mental diseases
大学英语四级写作押题-2024年6月
四级写作押题——2024 年6 月议论文——话题类（管理时间的重要性）As we all know, time is eternal while human is mortal. So being precious though, time is relentless to everyone. If you want to spend a meaningful life, you have to learn time management. Just as the saying goes.To choose time is to save time. Firstly, time management saves you much time via figuring out the priority or the most time-consuming task of a day, thus greatly boosting your work efficiency. Secondly, time management enables you to make full use of the fragments of time so that you can get hold of large amounts of information and knowledge. Reciting English words while waiting for a bus is a good example. Last but not least, you will gain self-assurance and elegance from your systematical schedule.In a word, compared with those who have no idea of time management, a person with good time arrangement will have higher work efficiency and an organized life.议论文——现象类（如何解决大学生心理疾病）Mental disease has recently arisen as one of the essential issues which may lead to some severe consequences such as depressive disorder and interpersonal conflicts. Strikingly, this is becoming increasingly common and eye-catching.This phenomenon could be attributed to three reasons. Firstly, facing a great amount of academic pressure, quite a few college students are not able to relieve the severe stress, which could gradually transform into mental disease. Secondly, due to a rapid shift in roles, most students have to take responsibility of taking care of themselves, so it is increasingly challenging for them to deal with all troublesome issues in daily life. Lastly, lacking of interpersonal skills, they may easily get involved in conflicts with others and the resulting chronic unhappiness will finally lead to mental disease.Urgent measures are needed to deal with this severe issue. Courses related to mental health should be well planned and offered on campus which may enable students to be more aware of their psychological states. Moreover, more sports and recreational activities should be launched so as to enrich students’ extracurricular life and provide more opportunities for them to build harmoniousinterpersonal relationship.议论文——谚语类（学习必须循序渐进）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying “Learning has to be acquired gradually.” You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of making minute and down-to-earth efforts. You should write at least 120 words, but no more than 180 words.“Learning has to be acquired gradually” is a nice old saying which has proved its meaning by hundred percent. Evidently, it is meant to tell us that we should try our best to seize every minute and study in a down-to-earth manner.Numerous instances can be given to illustrate this point. For one thing, as college students, apart from club activities, social practice and social activities, the time left for us to learn is limited, so we should seize every opportunity to do it well. In other words, we should listen to every lecture carefully and submit our assignments on time and with high quality. For another, only by earnestly completing each small learning task, can knowledge be slowly accumulated and our own learning system be formed.To conclude, step after step the ladder is ascended. If we can turn the proverb into actions, we are more likely to enjoy a more effective way to learn.议论文——话题类（虚拟现实）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on virtual reality. You can start your essay with the sentence “Virtual reality is becoming increasingly popular”. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Nowadays, the use of virtual reality is becoming increasingly popular, which has captured wide attention about its benefits and drawbacks. Every coin has two sides. I think that the advantages overweigh the disadvantages.To begin with, virtual reality technology is a computer simulation system that can create andlet us experience the virtual world, which has brought a lot of convenience to our life. For instance, virtual reality can take us to places we can’t reach in real life, such as any domestic and foreign tourist attractions, even outer space, or newly created illusory scenes. This will greatly enrich our imagination and broaden our horizons. Additionally, in fact, virtual reality has been applied in the fields of film and television, education, military and aerospace. The virtual scenes it provides save a lot of real money.All in all, the continuous development of virtual reality opens up a bright future for us. We can enjoy the fruits of this technological advance as long as we can use it reasonably and flexibly.议论文——现象类（学业与兼职的关系）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on how to best handle the relationship between studies and part-time jobs. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.There is no doubt that the relationship between studies and part-time jobs can exert a great influence on academic performance and personal growth of the students. And a healthy and positive relationship requires our untiring efforts.On the one hand, as college students, we should understand that the significance of study is above all else. That is to say, we should not allow any other activities to occupy our time in class, and we are also supposed to set aside enough time for self-study. On the other hand, part-time jobs are also very important for college students, which can enrich our resumes. As a result, we’d better find some part-time jobs that are related to our future work direction, preferably with flexible hours.In brief, the key to balancing the relationship between studies and part-time jobs is to strengthen our own time management skills. Only by doing so, can we maintain a healthy and positive study-work relationship, which is beneficial to college students.应用文——电子邮件（邀请外教当辩论赛评委）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an e-mail to invite a foreign teacher in your college to be a judge for the upcoming English debate competition. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Dear Mr. Smith,I am a sophomore student in the School of Foreign Languages. I am writing this email to invite you to be a judge for the upcoming English debate contest.The aims of the contest are twofold. First, students all over the university are offered an opportunity to demonstrate their ability to express their opinions in English. Second, the contest could serve as a forum for students from different background to share their insights and thoughts. The topic of the debate is “Whether people should pursue their dreams at all hazards”. All the contestants will draw lots to be divided into positive side and negative side. After the debate, the on-site audience can vote for their favorite contestants. Finally, the judges will announce the competition results and make comments. The contest would be an off-line event at the International Conference Hall on September 12 from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m.We would be honored if you could attend. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any further question.Sincerely,Li Hua应用文——通知（跳蚤市场）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a notice to inform all the students in your college about the flea market on behalf of the student union. In the notice, you should include time, place and other relevant information about the activity. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.NOTICEThe Student Union is going to organize a flea market activity. The relevant information is as follows.This flea market is open to all students of the college. The goal is to help students who are about to graduate cut down on luggage while allowing lower grade students to buy what they need at below-market prices. For those who want to sell things in the flea market, please come to the Student Union to register before June 10th, and you will be informed of your booth number. For students who want to buy something, please come directly during the activity time. The activity will be held in the Central Plaza from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on June 15 and 16.Please do not hesitate to consult the Student Union if you have any further question. In addition, all students participating in the activity should take away their own garbage. We look forward to your participation.The Student Union。
关于压力的英语作文（带翻译）
关于压力的英语作文（带翻译）生活中我们面对这很多的压力，这些压力来源于哪里呢?我们应该怎么应对这些压力?下面是语文迷为大家整理提供的关于压力的英语作文，希望对你有帮助。
关于压力的英语作文1In China, the number of college students increases every year, as more and more students get the college education, college students are under great pressure. We hear from the news that a lot of students can’t find jobs after graduation, then the next year, the other students gets graduating, the two years’ students compete for the jobs! I ju st can’t imagine such situation. The pressure from college students is getting greater, they should relieve it now and then, because too much pressure will bring bad effect, some may distort their minds, once their emotion can’t relieve in time, some tragi cal things may happen. It is said that some students suicide themselves because they have much pressure. Everybody will have pressure, but we must know that pressure brings motivation, at the same time, it also brings burden, we have to balance it. When we deal with it well, we can live a better life.在中国，大学生的数量每年都在增加，随着越来越多的学生接受大学教育，大学生承受很大的压力。
精神病学名词解释
精神病学名词解释精神病学psychiatry：是临床医学的一个分支学科，是研究精神疾病的病因、发病机制、临床表现、疾病的发展规律以及治疗和预防的一门学科。
精神病psychosis：是指精神障碍中为数不多，但情况比较严重的几类疾病，如精神分裂症等，伴有幻想，妄想、行为紊乱等精神病性症状，同时社会功能严重下降。
精神障碍mental disorder：是一类具有诊断意义的精神方面的问题，特征为认知、情绪、行为等方面的改变，可伴有痛苦体验和功能损害。
是所有精神疾病的统称，泛指各种因素造成的大脑功能失调。
例如AD有典型的认知方面的损害，抑郁症有明显病态的抑郁体验。
精神卫生mental health：又称心理卫生，不仅涉及到如何防治各种精神障碍和心理行为问题，还研究如何维护心理健康，培养健全人格，增强社会功能，提高生活质量。
精神症状：是一场精神活动的表现，它涉及人们精神活动的各个方面，并通过人的外显行为如仪表动作、言谈举止、神态表情以及书写内容等表现出来。
感觉sensation：客观刺激作用于感觉器官所产生的对事物个别属性的反映。
如颜色、形状等知觉perception：是在感觉的基础上，大脑对食物的各种不同属性进行整合，并结合以往的经验而形成的整体印象。
内感性不适senestopathia：又称体感异常，是躯体内部产生的不舒适和难以忍受的异样感觉，如咽喉部堵塞感、胃肠扭转感、腹部气流上涌感等，可继发疑病观念。
多见于疑病症、躯体化障碍、精神分裂症和抑郁发作等。
错觉illusion：对客观事物歪曲的知觉幻觉hallucination：是没有现实刺激作用于感觉器官时出现的知觉体验，是一种虚幻的知觉。
可分为幻听、幻视、幻味、幻嗅、幻触和内脏幻觉。
功能性幻觉functional hallucination：伴随现实刺激而出现的幻觉，即当某种感觉器官处于功能活动状态时出现涉及该器官的幻觉，正常知觉和幻觉并存。
反射性幻觉reflex hallucination：涉及两个不同器官的，伴随现实刺激而出现的幻觉，即当某一感觉器官处于活动状态时，出现涉及另一器官的幻觉。
精神病学英语词汇
精神病学英语词汇器质性精神障碍Organic mental disorders阿尔茨海默（Alzheimer）病Mental disorders due to Alzheimer is disease阿尔茨海默病，老年前期型Mental disorders due to Alzheimer is disease with early onset阿尔茨海默病，老年型Mental disorders due to Alzheimer is disease with alte onset阿尔茨海默病，非典型或混合型Mental disorders due to Alzheimer is disease, atypical ro mixed type其他或待分类的阿尔茨海默病Mental disorders due to other type of Alzheimer is disease, or unspecified脑血管病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to vascular disease急性脑血管病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to vascular disease of acute onset皮层性血管病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to cortical vascular disease皮层下血管病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to subcortical vascular disease皮层和皮层下血管病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to mixedcortical subcortical vascular disease其他或待分类血管病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to other vascular disease, or unspecified其他脑部疾病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to other braindiseases 脑变性病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to brain degeneration 匹克（Pick）病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to Pick is diseasf享廷顿（Huntington）病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to Huntington is disease帕金森（Parkinson）病所致精神障碍[Mental disorders due to Parkinson is disease肝豆状核变性（Wilson病）所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to hepatolenticular degeneration（Wilson is disease）颅内感染所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to intracranial infection急性病毒性脑炎所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to acute virus encephalitis克—雅病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease脑炎后综合征Postencephalitic syndrome急性播散性脑脊髓炎和急性出血性白质脑炎所致精神障碍Mentaldisorders due to acute disseminateclencephalomyelitis and acute hemorrhagic leucoencephalitis多发性硬化所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to multiple sclerosis脑外伤所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to brain damage脑震荡后综合征Mental disorders due to brain concussion脑挫裂伤后综合征Mental disorders due to brain contusion脑瘤所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to brain tumor癫痫所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to epilepsy以上未分类的其他脑部疾病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to other specifide diseases classifide dlsewhere躯体疾病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to physical diseases躯体感染所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to physical infection人类免疫缺陷病毒所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to human immunodeficiency virus（HIV）内脏器官疾病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to visceral organdisease内分泌疾病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to endocrine disease营养代谢疾病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to nutritional and metabolic disease结缔组织疾病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to disease of connective tissue系统性红斑狼疮所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to systemic lupus erythematosus（SLE）染色体异常所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to chromosomal abnormality物理因素所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to physical factors以上未分类的其他躯体疾病所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to other diseases,or unspecifide围生期精神障碍Puerperal mental disorder其他或待分类器质性精神Organic mental disorders due to other diseases,or unspecified器质性智能损害（痴呆）Organic intellectual deficiency（dementia）器质性遗忘Organic amnesic syndrime器质性人格改变、习惯与冲动改变、性心理改变Organic personality change, habit and impulse change, psychosexual change器质性意识障碍（如谵妄）Organic consciousness disorders （e.g, delirium）器质性精神病性症状Organic psychotic symptoms器质性情感障碍Organic mood disorders器质性癔症样综合征Organic hysteria-like syndrome器质性神经症样综合征Organic neurosis-like syndrome精神活性物质所致精神障碍或非成瘾物质所致精神障碍Mental disorders due psychoactive substances or non-addictive substances精神活性物质所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to use of psychoactive substances酒精所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to use of alcohol阿片类物质所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to use of opioids大麻类物质所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to use of cannabinoids镇静催眠药或抗焦虑药所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics兴奋剂所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to use of stimulants致幻剂所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to use of hallucinogens 烟草所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to use of tobacco挥发性溶剂所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to use of volative solvents其他或待分类的精神活性物质所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to other psychoactive substances,or unspecifide急性中毒Acute intoxication有害使用Harmful use依赖综合征医.学教.育网搜.集整理（成瘾综合征）Dependencd （addictive）syndrome戒断综合征Withdrawal syndrome精神病性障碍Psychotc disorders智能损害（痴呆）Intellectual deficiency （dementia）遗忘综合征Amnesic syndrome残留性或迟发性精神障碍Residual and late-onset mental disorder意识障碍（如谵妄、昏迷）Predominant disturbance of vonsciousness （e.g. delirium, coma）幻觉症Hallucinosis妄想症Delusionosis抑郁综合征Depressive syndrome躁狂综合征Manic syndrome病理性中毒Pathological intoxication病理性重现（闪回）Flashbacks非成瘾物质所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to non-addictive substances非成瘾药物所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to non-addictive drugs一氧化碳所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to carbon monoxide有机化合物所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to organic compound重金属所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to heavy metals食物所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to foods其他或待分类的非成瘾物质所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to other non-addictive substances, or unspecified精神分裂症（分裂症）和其他精神病性障碍Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders精神分裂症（分裂症）Schizophrenia偏执型分裂症Paranoid schizophrenia青春型（瓦解型）分裂症Hebephrenic schizophrenia紧张型分裂症Catatonic schizophrenia单纯型分裂症Simple schizophrenia未定型分裂症Undifferentiated schizophrenia其他型或待分类的精神分裂症Other type or unspecified schizophrenia精神分裂症后抑郁Post-schizophrenic depression精神分裂症缓解期Remitted schizophrenia精神分裂症残留期Residual schizophrenia慢性精神分裂症Chronic schizophrenia精神分裂症衰退期Deteriorated schizophrenia偏执性精神障碍Paranoid mental disorders急性短暂性精神病Acute and transient psychosis分裂样精神病Schizophrenia-like psychosis旅途性精神病Travelling psychosis妄想阵发（急性妄想发作）Delusional episodes其他或待分类的急性短暂精神病Other or unspecified acute and transient psychosis感应性精神病Induced psychosis分裂情感性精神病Schizoaffective psychosis分裂情感性精神病，躁狂型Schiaoaffective psychosis , manic type分裂情感性精神病，抑郁型Schizoaffective psychosis, depressive type分裂情感性精神病，混合型Schizoaffective psychosis, mixed type其他或待分类的精神病性障碍Other or unspecified psychotic disorders周期性精神病Periodic psychosis心境障碍（情感性精神障碍）Mood disorders（Affective disorders）躁狂发作Manic episode轻性躁狂症医学教.育网搜集（轻躁狂）Hypomania无精神病性症状的躁狂症Mania without psychotic symptoms有精神病性症状的躁狂症Mania with psychotic symptoms复发性躁狂Recurrent mania复发性躁狂症，目前为轻躁狂Recurent mania, current episode hypomanic复发性躁狂症，目前为无精神病性症状的躁狂Recurrent mania, current episode manic without psychotic symptoms复发性躁狂症，目前为有精神病性症状的躁狂Recurrent mania, current episode manic with psychotic symptoms其他或待分类的躁狂Other or unspecifided manic episode双相障碍Bipolar disorder双相障碍，目前为轻躁狂Bipolar disorder, current episode hypomanic双相障碍，目前为无精神病性症状的躁狂Bipolar disorder, current episode manic without psychotic symptoms双相障碍，目前为有精神病性症状的躁狂Bipolar disorder, current episode manic with psychotic symptoms双相障碍，目前为轻抑郁Bipolar disorder, currdnt episode mild depression双相障碍，目前为无精神病性症状的抑郁Bipolar disorder, currdnt episode depression without psychotic symptoms双相障碍，目前为有精神病性症状的抑郁Bipolar disorder, currdnt episode depression with psychotic symptoms双相障碍，目前为混合性发作Bipolar disorder, currdnt episode mixed其他或待分类的双相障碍Other or unspecified bipolar disorders双相障碍，目前为快速循环发作Bipolar disorder, currdnt episode fast cycling抑郁发作Depressive episode轻性抑郁症（轻抑郁）Mild depression无精神病性症状的抑郁症Depression without psychotic symptoms有精神病性症状的抑郁症Depression with psychotic symptoms复发性抑郁症Recurrent depression复发性抑郁症，目前为轻抑郁Recurrent depression,current episode mild depressive复发性抑郁症，目前为无精神病性症状的抑郁Recurrent disorder,current episode depressive without psychotic symptoms有精神病性症状的抑郁Recurrent depressive disorder,current episode depressive with psychotic symptoms复发性抑郁症，目前为其他或待分类的抑郁症Other or unspecifide depression持续性心境障碍Persistent mood disorder环性心境障碍Cyclothymia恶劣心境Dysthymia其他或待分类的持续性心境障碍Other or unspecifide persistent mood disorders其他或待分类的心境障碍Other or unspecified mood disorders意识障碍（如谵妄）Disturbance of consciousness （e.g.delirium）伴躯体症状With somatic symptoms慢性Chronic缓解期In remission癔症、应激相关障碍、神经症Hysteria ,Stress-relateddisorders,Neurosis癔症Hysteria癔症性精神障碍Hysterical psychological disorders癔症性遗忘Hysterical amnesia癔症性漫游Hysterical fugue癔症性身份识别障碍Hysterical identity disorder癔症性精神病Hysterical psychosis癔症性附体障碍Hysterical possession disorders癔症性木僵Hysterical stupor癔症性躯体障碍Hysterical somatic disorders癔症性运动障碍Hysterical motor disorders癔症性抽搐发作Hysterical convulsions癔症性感觉障碍Hysterical sensory disorders混合性癔症躯体—精神障碍Mixed hysterical somatic-psychological disorders其他或待分类癔症Other or unspecified hysteriaGanser综合征Ganser is syndrome见于童年和青少年的短暂的癔症性障碍Transient hysterical disorders occurring in childhood and adolescence应激相关障碍Stress-related disorders急性应激障碍Acute stress disorders急性应激性精神病（急性反应性精神病）Acute stress psychosis（acute reactive psychosis）创伤后应激障碍Post-traumatic stress disorders适应障碍Adjustment disorders短期抑郁反应Brief depressive reaction中期抑郁反应Subprolonged depressive reaction长期抑郁反应Prolonged depressive reaction其他恶劣情绪为主的适应障碍Adjustment disorders with disturbance of other emotions混合性焦虑抑郁反应Mixed anxiety and depressive reaction品行障碍为主的适应障碍Adjustment disorders with predominant disturbance of conduct心境和品行混合性障碍为主的适应障碍Adjustment disorders with mixed disturbance of emotionsand conduct其他或待分类的应激相关障碍Other or unspecified stress-related disorders与文化相关的精神障碍Mental disorders related to culture气功所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to qigong巫术所致精神障碍Mental disorders due to qitchcraft恐缩症Koro其他或待分类的与文化相关的精神障碍Other or unspecified mental disorders related to culture神经症Neurosis恐惧症（恐怖症）Phobia场所恐惧症Agoraphobia社交恐惧症（社交焦虑症）Social phobia特定的恐惧症Specific phobias焦虑症Anxiety disorder惊恐障碍Panic disorder广泛性焦虑Generalized anxiety disorder强迫症Obsession躯体形式障碍Somatoform disorders躯体化障碍Somatization disorder未分化躯体形式障碍Undifferentiated somatoform disorders疑病症Hypochondriasis躯体形式植物神经紊乱Somatoform autonomic dysfunction心血管系统功能紊乱Heart and cardiovascular system dysfunction高位胃肠道功能紊乱Upper gastrointestinal tract dysfunction低位胃肠道功能紊乱Lower gastrointestinal tract dysfunction呼吸系统功能紊乱Respiratory sstem dysfunction泌尿生殖系统功能紊乱Genitourinary system dysfunction持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍Persistent somatoform pain disorder其他或待分类躯体形式障碍Other or unspecified somatoform disorders神经衰弱Neurasthenia [F48.0]其他或待分类的神经症Other or unspecified neruosis心理因素相关生理障碍Physiological disorders related to psychological factords进食障碍Eating disorders神经性厌食Anorexia nervosa神经性贪食Bulimia nervosa神经性呕吐Psychogenia nervosa其他或待分类非器质性进食障碍Other or unspecified nonorganic eating disorder非器质性睡眠障碍Nonorganic sleep disorders失眠症Insomnia嗜睡症Hypersomnia睡眠—觉醒节律障碍Disorder of the sleep-wake schedule睡行症Sleepwalking/somnambulism夜惊Night terrors梦魇Nightmares其他或待分类非器质性睡眠障碍Other or unspecified nonorganic sleep disorders非器质性性功能障碍Nonorganic sexual dysfunction性欲减退Lack or loss of sexual desire阳痿Impotence冷阴Failure of femalegenital response性乐高潮障碍Orgasmic dysfunction早泄Premature ejaculation阴道痉挛Vaginismus性交疼痛Dyspareunia其他或待分类性功能障碍Other or unspecified sexual dysfunction人格障碍、习惯和冲动控制障碍、性心理障碍Personality disorders, Habit and impulse disorders, Psychosexual disorders人格障碍Personality disorders偏执性人格障碍Paranoid personality disorder分裂样人格障碍Cchizoid personality disorder反社会性人格障碍Dissocial personality disorder冲动性人格障碍（攻击性人格障碍）Impulsive personality disorder表演性（癔症性）人格障碍Histrionic （hysterical ）personality disorder强迫性人格障碍Anankastic personality disorder焦虑性人格障碍Anxious personality disorder依赖性人格障碍Dependent personality disorder其他或待分类的人格障碍Other or unspecified personality disorder 习惯与冲动控制障碍Habit and impulse disorders病理性赌博Pathological gambling病理性纵火Pathological fire-setting病理性偷窃Pathological stealing拔毛症（病理性拔毛发）Trichotillomania其他或未特定的习惯和冲动障碍Other or unspecified habit snd impulse disorders性心理障碍（性变态）Psychosexual disorders性身份障碍Gerder identity disorders易性症Transsexualism其他或待分类的性身份障碍Other or unspecified gender identity disorders性偏好障碍Disorders of sexual preference恋物症Fetishism异装症Fetishistic transvestism露阴症Exhibitionism窥阴症Voyeurism磨擦症Frotteurism性施虐与性受虐症Sadomasochism混合型性偏好障碍Mixed disorders of sexual perference其他或待分类的性偏好障碍Other or unspecified disorders of sexual preference性指向障碍Sexual orientation disorders同性恋Homosexuality双性恋Bisexuality其他或待分类的性指向障碍Other or unspecified sexual indirection disorders精神发育迟滞与童年和少年期心理发育障碍Mental retardation, and disorders ofpsychological development with onset usually occurring in childhood andadolescence精神发育迟滞Mental retardation轻度精神发育迟滞Mild mental retardation中度精神发育迟滞Moderate mental retardation重度精神发育迟滞Severe mental retardation极重度精神发育迟滞Profound mental retardation其他或待分类的精神发育迟滞Other or unspecified mental retardation无或轻微的行为障碍No or minimal impairment of behaviour显著的行为障碍，需要加以关注或治疗Significant impairment of behaviour requiring attention or treatment其他或待分类的行为障碍Other or unspecifide behavioural impaiment言语和语言发育障碍Developmental disorders of speech and language特定言语构音障碍Specific speech articulation disorder表达性语言障碍Expressive language disorder感受性语言障碍Receptive language disorder伴发癫痫的获得性失语（Landau-Kleffner综合征）Acquired aphasia with epilepsy（Landau-Kleffner syndrome）其他或待分类的言语和语言发育障碍Other or unspecified developmental disorders of speech and language特定学校技能发育障碍Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills特定阅读障碍Specific reading disorder特定拼写障碍Specific spelling disorder特定计算技能障碍Specific disorder of arithmetical skills混合性学习技能障碍Mixed disorder of scholastic skills其他或待分类的特定学习技能发育障碍Other or unspecified developmental disorders of scholastic skills特定运动技能发育障碍Specific developmental disorder of motor skills混合性特定发育障碍Mixed specified developmental disorders广泛性发育障碍Pervasive developmental disorders儿童孤独症Childhood autism不典型孤独症Atypical autismRett综合征Rett is syndrome童年瓦解性精神障碍（Heller综合征）Childhood disintegrative disorder （Heller is syndrome ）Asperger综合征Asperger is syndrome其他或待分类的广泛性发育障碍Ogher or unspecified pervasive developmental disorders童年和少年期的多动障碍、品行障碍和情绪障碍Hyperkinetic, Conduct, and Emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence多动障碍Hyperkinetic disorders注意缺陷与多动障碍（儿童多动症）Attention dificit and hyperactivity disorder多动症合并品行障碍Hyperkinetic conduct disorder其他或待分类的多动障碍Other or unspecified hyperkinetic disorders品行障碍Conduct disorders [F91]反社会性品行障碍dissocial conduct disorder对立违抗性障碍Oppositional defiant disorder其他或待分类的品行障碍Other or unspecified conduct disorders品行与情绪混合障碍Mixed disorders of conduct and emotions特发于童年的情绪障碍Emotional disorders with onset specifie to childhood儿童分离性焦虑症Separation anxiety disorder of childhood儿童恐惧症（儿童恐怖症）Phobic anxiety disorder of childhood儿童社交恐惧症Social anxiety disorder of childhood其他或侍分类的童年情绪障碍Other or unspecified childhood emotional disorders儿童广泛焦虑症General anxiety with onset specific to childhood儿童社会功能障碍Disorders of social functioing wigh onset specific to childhood and adolescence选择性缄默症Elective autism儿童反应性依恋障碍Reactive attachment disorde of childhood其他或待分类的儿童社会功能障碍Other or unspecified cildhood disorders of social functioning抽动障碍Tic disorders短暂性抽动障碍（抽动症）Transient tic disorder慢性运动或发声抽动障碍Chronic motor or vocal tic disorderTourette综合征（发声与多种运动联合抽动障碍）Toruette is syndrome其他或待分类的抽动障碍Other or unspecified tic disorders其他童年和少年期行为障碍Other behavioral disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence非器质性遗尿症Nonorganic enuresis非器质性遗粪症Nonorganic encopresis婴幼儿和童年喂食障碍Feeding disorder of infancy and childhood婴幼儿和童年异食障碍Pica of infancy and childhood刻板性运动障碍Stereotyped movement disorders口吃Stuttering其他或待分类的童年和少年期精神障碍Other or unspecifide mental disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence其他精神障碍和心理卫生情况Other mental disorders and psychological health conditions待分类的精神病性障碍Unspecifide nonpsychotic disorder待分类的非精神病性精神障碍Unspecifide nonpsychotic disorder其他心理卫生情况Other psychological nonpsychotic disorder无精神病Without psychosis诈病Malingering自杀Suicie自杀死亡Complete suicide自杀未遂Incomplete suicide准自杀Parasuicide自伤Deliberate sdle-harm病理性激情Pathological emotional outbursts病理性半醒状态Pathological semi-awakening state其他或待分类的心理卫生情况Other or unspecified mental health conditions待分类的其他精神障碍Other mental disorders, unspecified。
精神病的英文
精神病的英文
有以下三种表达：mental disease; mental disorder; psychosis. 扩展资料
精神病是由于大脑功能紊乱而发生的.感觉、记忆、思维、感情、行为等方面表现异常的病。
双语例句：
医生说她有一种精神病,她不能像正常人一样照顾自己。
The doctor said she had a kind of mental disease, she couldn't look after herself like a normal person.
“精神病”这个词很难下定义。
The term 'mental illness' is difficult to define.
精神病并不可羞愧。
Mental illness is nothing to be ashamed of.
许多人在人生的某个阶段都会得精神病。
Many people suffer from mental illness at some point in their lives.
他有精神病，不能对自己的行为负责。
He is mentally ill and cannot be held responsible for his actions.。
形容精神病患者的专业术语
形容精神病患者的专业术语精神病患者通常是指罹患精神疾病的人。
精神病患者的专业术语是描述精神病患者症状、疾病类型、治疗方法等方面的术语。
下面是对一些常见精神病患者专业术语的解释，供参考。
1.精神疾病（Mental Disorder）：指具有明显的心理、情感、认知、行为等欠调，可能导致痛苦、功能障碍或社会适应困难。
这些疾病有时被称为精神障碍或心理障碍。
2.精神疾病分类（Mental Disorder Classification）：将精神疾病分为不同类型的系统，常用的分类系统包括国际疾病分类（ICD）和美国精神疾病诊断与统计手册（DSM）等。
3.精神病理学（Psychopathology）：研究精神病患者行为和心理病理的学科，旨在理解和识别各种精神疾病的特征和症状。
4.精神分裂症（Schizophrenia）：一种长期、复杂的精神疾病，通常表现为情感或认知功能的缺陷、思维紊乱、幻觉、妄想等。
5.抑郁症（Depression）：一种常见的精神疾病，症状包括情绪低落、失去兴趣或快乐感、精力不济、自责、睡眠障碍等。
6.双相障碍（Bipolar Disorder）：一种情感波动严重的精神疾病，患者通常经历情绪低落的抑郁期和情绪高涨的躁狂期。
7.焦虑症（Anxiety Disorder）：一类以强烈的焦虑和恐惧为主要特征的精神疾病，包括广泛性焦虑症、社交焦虑症、强迫症等。
8.强迫症（Obsessive-compulsive Disorder）：一种由坚持性思维（强迫观念）和反复不断（强迫行为）组成的精神疾病。
9.自闭症（Autism）：一种发育障碍，主要表现为社交互动和沟通的困难、反复刻板的行为模式等。
10.躁狂症（Mania）：情绪高涨的一种极端状态，常见于双相障碍患者的躁狂期，表现为情绪激动、活动增加、冲动行为等。
11.心理治疗（Psychotherapy）：一种通过心理学理论和方法来处理精神病患者的治疗方法，包括认知行为疗法、催眠疗法、心理动力疗法等。
大学生心理健康问题外文文献最新译文
大学生心理健康问题外文文献最新译文文献出处：Hunt Justin. "Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students." Journal of Adolescent Health46.1 (2014): 3-10.原文Mental Health Problems and Help-Seeking Behavior Among College StudentsJustin HuntAlthough the homicides by mentally disturbed college students at Virginia Tech and Northern Illinois University recently captured popular attention, these are atypical cases within a much broader public health issue. Mental disorders are as prevalent among college students as same-aged nonstudents, and these disorders appear to be increasing in number and severity. College students are often viewed as a privileged population, but they are not immune to the suffering and disability associated with mental illness.Mental health among college students represents not only a growing concern but also an opportunity, because of the large number of people who could be reached during an important period of life. More than 65% of American high school graduates attend postsecondary education, Mental disorders account for nearly one-half of the disease burden for young adults in the United States, and most lifetime mental disorders have first onset by age 24 years. The college years represent a developmentally challenging transition to adulthood, and untreated mental illness may have significant implications for academic success, productivity, substance use, and social relationships.Campuses have many channels through which they mighthave a positive effect on mental health. College represents the only time in many people's lives when a single integrated setting encompasses their main activities—both career-related and social—as well as health services and other support services. Campuses, by their scholarly nature, are also well positioned to develop, evaluate, and disseminate best practices. In short, colleges offer a unique opportunity to address one of the most significant public health problems among late adolescents and young adults.A robust base of research evidence is necessary for colleges and our society more generally to seize this opportunity. The purpose of this report is to review thepublished studies on college student mental health, while also drawing comparisons to the parallel published data on the general adolescent and young adult populations. Throughout this report we use the term ―college‖ to refer generally to postsecondary education, which includes both undergraduate and graduate students. We take the approach of a narrative review, rather than a more formal systematic review, because our aim is to weave together multiple disparate topics in a reasonably concise article. In reviewing the research evidence, we focus primarily on sources that are likely to generalize to the overall populations of interest: national studies and large multi-campus studies. Specifically, we focus on four primary topics: (1) the current state of mental health in the college student population;(2) risk factors among college students; (3) the apparent worsening in recent years of mental health in this population, and potential explanations for this trend; and (4) the extent to which students with mental health problems are receiving treatment. We conclude with a discussion of practices and policiesaddressing mental health and help seeking on college campuses, and we highlight potential opportunities for improvement.Current state of mental health among college studentsMental health problems are highly prevalent among college students, according to several data sources. In the 2008 National College Health Assessment sponsored by the American College Health Association (ACHA-NCHA), more than one in three undergraduates reported ―feeling so depressed it was difficult t o function‖ at least once in the previous year, and nearly one in 10 reported ―seriousl y considering attempting suicide‖ in the previous year . According to a study of 26,000 students from 70 colleges and universities in 2006, 6% of undergraduates and 4% of graduate students reported having seriously considered suicide in the previous 12 months . In our own survey data from random samples at 26 colleges and universities in 2007 and 2009 (the Healthy Minds Study), we found that 17% of students had positive screens for depression according to the Patient Health Questionnaire–9, including 9% for major depression, and 10% of students had a positive Patient Health Questionnaire screen for an anxiety disorder (panic or generalized anxiety disorder).Blanco et al compared college students and non–college-attending young adultsacross a wide range of psychiatric disorders in a nationally representative sample, the 2002–2003 National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). They found that college students and their non–college-attending young adult peers had approximately the same overall 12-month prevalence of mental disorders using a validated and fully structured diagnostic interview (Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule—DSM-IV version).The overall prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders was also roughly equal across the two groups, although the specific condition of bipolar disorder was less prevalent among students. Almost half of college students met the DSM-IV criteria for at least one mental disorder in the previous year, including 18% for a personality disorder, 12% for an anxiety disorder, and 11% for a mood disorder.In conjunction with these findings on internalizing disorders, many studies have documented widespread alcohol misuse on campuses. In the national analysis by Blanco et al, college students had a higher prevalence of alcohol use disorders than their same-age peers but a lower prevalence of drug use disorders and nicotine use. This is consistent with other studies indicating that alcohol use disorders are more prevalent among college students, but nicotine and drug use disorders are more prevalent among same-age nonstudents.Risk factors among college studentsWithin the college population certain subgroups have a significantly higher prevalence of mental health problems, which is consistent with studies of the general population. Male undergraduates are at a higher risk for suicide, but female students are more likely to screen positive for major depression and anxiety disorders. Students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are at a higher risk for depressive and anxiety symptoms. Poor men, low social support, or victimization by sexual violence. Although mental health clearly varies across certain demographic and social factors, relatively little is known about how it varies with respect to factors more specific to the college setting, such as academic workload and competition. Some studies show that personality traits, such as perfectionism,are important moderators determining the amount of psychological distress that students report as a result of their collegestudies. The academic environment may be particularly stressful for minority students at predominantly white institutions, according to some studies. We were, however, unable to identify any studies with representative samples on how mental health relates to other characteristics of the academic setting, such as enrollment size, selectivity, competitiveness, supportiveness of academic personnel, and field of study. As in the general population of youth, risk factors for mental disorders among students must also be understood in the context of genetic factors and how these pre-existing vulnerabilities interact with environmental factors in college. Research on these relationships is still in its infancy for college populations and will warrant increased attention in future work. Learning more about the role of these factors in mental health will be useful for informing efforts to create campus environments that promote better mental health.Are mental health problems increasing among college students?The epidemiological data summarized above clearly indicate that mental health problems are highly prevalent among college students. Less clear is whether students are more psychologically disturbed today than they were in the past. Two national surveys are cited frequently when researchers, clinicians, and policymakers argue there is increasing prevalence of mental illness among students. First, in a 2008 national survey of directors of campus psychological counseling centers, 95% of directors reported a significant increase in severe psychologicalproblems among their students. Second, in the ACHA-NCHA national surveys of students, the proportion reporting to have ever. Although impressive and concerning, this evidence may reflect increases in help-seeking behavior as opposed to increases in overall prevalence of disorders. In this section, we consider this alternative explanation in light of available evidence from the general population. We then consider, if the prevalence of disorders has in fact increased, whether such an increase would likely be a result of broader societal trends or factors specific to college populations and settings. In framing this discussion, we acknowledge the multiple challenges to interpreting the evidence including the confounding of changing stigma associated with mental illness and seeking mental health care, changing DSM diagnostic criteria, and possibly improved screening for mental illness.To begin, the near unanimity by which college mental health personnel report increasing numbers of serious mental health problems leaves little doubt that more of these students than ever are coming into contact with campus health services. These reports may, however, represent an increase in help-seeking behavior rather than a true increase in prevalence. The same question applies to other evidence of increasing severity or prevalence among campus health service and counseling clients. In the absence of consistent data over time on disorders in overall student populations, it is unclear how the overall prevalence and severity have changed.One strategy for trying to interpret the trends is to examine how the increase in the number of students with mental disorders who are in contact with health providers (e.g., the increase from 10 to 15 with diagnosed depression) compareswith evidence on increases in help-seeking behavior, conditional on having a diagnosable disorder, in general populations. Because there are no consistent data on mental health treatment over time from representative adolescent populations, we examine trends from general adult samples. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study was one of the first large-scale studies to provide data on help seeking, showing that in 1985 only 19% of respondents with recent mental disorders received any treatment in the year before the interview. In data collected in 1992, the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) found that 25% of those diagnosed with 12-month disorders received treatment in the year before the interview, indicating an increase relative to the 1980s. Most recently, the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) fielded in 2002 demonstrated that the increase in help seeking continued between the early 1990s and the early 2000s: 41% of the NCS-R respondents meeting criteria for a past-year disorder received treatment in the previous year . Considering that attitudes toward seeking mental health treatment seem to have improved more in young adults than in older adults , it seems plausible that the increase in help seeking, conditional on mental health status, among college students has been at least as large as that in the general adult population.译文大学生心理健康问题和求助行为贾斯汀·亨特尽管弗吉尼亚理工大学杀人案的大学生患有一定程度的精神障碍以及北伊利诺伊大学最近获得的消息，这些是广泛的公共卫生问题里的非典型病例。
全球健康问题英语作文
全球健康问题英语作文Global Health Issues。
Health is a fundamental human right, yet many people around the world lack access to adequate healthcare services. In addition, there are a number of global health issues that affect people's well-being and quality of life. In this article, we will explore some of the most pressing global health issues and discuss potential solutions.1. Infectious Diseases。
Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria continue to be major global health issues. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), HIV/AIDS has claimed more than 35 million lives since the epidemic began in the 1980s. Tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, and malaria kills hundreds of thousands of people each year.One of the key challenges in addressing infectious diseases is ensuring that people have access to effective treatments and prevention methods. This requires investment in research and development, as well as ensuring that healthcare systems are equipped to deliver these interventions to those who need them.2. Non-Communicable Diseases。
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As one of the most popular performers in Asia, Cheung's death broke the hearts of millions of his fans across Asia and shocked the Asian entertainment industry and Chinese community worldwide. His fans thought it was a joke for that day was April Fool's Day.
Cheung committed suicide on 1 April 2003 at 6:43 pm. He leapt from the 24th floor of the Mandarin Oriental hotel, located in the Central district of Hong Kong Island. He left a suicide note saying that he had been suffering from depression. He was 46 years old.
1977 The Prince of Wales had known Lady Diana since November 1977 when he and Lady Sarah were dating. 1978 to Their relationship developed and they started dating. Everything was sweet. 1980 1981 The prince proposed on 6 February and Lady Diana accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for the next few weeks. Diana married the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981 at St Paul's Cathedral. It was widely billed as a "fairytale wedding".
What caused his mental diseases?
Childhood
His Father：Businessman，was always at home except for holidays. His mother: With an unhappy marriage and busy works in business,she cared little about her kids.
People With Mental Diseases
Mental Diseases
Schizophrenia
Manic Depression Anxiety Disorders
Depression
.........
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Dual Personality
Princess Diana
(1961-1997)
Vincent Willem van Gogh
(1853－1890)
Virginia Woolf
(1882-1941)
Maoping Chen--三毛
(1943-1991)
Iris Chang
(1968-2004)
Leslie Cheung
(1956-2003)
The day after Cheung's death, his family confirmed that Cheung suffered from clinical depression and had been seeing psychiatrists for treatment for almost a year. They also revealed that Cheung had previously attempted suicide in 2002. Later at his funeral, Cheung's niece disclosed that her uncle had severe clinical depression and suffered much over the past year.
On 31 August 1997, Diana was fatally injured in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris, which also caused the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver, Henri Paul.
童年时期的张国荣
Expreriences in his childhood
Perfectionism
Incomplete personality
Esteem Needs
The pursuit of ideal self
Depression
Thank you
The Prince of Wales and Camilla
Such an unhappy marriage caused the depression of Diana. She married with happiness but found that her husband did not love her. She was betrayed. After that she had different affairs with men to eacape from these kind of emotions and to revenge the betrayal of Charles. She had to do these things secretly because the public was watching her life and that made her life full of pressuers.
Cheung's suicide note (translation): "Depression! Many thanks to all my friends. Many thanks to Professor Felice Lieh-mak (Cheung's last psychiatrist). This year has been so tough. I can't stand it anymore. Many thanks to Mr. Tong. Many thanks to my family. Many thanks to Sister Fei. In my life I have done nothing bad. Why does it have to be like this?"
Princess Diana 源自ith her two sons--- William and Harry.
What caused her depression is the failure of her marriage with the Prince of Wales. The Prince of Wales resumed his affair with his now-married former girlfriend, Camilla Parker Bowles soon after his marriage. In 1981, during Diana's preganant, Charles was always focused on his own businesses and ignored his wife. In order to caught Charles' attention, she jumped from stairs and fortunately that the baby( William) was safe. This kind of action didn't work. In 1982, their first son William was born. Then it was their second son, Harry in 1984. The Prince of Charles did not payed much attention to her. That caused Diana's postpartum depression and she began to use knife to cut her wrists or throats. However, Charles did not care at all. He was fed with Diana and he was dating with Camilla at that time. Later, the Princess of Wales began a relationship with Major James Hewitt. In December 1992, Prime Minister John Major announced the Waleses' "amicable separation" to the House of Commons,[75] and the full Camillagate transcript was published a month later in the newspapers, in January 1993. On 3 December 1993, the Princess of Wales announced her withdrawal from public life.