国际贸易论文中英文外文翻译文献
中英文外文翻译文献
进口玩具的安全，消费者保护和世界贸易组织的技术贸易
壁垒协定：前景，进展和问题
全球贸易、人权和进口的安全
人类和动物受进口产品感染的风险不应该被过分夸大。受污染的二乙二醇感冒药导致100多人死亡，几十人得病，其中多达21人死亡可能与肝素有关。肝素是一种流行的抗凝剂，它广泛应用于透析和心脏手术中，以达到延缓血液凝块的目的。据美国食品与药品监督管理局(FDA)调查所知，这个主要的抗血凝药物包含一个伪造成份，美国食品与药品监督管理局采用先进的磁场核磁共振成像的测试来让它模拟真正的药物。据了解，美国食品及药品监督管理局发现多达
20%的产品的活跃成分是假的。
在一个快速全球化的世界中，各国应如何确保进口产品的安全呢？世贸组织成员国能单方面对玩具的制定特点或相关的工艺流程及生产方法采用新条例吗？这些问题是由技术法规和国际贸易法的相关准则以及人权法而产生的。一方面,技术法规和标准既可以作为一种贸易壁垒，同时对消费者产品偏好、质量期望和价格选择产生负面影响。技术法规和标准中有关玩具质量和安全的规定即这些规定并没有歧视性的“法理”或“事实”，但这些标准和法规在国际之间的差异也有可能造成贸易障碍。假定组成世界贸易组织的153个成员决定创造他们自己的玩具安全法规及标准，对于一个中国玩具制造商来说，他有可能就得面对153种法规，并且还要遵守这些法规及标准，而这样会导致他失去规模经济。在另一方面, 技术法规和标准又让人们越来越认识到健康与安全条例是政府责任的核心。各国政府有主权权利和责任来保护他们的公民免受伤害。A/RES/54/165号决议在1999年通过了，联合国大会指出：“虽然世界趋于全球化，但一个国家所扮演的角色有可能影响人权，促进和保护所有人权是国家的首要责任”。A/RES/54/165号决议的第15条中也强调：“分析全球化对充分享有各项人权的影响是必要的”。其第16条是关于儿童的健康和安全，联合国公约关于儿童权利（CRC）的第3条中规定：“关于儿童的一切行动，不论是由公私社会福利机构、法院、行政当局或立法机构执行，均应以儿童的最大利益为一种首要考虑。”第17条中儿童权利
委员会还对每一个孩子的生命权（第6条），健康权（第24条）和“适当年龄孩子休息和闲暇，以及从事游戏和娱乐活动”的权利进行担保。根据儿童权利公约19条的规定:“缔约国应采取一切适当的立法、行政、社会和教育措施，保护儿童在受父母、法定监护人或其他任何负责照管儿童的人的照料时，不致受到任何形式的身心摧残、伤害或凌辱，忽视或照料不周，虐待或剥削，包括性侵犯”。
总的来说,技术法规和标准涉及了国家主权、国内安全、卫生、人权和自由贸易这些敏感的问题。政策制定者正面临着应如何采取法律和政策来充分地保护公民的权利和福利,而又不至于破坏公民的基本原则的多边贸易体制的挑战。哈佛大学国际发展中心认为：“政府法规或商品的行业标准至少在三个方面影响贸易：首先，他们可以以清楚地定义交易产品的特点、改善兼容性和可用性的方式来方便交易；他们也可以提高国内社会标准，比如公共卫生通过建立最低标准或安全要求规定；最后，他们还可以隐藏保护主义政策”。
产品安全，国内管理自主权和世贸组织技术性贸易壁垒协议政府法规和行业标准制定了一些产品的特性，TBT协定也涵盖了有关玩具的相关生产流程和生产方法。TBT协议将技术法规定义为一个“制定产品特征或相关的工艺和生产方法”的文件，它既包括了适用的行政规定，该规定是强制性的，也包括了专门术语、符号、包装、标志或标签，其要求适用于产品、工艺或生产方法。技术性贸易壁垒协议也适用于技术标准和合格评定，恰如该协议中的附件I所说的。
技术性贸易壁垒协议所涵盖的产品范围较广。从本质上讲，所有产品，包括工业和农业产品都受TBT第21条协议规定。然而，采购规格是由第22条协议“政府机构对产品的编制或政府机构消费需求”规定。
技术贸易壁垒是尊重国家主权，保障公民健康和安全，确保技术法规对国际贸易的变相贸易壁垒不运作之间的一条连接线。如第六段序言段所示：“任何国家都应采取措施保障出口产品的质量，保护人类健康和安全，保护动植物的生命和健康，保护生态环境，或防止欺诈行为，在此范围内认为是合理的，可以根据本协议规定，而技术贸易壁垒不适用于一系列专制或国家之间的不公平歧视。”
技术性贸易壁垒的协议和尊重国内监督管理自治
虽然TBT协定的一些规定似乎限制国内监管自主，但是从该协议的其他规定来看它又保持了国内监管自主权。首先，在第2条第4款规定中表明：“各成员的技术法规是不完全的，应以相关的国际标准为基础”。当相关的囯际标准无效或不合适时这条规定是不适用的。其次，即使一个国际标准存在，各成员没必要完全依照该标准，各成员可以采用这种标准的相关部分。再次，如果成员国所采取的措施是为了挑战另外的成员国，则相关的国际标准将是有效或合理的。在“欧共体—沙丁鱼”中，世贸组织上诉机构认为抱怨国有义务证明被抱怨方违反了技术性贸易壁垒协议第2条第4款中的规定。因此，起诉成员不仅要表明有关国际标准没有被用作挑战法规的依据，还必须表明有关的国际标准对相应成员是一个有效或适当的手段。最后，政府
的采购是不在TBT协定中的。技术性贸易壁垒协议第1条第4款中明确规定：“政府机构为其生产或消费要求所制定的采购规格不受本协定规定的约束，而应根据《政府采购协定》的范围由该协定处理。”因此，各地方、州和联邦政府的采购规范是不在该协议下的。
文献来源：
Uche U. Ofodile. Import (toy) safety, consumer protection and the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade: prospects, progress and problems. Int. J. Private Law, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2009
Import (toy) safety, consumer protection and the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade: prospects, progress and
problems
Global trade, human rights and import safety
The risk to human and animal life of tainted imported products cannot be overstated. More than 100 people died from taking the diethylene glycol-tainted cold medicines and dozens more became ill. As many as 21 deaths may be linked to heparin, a popular blood thinner widely used in dialysis and heart procedures to stave off blood clots. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the critical blood thinner contained a counterfeit ingredient that mimicked the real drug.14 Using sophisticated magnetic resonance imaging tests, the FDA uncovered that as much as 20% of the product?s active ingredient was an imitation.
In a fast globalising world, how can countries be sure that products that arrive on their shores are safe? Can WTO member states unilaterally adopt new regulations that lay down characteristics or related processes and production methods for toys? The question arises because technical regulations and standards implicate international trade law and human
rights law. On one hand, technical regulations and standards can operate as barriers to trade and negatively impact consumer product preferences, quality expectations and price options. Technical regulations and standards relating to toy quality and safety, even if not discriminatory …de jure? or …de facto? may create obstacles to trade by the fact that these standards and regulations vary from one country to another. Assuming the 153 members that make up the WTO decide to create their own toy safety regulations and standards, a toy manufacturer in China, for example, would be faced with some 153 regulations to comply with. The result would be loss of economies of scale. On other hand, it is increasingly recognised that health and safety regulations are at the core of government responsibility. Governments have the sovereign right and the responsibility to protect their citizens from harm. In Resolution A/RES/54/165 adopted in 1999, the United Nations General Assembly noted that …while globalisation, by its impact on, …inter alia?, the role of the state may affect human rights, the promotion and protection of all human rights is, first and foremost, the responsibility of the state?.15 Resolution A/RES/54/165 also emphasized …the need to analyse the consequences of globalisation for the full enjoyment of all human rights?.16 Regarding the health and safety of children,Article 3 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) stipulates
that …[i]n all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration?.17 The CRC also guarantees to every child, the right to life (Article 6), the right to health (Article 24) and the right …to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child?. Pursuant to Article 19 of the CRC, states parties undertake to …take …all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of?… injury or abuse… while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has th e care of the child?.
Overall, technical regulations and standards touch on sensitive issues of state sovereignty, domestic security, public health, human rights and free trade. The challenge for policy makers is to adopt laws and policies that adequately protect the rights and welfare of their citizens without undermining the fundamental principles of the multilateral trading system. As the Center for International Development at Harvard University rightly observed that …government regulations or industry standards for goods can impact trade in at least three ways: they can facilitate exchange by clearly defining product characteristics and improving compatibility and usability; they also advance domestic social
goals like public health by establishing minimum standards or prescribing safety requirements; finally, they can hide protectionist policies?.18 Product safety, domestic regulatory autonomy and the WTO TBT Agreement
Government regulations and industry standards that lay down characteristics or related processes and production methods for toys are covered by the TBT Agreement. The Agreement defines a technical regulation as a …document which …lays down product characteristics or their related processes and production methods?, including the applicable administrative provisions, with which compliance is mandatory. It may also include or deal exclusively with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labelling requirements as they apply to a product, process or production method?.19 The TBT Agreement also applies to technical standards and conformity assessment as defined in Annex I of the Agreement.20 The TBT Agreement covers a broad range of products. Essentially, all products, including industrial and agricultural products are subject to the provisions of the agreement.21 Excluded, however, are purchasing specifications …prepared by governmental bodies for production or consumption requirements of governmental bodies?.22 The TBT Agreement works a fine line between respecting the sovereign right of states to safeguard the health and safety of their
citizens and ensuring that technical regulations do not operate as disguised barriers to international trade. The sixth preambular paragraph reads: “Recognising that no country should be prevented from takin g measures necessary to ensure the quality of its exports, or for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, of the environment, or for the prevention of deceptive practices, at the levels it considers appropriate, subject to the requirement that they are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail or a disguised restriction on international trade and are otherwise in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.”
The TBT Agreement and respect for domestic regulatory autonomy While some provisions of the TBT Agreement appear to constrain domestic regulatory autonomy, other provisions of the Agreement appears to preserve domestic regulatory autonomy. First, the requirement in Article 2.4 that members use relevant international standards as a basis for their technical regulation is not absolute. The requirement does not apply when relevant international standards …would be an ineffectiv e or inappropriate means for the fulfilment of the legitimate objectives pursued members?.38 Second, even when a pertinent international
工业设计专业英语英文翻译
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
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毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
工业设计外文翻译
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
毕业论文外文翻译模板
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.