定语从句及五种基本句型

定语从句专题一、基本概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

如：Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。

引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which;关系副词有：when, where, why.二、关系词的用法：（一）关系代词的用法：1．作主语用who, which和that, 如：He is the man _______ lives next door.The train ________ has just left is for Shenzhen.2．作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：The man _________we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book _________ I bought last week?3．作定语用whose, 如：(a) He is the man ________ car was stolen last week.(b) It was a meeting ________ importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。

whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which) He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name) 4．作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。

如：He is no longer the man _______ he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place _______ it used to be.（二）关系副词的用法：1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。

如：I still remember the time _______I first became a college student.Do you know the date _______Li Hua was born?2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。

它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,city, town, country,situation,point等，如：This is the hotel _________they are staying.I forget the house _________the Smiths lived.注：where有时也可以省略。

如：This is the place (where) we met yesterday.3．why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。

如：That is the reason ________he is leaving so soon.注：why时常也可以省略。

如：That is the real reason (why)he did it.(三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1．这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when = on (in, at, during…) + which;where = in (at, on…) + which;why = for which. 如：I was in Beijing on the day _________he arrived.The office ___________he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason __________ we did it.2．当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：I’ll never forget the day _______________I leaved my hometown.I’ll never forget the days ______________ we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory ____________radio parts are made.His father works in a factory _____________makes radio parts.三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。

如：This is the book _________he refers to.Is there anything __________ I can do for you?2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。

这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。

如：This note was left by Tom, _______was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most of _______were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和where，不可以用that和why。

3．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。

如：He passed the exam, __________ he hoped he would.注：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。

They won the basketball game , ________ makes them very happy._______ is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象……那样”。

5．以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或that 引导，如：The way ________you answered the questions was very wise.四．关系词的选择1．在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。

2．关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。

如：Do you know the boy to _______she was talking?Do you know the boy _________she was talking to?The pencil _________he was writing with suddenly broke.3．在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：(1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。

如：All ______can be done has been done.In this factory I saw little / much _______ was different from ours.(2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。

如：We heard clearly every word ________ he said.(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。

如：The first thing ________should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first ______ comes to mind is the West Lake.(4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：Is that the best ______you can do?That’s the most expensive hotel _______we’ve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one ________ I have ever read.(5) 当先行词被the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。

如：This is the very book ________ I want to find.(6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。