专业英语翻译 (6)
造船专业英语翻译练习题lesson 6
造船专业英语翻译练习题Lesson 6一、汉译英1、单词翻译1）、纵摇pitch2）、横倾heel3）、阻力resistance4）、稳心metacentre5）、浮力buoyancy2、词组翻译1）、正浮floating positively2）、横稳性transversal stability3）、倾斜试验inclination test4）、球鼻艏bulbous bow5）、额定马力the rated horsepower3、句子翻译1）、用干舷来度量的储备浮力就是载重线以上的船体的水密容积。
The reserve buoyancy which is measured by freeboard refers to the watertight volume of hull above load line.2）、我们不必为空气的阻力多伤脑筋，因为与水阻力相比空气阻力要小得多。
We do not bother our brain about air resistance because it is far smaller than water resistance.二、英译汉1、Then, what is the reserve buoyancy? As it is known to all, a ship has to obtain a certain amount of freeboard when she’s sailing at sea. That is to say, to give you a concrete idea, any vessel is to retain some volume above water for the sake of extra buoyancy so that its draft is allowed to increase without a sinking tragedy under particular but rare conditions, such as rough sea or serious flooding due to hull damage.那么什么是储备浮力呢？大家明白，当船只在海上航行时它必须获得一定量的干舷。
电气工程和自动化专业英语第6章6_2翻译
Section 2 Components of Power Systems 第2节电力系统的组成部分Modern power systems are usually large-scale, geographically distributed, and with hundreds to thousands of generators operating in parallel and synchronously. 现代电力系统通常规模大，地域分布，并与数百名，并同步在数以千计的发电机并联运行。
They may vary in size and structure from one to another, but they all have the same basic characteristics: 他们可能会有所不同的规模和结构从一个到另一个，但它们都具有相同的基本特征：（1）Are comprised of three-phase AC systems operating essentially at constant voltage. （1）是由三个三相交流电压恒定系统经营本质上。
Generation and transmission facilities use three-phase equipment . 发电和输电设施使用三个阶段的设备。
Industrial loads are invariablythree-phase; single-phase residential and commercial loads are distributed equally among the phases so as to effectively form a balanced three-phase system. 工业负荷总是三相，单相负载的住宅和商业之间平等分配的阶段，从而有效地形成一个平衡的三相系统。
《高级英语》课文逐句翻译（6）
lesson6 ⼀个好机会 Lesson Six A Good Chance 我到鸭溪时，喜鹊没在家，我和他的妻⼦阿⽶莉亚谈了谈。
When I got to Crow Creek， Magpie was not home. I talked to his wife Amelia. “我要找喜鹊，”我说，“我给他带来了好消息。
”我指指提着的箱⼦，“我带来了他的诗歌和⼀封加利福尼亚⼤学的录取通知书，他们想让他来参加为印第安⼈举办的艺术课。
” “I need to find Magpie，” I said. “I've really got some good news for him.” I pointed to the briefcase I was carrying. “I have his poems and a letter of acceptance from a University in California where they want him to come and participate in the Fine Arts Program they have started for Indians.” “你知道他还在假释期间吗？” “Do you know that he was on parole？” “这个，不，不⼤清楚。
”我犹豫着说，“我⼀直没有和他联系，但我听说他遇到了些⿇烦。
” “Well， no， not exactly，” I said hesitantly， “I haven't kept in touch with him but I heard that he was in some kind of trouble. 她对我笑笑说：“他已经离开很久了。
你知道，他在这⼉不安全。
他的假释官随时都在监视他，所以他还是不到这⼉来为好，⽽且我们已经分开⼀段时间了，我听说他在城⾥的什么地⽅。
Professional English for Chemical Engineering(化工专业英语)---6
根据学科领域确定词义
同一个词在不同领域表示不同的含义，这 是因为各行各业都尽量采用常用词汇来表 达各自专业的概念。
The lathe should be set on a firm base 车床应该安装在坚实的底座上。 As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt 众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。 A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector. 晶体管有三个电极，即发射极、基极和集电极 Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC AB线是三角形ABC的底边 Mathematics is the base of all other science 数学是所有其他科学的基础。
词类引申
因为普通词汇在专业英语中往往具有专业含义， 因此，在翻译时需要体现出相应的引申意义。 Whichever way the two two-way switches are left, one of the wires is alive and the other is dead 无论这两个双路开关合在那一边，两个导线中总 有一根式带电的，一根是不带电的。 Such a ring of feed flow is called internal loop reactor 这样的一个原料物流的环路流动就被叫做内循环 反应器。
根据词类确定词义
英语中有些词在不同的句子中属于不同的 词类，词类不同，其词义不同。 例如: Back: 作副词为“回来”；动词为 “支持”，形容词为“过期的”，名词指 “背面”、“背部”等。 因此，对于这类词汇，翻译时应该首先判 明其词性，再进一步确定词义
过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译6
Reading Material 6Stainless SteelStainless steels do not rust in the atmosphere as most other steels do. The term "stainless" implies a resistance to staining, rusting, and pitting in the air, moist and polluted as it is, and generally defines a chromium content in excess of 11 % but less than 30%. And the fact that the stuff is "steel" means that the base is iron.Stainless steels have room-temperature yield strengths that range from 205 MPa (30 ksi) to more than 1725 MPa (250 ksi). Operating temperatures around 750 C (1400 F) are reached. At the other extreme of temperature some stainless steels maintain their toughness down to temperatures approaching absolute zero.With specific restrictions in certain types, the stainless steels can be shaped and fabricated in conventional ways. They can be produced and used in the as-cast condition; shapes can be produced by powder-metallurgy techniques; cast ingots can be rolled or forged (and this accounts for the greatest tonnage by far). The rolled product can be drawn, bent, extruded, or spun. Stainless steel can be further shaped by machining, and it can be joined by soldering, brazing, and welding. It can be used as an integral cladding on plain carbon or low-alloy steels.The generic term "stainless steel" covers scores of standard compositions as well as variations bearing company trade names and special alloys made for particular applications. Stainless steels vary in their composition from a fairly simple alloy of, essentially, iron with 11% chromium, to complex alloys that include 30% chromium, substantial quantities of nickel, and half a dozen other effective elements. At the high-chromium, high-nickel end of the range they merge into other groups of heat-resisting alloys, and one has to be arbitrary about a cutoff point. If the alloy content is so high that the iron content is about half, however, the alloy falls outside the stainless family. Even with these imposed restrictions on composition, the range is great, and naturally, the properties that affect fabrication and use vary enormously. It is obviously not enough to specify simply a "stainless steel.”Classification the various specifying bodies categorize stainless steels according to chemical composition and other properties. However, all the stainless steels, whatever specifications they conform to, can be conveniently classified into six major classes that represent three distinct types of alloy constitution, or structure. These classes are ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, manganese-substituted austenitic, duplex austenitic ferritic, and precipitation-hardening. Each class is briefly described below.(1) Ferrous stainless steels: This class is so named because the crystal structure of the steel is the same as that of iron at room temperature. The alloys in the class are magnetic at room temperature and up to their Curie temperature (about 750 C; 1400 F). Common alloys in the ferrous class contain between 11% and 29% chromium, no nickel, and very little carbon in the wrought condition.(2)Martensitic stainless steels: Stainless steels of this class, whichnecessarily contain more than 11 % chromium, have such a great hardenability that substantial thickness will harden during air cooling, and nothing more drastic than oil quenching is ever required. The hardness of the as-quenched martensitic stainless steel depends on its carbon content. However, the development of mechanical properties through quenching and tempering is inevitably associated with increased susceptibility to corrosion.(3)Austenitic stainless steels: The traditional and familiar austeniticstainless steels have a composition that contains sufficient chromium to offer corrosion resistance, together with nickel to ensure austenite at room temperature and below. The basic austenitic composition is the familiar l8% chromium, 8% nickel alloy. Both chromium and nickel contents can be increased to improve corrosion resistance, and additional elements (most commonly molybdenum) can be added to further enhance corrosion resistance.(4)Manganese-substituted austenitic stainless steels: The austeniticstructure can be encouraged by elements other than nickel, and the substitution of manganese and nitrogen produces a c1ass that we believe is sufficiently different in its properties to be separated from the chromium-nickel austenitic class just described. The most important difference lies in the higher strength of the manganese-substituted alloys.(5) Duplex austenitic-ferrous stainless steels: The structure of these steels isa hybrid of the structures of ferrite and austenite; and the mechanical properties likewise combine qualities of each component steel type. The duplex steels combine desirable corrosion and mechanical properties, and their use is as a result increasing in both wrought and cast form.(6) Precipitation-hardening stainless steels: Stainless steels can be designed so that their composition is amenable to precipitation hardening. This class cuts across two of the other c1asses, to give us martensitic and austenitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels. In this class we find stainless steels with the greatest useful strength as well as the highest useful operating temperature.Properties In selection of stainless steels, three kinds of properties have to be considered: (1) Physical properties: density, thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, and so on; (2) Mechanical properties: strength, ductility, hardness, creep resistance, fatigue, and so on; and (3) corrosion-resistant properties. Note that properties of stainless steels are substantially influenced by chemica1 composition and microstructure. Hence specifications include chemical composition, or, more correctly, an analysis of the most important elements (traces of unreported elements also may be present) as well as a heat treatment that provides the optimum structure.Applications Since stainless steels were first used in cutlery industry, the number of applications has increased dramatically. The relative importance of the major fields of application for flat and long stainless steel products is shown in Table 1. Chemical and power engineering is the largest market for both long and flat products. It began in about 1920 with the nitric acid industry. Today, it includesan extremely diversified range of service conditions, including nuclear reactor vessels, heat exchangers, oil industry tubular, components for the chemical processing and pulp and paper industries, furnace parts, and boilers used in fossil fuel electric power plants.Table 1阅读材料 6不锈钢不锈钢就像其他大多数的钢在空气中不会生锈，“不锈的”这个术语暗示了在空气中抵抗污点，生锈和腐蚀，还具有抵抗潮湿和腐蚀。
专业英语(翻译版)
FREEWAY TRAFFIC FLOW MODELING BASED ON RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK AND WAVELET TRANSFORM基于递归神经网络和小波变换的高速公路交通流建模6 Conclusions 结论The highly nonlinear and dynamic characteristics of the macroscopic traffic flow require a modeling approach, which can deal with the complex nonlinear relationships among the speed, flow and density.宏观交通流的高度非线性和动态特性，需要一个建模方法，它可以处理的速度，流量和密度之间的复杂的非线性关系。
At the same time, effective measures have to be taken to eliminate traffic noise and disturbance. In this paper, a method of wavelet denoising and traffic flow modeling by an Elman recurrent neural network is presented.同时，必须采取有效措施来消除交通噪声和干扰。
在本文中，一种小波去噪和交通流的Elman神经网络建模这工作了。
Simulation results show that the wavelet transform can effectively eliminate the noise signal, and that the Elman network can accurately describe the real behavior of freeway traffic flow.仿真结果表明，小波变换可以有效地消除信号中的噪声，和Elman神经网络能够准确地描述高速公路交通流的真实行为。
化学专业英语翻译6
06．THE CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS The Classes of Compounds该类化合物Thousands and tens of thousands of compounds are known to the chemist today. It would be impossible to learn properties and behavior of even a fraction of this number if it had to be done on the basis of individual compounds1. Fortunately, most chemical compounds can be grouped together in a few classes. Then, if we can properly classify a compound .we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound from knowledge of the properties of that class or group of compounds. For example. HCl is classed as an acid. and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class, we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound2. A great many of the compounds we are to study may be classified as acids, bases, salts, metallic oxides, or nonmetallic oxides. Of these five classes of compounds, the first three —acids, bases, and salts — are by far the most important3…成千上万的化合物是众所周知的今天的化学家。
教育技术学专业英语五六七章课文翻译
Psychology changed dramatically during the early20th-century as another school of thought known as behaviorism rose to do minance.Behaviorism was a major change from previous theoretical perspectives,rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and unconscious mind.instead,behaviorism strove to make psychology a more scientific discipline by focusing purely on observable behavior.在早期的心理发生了显著的变化20th世纪中叶作为另一个学校的思想被看作是“行为主义上升到的优势。
行为主义是一个重大的改变从先前的理论观点,拒绝强调了有意识和无意识的想法。
相反,行为主义心理学努力使更科学的学科,其产生的可观察行为集中在纯粹。
Behaviorism had its earliest start with the work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov.Pavlov research on the digestive systems of dogs led to his discovery of the classical conditioning process,which demonstrated that behaviors could be learned via conditioned associations Pavlov demonstrated that this learning process could be used to make an association between environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.行为主义有其最早开始的工作一个俄罗斯生理学家名叫伊凡巴甫洛夫。
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New technique of the computer networkAbstractThe 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application.Keywords：Internet ; Digital Certificates ; Digital Wallets ;Grid Storage1. ForewordInternet turns 36, still a work in progressThirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress.University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce spam(junk mail) and security troubles.All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today.Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Kleinrock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.Then came e-mail a few years later, a core communications protocol called TCP/IP in the late 70s, the domain name system in the 80s and the World Wide Web - nowthe second most popular application behind e-mail - in 1990. The Internet expanded beyond its initial military and educational domain into businesses and homes around the world.Today, Crocker continues work on the Internet, designing better tools for collaboration. And as security chairman for the Internet's key oversight body, he is trying to defend the core addressing system from outside threats.He acknowledges the Internet he helped build is far from finished, and changes are in store to meet growing demands for multimedia. Network providers now make only "best efforts" at delivering data packets, and Crocker said better guarantees are needed to prevent the skips and stutters now common with video.Cerf, now at MCI Inc., said he wished he could have designed the Internet with security built-in. Microsoft Corp., Yahoo Inc. and America Online Inc., among others, are currently trying to retrofit the network so e-mail senders can be authenticated - a way to cut down on junk messages sent using spoofed addresses.Many features being developed today wouldn't have been possible at birth given the slower computing speeds and narrower Internet pipes, or bandwidth, Cerf said.2.Digital CertificatesDigital certificates are data files used to establish the identity of people and electronic assets on the Internet. They allow for secure, encrypted online communication and are often used to protect online transactions.Digital certificates are issued by a trusted third party known as a certification authority (CA). The CA validates the identity of a certificate holder and “signs” the certificate to attest that it hasn‟t been forged or altered in any way.New Uses For Digital CertificatesDigital certificates are now being used to provide security and validation for wireless connections, and hardware manufacturers are one of the latest groups to use them. Not long ago, VeriSign Inc. announced its Cable Modem Authentication Services, which allow hardware manufacturers to embed digital certificates into cable modems to help prevent the pirating of broadband services through device cloning.Using VeriSign software, hardware makers can generate cryptographic keys and corresponding digital certificates that manufacturers or cable service providers can use to automatically identify individual modems.This …ast-mile‟authentication not o nly protects the value of existing content and services but also positions cable system operators to bring a broad new range of content, applications and value-added services to market.When a certificate is digitally signed by a CA, its owner can use it as an electronic passport to prove his identity. It can be presented to Web sites, networks or individuals that require secure access.Identifying information embedded in the certificate includes the holder‟ s name and e-mail address, the name of the CA, a serial number and any activation or expiration data for the certificate. When a user‟s identity is verified by the CA, the certificate uses the holder‟s public encryption key to protect this data.Public keys are also employed by certificates that a Web server uses to confirm the authenticity of a Web site for a user‟s browser. When a user wants to send confidential information to a Web server, such as a credit-card number for an online transaction, the browser will access the public key in the server‟s digital certificate to verify its identity.Role of Public-Key CryptographyThe public key is one half of a pair of keys used in public-key cryptography, which provides the foundation for digital certificates.Public-key cryptography uses matched public and private keys for encryption and decryption. These keys have a numerical value that‟s used by an algorithm to scramble information and make it readable only to users with the corresponding decryption key.A person‟s public key is used by others to enc rypt information meant only for that person. When he receives the information, he uses his corresponding private key, which is kept secret, to decrypt the data. A person's public key can be distributed without damaging the private key. A Web server using a digital certificate can use itsprivate key to make sure that only it can decrypt confidential information sent to it over the Internet.The Web server‟s certificate is validated by a self-signed CA certificate that identifies the issuing CA. CA certificates are preinstalled on most major Web browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.The CA certificate tells users whether they can trust the Web server certificate when it‟s presented to the browser. If the validity of the Web server certificate is affirmed, the certificate‟s public key is used to secure information for the server using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology.Digital certificates are used by the SSL security protocol to create a secure “pipe” between two parties that seek confidential communication. SSL is used in most major Web browsers and commercial Web servers.3. Digital WalletsA digital wallet is software that enables users to pay for goods on the Web ．It holds credit-card numbers and other personal information such as a shipping address ．Once entered，the data automatically populates order fields at merchant sites ．When using a digital wallet，consumers don‟t need to fill out order forms on each site when they purchase an item because the information has already been stored and is automatically updated and entered into the order fields across merchantsites ．Consumers also benefit when using digital wallets because their information is encrypted or protected by a private software code ．And merchants benefit by receiving protection against fraud ．Digital wallets are available to consumers free of charge，and they‟re fairly easy to obtain ．For example，when a consumer makes a purchase at a merchant site th at‟s set up to handle server-side digital wallets，he types his name and payment and shipping information into the merchant‟s own form ．At the end of the purchase，one consumer is asked to sign up for a wallet of his choice by entering a user name and password for future purchases ．Users can also acquire wallets at a wallet vendor‟s site ．Although a wallet is free for consumers，vendors charge merchants for wallets ．Digital wallets come in two main types:client-side and server- side ．Within those divisions are wallets that work only on specific merchant sites and those that are merchant agnostic ．Client-based digital wallets，the older of the two types，are falling by the wayside，according to analysts，because they require users to download and install software ．A user downloads the wallet application and inputs payment and mailinginformation ．At that point，the information is secured and encrypted on the user‟s hard drive ．The user retains control of his credit card and personal information locally ．With a server-based wallet，a user fills out his personal information，and a cookie is automatically downloaded ．（A cookie is a text file that contains information about the user ．）In this scenario，the consumer information resides on the server of a financial inst itution or a digital wallet vendor rather than on the user‟s PC ．Server-side wallets provide assurance against merchant fraud because they use certificates to verify the identity of all parties ．When a party makes a transaction，it presents its certificate to the other parties involved ．A certificate is an attachment to an electronic message used to verify the identity of the party and to provide the receiver with the means to encode a reply ．Furthermore，the cardholder‟s sensitive data is typically house d at a financial institution，so there‟s an extra sense of security because financial environments generally provide the highest degree of security ．But even though wallets provide easy shopping online，adoption hasn‟t been widespread ．Standards are pivotal to the success of digital wallets ．Last month，major vendors，including Microsoft Corp ．，Sun Microsystems Inc ．and America Online Inc ．announced their endorsement of a new standard called EMCL，or E-Commerce Modeling Language，to give Web merchants a standardized way to collect electronic data for shipping，billing and payment ．4. Grid StorageDefinition: Grid storage, analogous to grid computing, is a new model for deploying and managing storage distributed across multiple systems and networks, making efficient use of available storage capacity without requiring a large, centralized switching system.A grid is, in fact, a meshed network in which no single centralized switch or hub controls routing. Grids offer almost unlimited scalability in size and performance because they aren‟t constrained by the need for ever-larger central switches. Grid networks thus reduce component costs and produce a reliable and resilient structure.Applying the grid concept to a computer network lets us harness available but unused resources by dynamically allocating and deallocating capacity, bandwidth and processing among numerous distributed computers. A computing grid can span locations, organizations, machine architectures and software boundaries, offering power, collaboration and information access to connected users. Universities and research facilities are using grids to build what amounts to supercomputer capability from PCs, Macintoshes and Linux boxes.After grid computing came into being, it was only a matter of time before a similar model would emerge for making use of distributed data storage. Most storage networks are built in star configurations, where all servers and storage devices are connected to a single central switch. In contrast, grid topology is built with a network of interconnected smaller switches that can scale as bandwidth increases and continue to deliver improved reliability and higher performance and connectivity.What Is Grid Storage?Based on current and proposed products, it appears that a grid storage system should include the following:Modular storage arrays: These systems are connected across a storage network using serial ATA disks. The systems can be block-oriented storage arrays or network-attached storage gateways and servers.Common virtualization layer: Storage must be organized as a single logical pool of resources available to users.Data redundancy and availability: Multiple copies of data should exist across nodes in the grid, creating redundant data access and availability in case of a component failure.Common management: A single level of management across all nodes should cover the areas of data security, mobility and migration, capacity on demand, and provisioning.Simplified platform/management architecture: Because common management is so important, the tasks involved in administration should be organized in modular fashion, allowing the autodiscovery of new nodes in the grid and automating volume and file management.Three Basic BenefitsApplying grid topology to a storage network provides several benefits, including the following:Reliability. A well-designed grid network is extremely resilient. Rather than providing just two paths between any two nodes, the grid offers multiple paths between each storage node. This makes it easy to service and replace components in case of failure, with minimal impact on system availability or downtime.Performance. The same factors that lead to reliability also can improve performance. Not requiring a centralized switch with many ports eliminates a potential performance bottleneck, and applying load-balancing techniques to the multiple paths available offers consistent performance for the entire network.Scalability. It‟s easy to expand a grid network using inexpensive switches with low port counts to accommodate additional servers for increased performance, bandwidth and capacity. In essence, grid storage is a way to scale out rather than up, using relatively inexpensive storage building blocks.中文翻译新技术的计算机网络摘要：21世纪是信息经济的时代，作为这个时代的代表技术，计算机网络技术，将在非常快的速度发展很快，不断创造性地将进入人们的工作，学习和生活中深。