语的文化背景缺乏了解。
下面从三个方面讨论汉译英中的理解问题。
一、借助语言学理论，提高对文字各种意义的识别能力语言是一种符号，1920年代，奥格登和理查兹提出的符号三角理论，如图所示：图中符号(Symbol)指语言成分，如词语等；所指(Referent)指外部经验世界中的事物；思想或所指关系(Thought or Reference)指人们大脑中的概念。
符号的意义不是单一的，而是多重性的。
要确定符号的意义，除了考虑其所指意义之外，还要考虑符号使用者的意图（语用意义）以及与其它符号（语境）的关系。
认识符号的意义，须透过现象看本质，抓住词语的真正的含义，切忌不求甚解，望文生义。
如：王小玉便启朱唇、发晧齿，唱了几句书儿。
译文1：Now open her rosy lip and her ivory white teeth shine, her song begins!译文2：Little Jade Wang then opened her vermilion lips, displaying her sparking white teeth, and sang several phrases.译文3：Little Jade then parted her lips and sang a few lines.原文用“启朱唇、发皓齿”描述小玉唱歌时口型优美，这是中国评书常见的表达手法。
译文1和2都把“发皓齿”直译出来，效果却不如译文3的略译好，译文2读起来让人有先咧嘴、后吱牙、再唱歌的印象。
二、通过上下文，掌握隐含意义原文的意思不一定通过具体的词汇表达，有可能体现在上下文的逻辑关系、或全句的语气上。
这时，要善于从整体上把握这种弥漫在全文中的意义，并用适当的方式表达出来。
如：贾母因笑道：“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹！”（《红楼梦》）显然这里的“脱了衣裳”指脱下外套、礼服之类，不能照字面译成“take off one's clothes”，所以译文是：With a smile at Pao-yu, the Lady Dowager scolded: “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to yourcousin.” (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang)三、把握修辞特点理解时要留意原文的感情色彩、形象色彩及语体色彩，这些联想意义多用来达到修辞目的。
英汉翻译教程第四章翻译方法技巧
safe
and
The house needs attention but the roof is sound. sleep: deep and peaceful To have a sound night’s sleep
LOGO
5. good, but not excellent a sound piece of writing 6. physical punishment to give sb. a sound beating
He Hamleted at a chance and regretted for it. 机会到来时他犹豫不决，过后又后悔了。 Hamlet 原是沙士比亚（王子复仇记） 中主人公名，用此人优柔寡段性格来比 喻类似情况。译时抽象化了。
LOGO
We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street. 我们主张国际贸易不应该是有来无往。 One-way street 原意是“单行道” 引申“有来无往”。
LOGO
（二）英语中有些词是中立的本身不表示褒贬 义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味， 译时要相应地表达出来。 The president promised to work to repeat state and federal laws that discriminate Against women. 总统承诺将力求废除歧视（贬义）妇女的州法 及联邦法。 By a 6-3 vote, the court held that this official discriminate did not violate the Constitution. 法院以六票对三票的裁决的认定，政府对这个 问题上才去的区别对待（中性词）的办法并不 违反宪法。
翻译技巧4 措词、具体化、词类转换
• 在西南地区广西、贵州、湖南、四川等省份，“吊脚楼”是 山乡少数民族如苗、侗、壮、布依、土家族等的传统民居样 式。尤其在黔东南，苗族、侗族的吊脚楼极为常见。这里的 自然条件号称“天无三日情，地无三里平”，于是山区先民 创造出了独特的“吊脚楼”。 • 吊脚楼依山而建，用当地盛产的杉木，搭建成两层楼的木构 架，柱子因坡就势长短不一地架立在坡上。房屋的下层不设 隔墙，里面作为猪、牛的畜棚或者堆放农具和杂物；上层住 人，分客堂和卧室，四周向外伸出挑廊，可供主人在廊里做 活和休息。廊柱大多不是落地的（便于廊下面的通行无碍）， 起支撑作用的主要是楼板层挑出的若干横梁，廊柱辅助支撑， 使挑廊稳固地悬吊在半空，这种住宅因其外形和结构特点被 称为“吊脚楼”。吊脚楼的优点明显，人住楼上通风防潮， 又可防止野兽和毒蛇的侵害，这种住宅在西南山区至今仍有 建造。
• When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly such as the City, which means the “business centre of London”, the Peninsula, which refers to the “Iberian Peninsula”, and the Prophet, which stands for “Mohammed”.
英译汉常用方法简述
人们在进行英译汉时，为了把英语句子表达的清楚并更符合汉语习惯，往往采用不同的翻译方法。现将人们常用的几种英译汉的方法介绍给大家，供翻译爱好者参考。
1． 选词法：
英语同汉语一样，有一词多义的现象。因此，在进行英译汉时，译者必须弄懂英语句子结构后，选出关键词最佳的词义。这种方法叫做选词法。但必须注意，在选词义时，首先应确定该词的词类，这样才能保证与原文不变。如：
与这个女孩结婚，他有点吃不消。（浅化法）
9. 倒译法：
英译汉时，有时会采取倒译手段使译文更符合汉语习惯。如： a. I shall have it where I want her.
我要它向东，它就不敢向西。
当然，在进行日常英译汉时，并不是所有的英语句子一定要按照上述介绍的翻译方法才能译成汉语，并且有些句子确实是无法按规则翻译的。因此 译者只要是用精炼、通俗和明了的汉语翻译出原文的原汁原味，就可说是成功了。
我喜欢中国食品。现在很多人都喜欢。这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧！
e. He has been pursued, day by day and year by year, by a most phenomental
a stonishing luckiness.
日复一日， 年复一年，他一直是吉星高造，无与论比。这真是令人惊叹。
a. － The son: How much did you suffer?"
－ The old man: " Plenty."
孩子： "你吃了多少苦"？
老人："一言难尽"
这里"plenty" 不译作"很多"，而译作"一言难尽"更佳。
翻译第四章
翻译第四章第四章英汉翻译的关键是如何正确选择词义在英汉翻译过程中，针对原文的词义正确地选择汉语词义，是保证译文质量的根本一环。
首先一个词在不同的句子中有不同的含义。
1)This general was charged with treason.. 这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。
2) The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work.委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项研究工作。
类似短语有take charge of, take charge译为“负责”3)As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived, the soldiers charged the enemy position bravely. 总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地向敌人的阵地冲去。
4)She complained that she had been charged too much. 她抱怨说，向她收的费太高了。
5) The powder in place, he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down the charge..火药装好后，他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把炸药捣实。
6) This store will charge things you buy, and let you pay for them later.这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内，让你以后付款。
7) Having charged the battery, he set the engine in motion. 电池充电后，他启动了马达。
1）Here is a pretty go!2）He is itching to have a go at it.3）The old man is still full of go.4）These brightly colored stockings are all the go this summer.其次，在英语中还存在着一个词的单数和复数意义全然不同、前后搭配不同而意义不同等情况。
4.翻译的技巧
（梁实秋译）
（王振国译）
答案：B
小节结束
10 返回章重点 退出 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动4：比较并选择理想汉语译文
（参考译文）
1. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps, for there is a companionship of books as well as of men.
返回章重点 退出
（参考译文）
课堂互动4：比较并选择理想汉语译文
（参考译文） 8. Many language-students think it is enough simply to “know” a grammar rule or the meaning of a word. They do not understand that there is a difference between such things and the actual capacity to make correct sentences and to use words correctly.
12
返回章重点 退出
课堂互动4：比较并选择理想汉语译文
（参考译文）
3. The children’s constant deafening racket everywhere kept the younger ones from sleeping.
A. 小孩子们这儿吵，那儿闹，没完没了，把人耳朵都 震聋了，小不点儿就别想睡觉了。 B. 孩子们到处吵闹，经常不断，震耳欲聋，简直使小 孩子们睡不着觉。 C. 孩子们到处喧闹，经常不断，震耳欲聋，使得小点 儿的孩子们睡不着觉。 答案：C
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• I. 选择语法意义(choice of grammatical meanings)----语法结构分析 • The same word, when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence, has different meanings. • 1.Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of the stable. • 2.He had no stomach to follow us. • I can’t stomach this job any longer.
•
实译:我应邀外出演讲时,他们都指望我 摆出一副像麦片商标中的老头那样的表情. • 虚译:我应邀外出演讲时,他们都指望我 摆出一副毫无表情,一本正经的面 孔.( Quaker Oats 是欧美一种有名的麦片商 标,商标中画的老头模样毫无表情,我国读者 不熟悉,应虚译.) • 2.虚” →”实”.词义从抽象引向具体,从一 般引向特殊,从概括引向局部 • ⑴There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems; more than transient everydayness.
• II.选择搭配意义(choice of collocative meanings)----语义分析 • Some words have the same basic meanings, but differ in collocation. That is, they have different collocative meanings. For instance, “sense” and “meaning” are synonymous, but “John is a man of sense” is acceptable while “John is a man of meaning” is unacceptable. • One problem with collocation is translation is that, very often what is good collocation in English may not be so when rendered into
• Chinese, or vice versa. For instance, “pretty” and“handsome” are rendered into “漂亮的” and “英俊的” respectively.It is perfectly all right to say “a handsome car” but “英俊的车子” would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese reader. Thus in E-C translation, a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in the target language. E.g.build • Build a house/ a ship/ a fire/ a car/one’s confidence/scholars of tomorrow/ an answer/ a bridge/ a dam/ a stamp collection
• Positive
neHale Waihona Puke tralderogatory
Portly(发福的)Overweight(超重的)Obese(臃肿的） Slender,slim((苗条的) Underweight(体重不够的） Skinny(瘦削的) Senior,elder(长者)Old man/woman(老人)Fossil(老 朽)
• • • • • • •
虚译:他们的生活远不止那些政治的,社 会的和经济的问题,远不止一时的日常性. 实译: 他们的生活远不止那些政治的,社 会的和经济的问题, 远不止每天的柴米油盐. ⑵He is a valuable acquisition to the team. 虚译:他是该队一种宝贵的获得. 实译:他是该队不可多得的队员. Ⅵ.选择对应意义(choice of equivalent meanings)-----语义分析（对概念义的误解） Some English words or expressions look equivalent to their Chinese counterparts, but actually they are different.
• Ⅶ.选择准确意义(choice of exact meanings)----语义分析（所指意义） • A careful translator should weigh the meaning of the original befroe choosing a suitable Chinese word or expression. Three criteria are proposed here for choosing suitable words: preciseness(准 确),conciseness(精练),and gracefulness(优美),common mistakes in this respect may be chiefly due to the following:
• Ⅳ.选择模糊意义(choice of ambiguous meanings)------语义分析(歧义) • Ambiguity, according to D. Bolinger, is defined as one surface structure covering two or more deep structures, that is, one linguistic expression allows more than one udnerstandings or interpretations. Ambiguity can be classified as lexical ambiguity(词汇歧义)and structural ambiguity(结构歧义). • 1.lexical ambiguity(词汇歧义)
• ②格林设计这台机器的时候,一定事先知道 它的性能. • 2. structural ambiguity(结构歧义) • The multiple meanings of the utterance depends on the sentence structure. • Eg. • She showed her baby pictures. • ①她拿出了自己婴儿时期的照片. • ②她把婴儿的照片拿给她看. • ③她把一些照片/图片拿给孩子看.
• 1.”实”→虚”.词义从具体引向抽象,从特殊 引向一般,从局部引向概括 • ⑴ Nowadays a student heading for college may pack a frying pan along with his books. • 实译:如今上大学的学生除了带他的书上 学校以外,还可以带上一个煎烙饼的平底锅 了. • 虚译:如今大学生在学校里也可以自己 做点吃的了. • ⑵ When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker Oats look.
• Ⅴ.选择引申意义(choice of extended meanings)----语义分析（关联义） • It is often difficult to find a suitable Chinese translation for an English word or expression in E-C dictionaries, and a mechanical translation may be unintelligible to our readers. One way out is to extend the meaning from the concrete or specific to the abstract or general, or vice versa.
• III. 选择情感意义(choice of afffective meanings)-----语义分析（情感） • Affective meanings refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader. You may address somebody as an “idiot” to convey your despise, or describe something as “marvelous” to express your positive evaluation. There are basically three types of affective meanings: positive(褒义),neutral(中性),and derogatory (贬义).
• • • •
Examples: 1.Aggressive nations threaten world peace. 侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平. A salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed. • 推销员要成功,必须有闯劲.
• 2. He incited the soldiers to fight bravely. • He was charged with inciting people to violence. • 3. Every dog has his day. • “You chicken!” he cried, looking at Tom with contempt.