用正逆向思维解决托福阅读推断题
托福阅读解题提速思维技巧实例讲解
托福阅读解题提速思维技巧实例讲解托福阅读解题提速思维技巧实例讲解,转换思路才能做得更快，今天给大家带来托福阅读解题提速思维技巧实例讲解,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读解题提速思维技巧实例讲解转换思路才能做得更快托福阅读提速思维实例讲解先来看例题：A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species inwhich one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types ofsymbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first andthe third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; thatis, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interactingin a particular area.1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferredfromparagraph 1?A. It excludes interactions betweenmore than two species.B. It makes it less likely for specieswithin a community to survive.C. Its significance to the organizationof biological communities is small.D. Its role in the structure ofbiological populations is a disruptive。
四种思维解决托福阅读推理题
四种思维解决托福阅读推理题托福阅读推理题是指重要信息隐藏在文章中，不会直接表露出来，需要考生自己从表面内容中推理出。
通常看到infer、indicate、imply、suggest这类关键词，就能够判定题目类型是推断题。
这类托福阅读题目并不像词汇题或者事实信息题，只需要对文章“肤浅的”理解就能快速解题，有点儿像文章总结题，需要费一番工夫，用一些耐心对文章深层了解才能解题。
所以很多学生会觉得题目“难”。
其实掌握了方法，稍微有些耐心就能提高这类题目的答对率，题目也就不像想象中的难了。
下面文都国际小编就为大家实例讲解四种思维解决托福阅读推理题。
托福阅读推理题做题思维：对比逆推思维往往可以逆推的题目，定位句有着明显的隐含反意，找到合适的答案就可以直接选。
Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith andW. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.5. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about early theories of where the first inhabitants of the Pacific islands came from?○They were generally based on solid evidence.○They tried to account for the origin of the characteristic features of the languages spoken by Pacific islanders.○They assumed that the peoples living in Southeast Asia did not have the skills needed to sail to the Pacific islands.○They questioned the ideas of G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry.思维解析：以early (older) theories定位至Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific，说早期的理论认为那些岛民的航海能力不行，紧接着给出例子，只有埃及人才有能力航行到并且占领这些岛，所以逆推到不是埃及人就不会做到。
快速突破托福阅读推断题之反推法
今天，针对托福阅读中的推断题，我们为大家详细介绍其中一个方法——反推法。
一般以下三种情况可以使用反推法：1、题干中问的信息与文中找到的信息互补的时候2、文中出现绝对词3、选项信息和文中信息互补且相反关于推断题出题方式：信号词:infer（推断）suggest（暗示）imply（暗示）问题：Which of the following can be inferred about X?The author of the passage implies that X…What does paragraph#suggest about X…选项特点：不会是原文明确表述的内容，但是通过原文信息一定可以被推断出来。
举个例子：我从今天开始再也不喝奶茶了。
以上这句话大家一般会推出：我在减肥or我最近嗓子不太好不过这些都不能成为正确的选项，真正的反推应该是我之前一定有在喝奶茶，这个其实是一个很典型的反推例子。
反推的核心逻辑如果A和C构成一个互补关系，那么它们具有的特征相反。
什么情况用反推之题干中问的信息与文中找到的信息互补的时候例题一：The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is,in the main,the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of thedevelopment of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation ofwheat,corn,tobacco, and cotton.After1815improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape aself-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy.During periodswhen commodity prices were high,the rate of westward migration increasedspectacularly."Old America seemed to be breaking up and movingwestward,"observed an English visitor in1817,during the first greatwave of migration.Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's.Whereasin1810only a seventh of the American people lived west of the AppalachianMountains,by1840more than a third lived there.What can be inferred from paragraph1about western farmers prior to1815?A.They had limited their crop production to wheat,corn,tobacco,and cotton.B.They were able to sell their produce at high prices.C.They had not been successful in raising cattle.D.They did not operate in a national market economy.这个问题是要我们推断1815年之前西方农民的相关信息，题中有一个比较明显的标志词就是prior to1815，也就是在1815年之前，但文章中给我们的是1815年之后的时间节点。
托福阅读推理题的正向推理与逆向推理
托福阅读推理题的正向推理与逆向推理托福阅读推理题是比较让童鞋们头疼的一类题型，它考察的内容多为隐藏在*里、需要根据*信息进行合理推测得出的结论，下面就和大家分享托福阅读推理题的正向推理与逆向推理，希望能够帮助到你们，快来一起学习吧。
托福阅读推理题的正向推理与逆向推理正向推理正向推理指的是最后的答案往往是和*所描述的内容一致的，而这种特征一般视为“整体”和“部分”的一致性，所以正向推理也被称为“整体与部分推理”。
正向推理包含两种主要情形，一种叫做给定段里面没有推理对象的情况，另外一种叫做有举例引发的“整体与部分推理”。
所谓“整体与部分推理”，就是*里面讲述一个特质是A，下面选项中的特征也是A，这个特质本身没有变化。
*里面讲什么特质，下面选项中就是什么特质，只不过一个是“整体”，一个是“部分”而已。
逆向推理“逆向推理”又叫“取非式推理”，*中讲的是A，下面选项里最终答案是“非A”，此推理包含三种情形。
1.由新时间点引发的逆向推理比如“now”表示现在，含有典型的暗转折含义。
事实上，凡是时间点概念，都暗示着转折。
比如说：1999年澳门回归了，这意味着1999年之前澳门没有回归。
这条原则可能听起来怪怪的，但意义重大，以后我们做托福*要比其他没有经历过严格训练的同学多长一个心眼，但凡是有时间点出现，就意味着前后的特质不一致，而这恰好是考点。
2.由新地点引发的逆向推理事实上，它和第一点的内涵是一致的，可以被统称为“分类取非”。
在*中经常会出现把一个大类分成两个小类的情况，比如*里面讲述生物分为两类，一类是动物，一类是植物，这时*里面会谈到动物和植物的“不同点”而不会是“相同点”。
3.由特定词引发的逆向推理这一类词包括unlike、without以及所有能够表示“比例”的词等。
一般推理题只要找准用来推理的句子，然后按照上面两种方法来做就不会有什么问题了。
只要掌握了这些技巧，当你在做托福阅读时，也能像侦探一样进行“推理”了。
托福阅读中的推断题到底推理什么
托福阅读中的推断题到底推理什么所谓托福阅读推理题，就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出，整理了一些托福阅读推理题的攻略，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读中的推断题到底推理什么?在托福阅读考试当中，推断题学生的错误率往往比较高，纷纷表示把握不住考试的重点。
因此，首先我们要了解，推断题到底要求我们推断什么?解决这个问题，有助于我们理解推断题的考点和考试思路。
推断是基于证据的猜想，它要求读者基于作者在文章中提供的信息推断出文章中未明显的内容。
根据这个定义，我们知道推断至少有两个过程：首先，需要基于证据，也就是阅读原文。
其次，才是推断。
一般来说，推断题要求推断出文章中未明显的内容，其中包括三个方面：1)文章和段落的主题和主旨;2)作者的态度和目的;3)文章中相应信息的发展和作用;举例说明：1)文章和段落的主题和主旨;The organization of the passage can best be described asA. the presentation of an argument followed by the evidence for and againstitB. a description of a phenomenon followed by several possible theoriesabout how it developsC. the definition of a psychological term followed by a history of its usageD. an explanation of a process followed by a discussion of its practicalapplications这题比较典型，直接问段落的主旨。
答案显示，A是呈现观点，B是描述现象，C是下定义，D是解释过程。
正向推理法快速解决托福阅读推断题
正向推理法快速解决托福阅读推断题推理题作犯难度较高简单出错的题型,我整理了一些应对推理题的小攻略，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读攻略：推理题推理“度”的把握TPO的做题阅历告知我们，推理题的答案既要防止“推理过度”，又要当心“推理不足”，这个度拿捏不好，推理题的正确率就不高。
题目分类我们可以把它的题目分为两类。
一类是“题干定位型”，一类是“选项定位型”。
题干定位题，顾名思义，就是通过题目中的词可以定位到原文中答案所在的位置从而选出答案;而选项定位型则是指无法通过题目来定位的状况，比如说：题目问What can be inferred about stingless bees ?而原文中整段都在讲stingless bees，就没有方法去详细定位，这个时候就可以利用选项去定位原文。
反向推理今日我们来介绍一种解题方法——反向推理。
在学术写作中，当我们将事物根据某种标准进行分类后，分类的内容既不重合也不丢失。
比如我们把A分成X和Y,X和Y之间没有重合的部分，同时X和Y合并构成A,也不会丢失A的某一部分。
这样一来，当我们知道X所具有某一个特性，就能推出Y不具有这样的特性，这就是反向推理。
TPO例题A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?A.It excludes interactions between more than two species.B.It makes it less likely for species within a community, to survive.C.Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.D.Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.题目解析依据题干的commensalism, 可以找到定位区间There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community。
托福阅读推理题中那些“逆向推理”
托福阅读推理题中那些“逆向推理”(总3页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--托福阅读推理题中那些“逆向推理”托福阅读推理题每篇0-2道，考查学生理解和感知文章内容关系的能力，需要学生根据句子之间的逻辑性进行更深层次的推断。
有时候，我们可以利用“正向推理”：找出与文章描述特质一致的选项。
也有一些题，文章给我们的提示其实正是题干概念相反范畴的特质，这需要我们以此出发，逆推出题干范畴的特质，再得出答案。
那么，托福阅读推理题中会有哪些情况涉及“逆向推理”呢第一种情况：新的时间点引发的逆向推理例题一：来自-Petroleum Resources-第6题Paragraph 3: Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers○They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.○They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.○They waste more oil than they collect.○They are unlikely to occur nowadays.题目解析：选D. 在第三段中的第六句uAlthough this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in thepast.(虽然今天油上升到地表的过程被小心地控制着，但在过去自喷井是很常见的。
解决托福阅读推断题 学会使用正逆向思维
解决托福阅读推断题学会使用正逆向思维在托福阅读的十大题型中，推断题也许是大家认为会比较耗费时间的一种题目了。
因为托福文章有很清晰的逻辑架构，每个自然段往往是按照TS (TopicSentence) + SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects +Attitudes展开的。
但是，想要顺利的解答这样的题目其实也并不是想象中那么难。
下面我们就为大家介绍一下用正向和逆向思维去解决推断题。
OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitly stated inthe text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目，题目要求如下：Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?题干中有出现infer, imply, indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为推断题，那么推断题应该如何解答呢?第一步，判断题型。
我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
第二步，审清题干，原文定位。
仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
第三步，推测+判断。
根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
正向推断：和事实信息题做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写。
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很多托福考生在推断题这类题型上花费的时间比较多，正确率也比较低。
为了帮助大家攻克托福阅读推断题，下面前程百利小编教大家如何用正逆向思维解决托福阅读推断题。
托福阅读推断题其实没有想像的那么难，因为托福作为标准化的考试，肯定会有一定的答题技巧。
托福阅读文章的逻辑结构很清晰，每个自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes展开的。
只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快地做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向，也就是我们接下来要说的用正向和逆向思维去解决推断题。
OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目，题目要求如下：Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?题干中有出现infer,imply,indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为推断题，那么推断题应该如何解答呢?第一步，判断题型。
我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。
第二步，审清题干，原文定位。
仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。
第三步，推测+判断。
根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。
正向推断：和事实信息题做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写。
逆向推断：大致分为两种，一种是时间，第二种是两类事物的对比。
第一种，题干中往往会出现表示时间的信息，比如：after 1932,since early years of the 19th century.例如TPO 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.○They were able to sell their produce at high prices○They had not been successful in raising cattle.○They did not operate in a national market economy.题干中出现了两个信息，一个是western farmers,一个是prior to 1815,带着两条信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中没有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之后，答案其实很简单，只要把1815年之后的内容看懂了，并且在这个内容前面加not即可。
文中说到，改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活，并且进入了国家性的市场经济，那个时候货物的价格很多，所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长。
第二种：两类事物的对比，往往文中会出现表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from 等词。
例如TPO 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2题，让考生推测关于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，会发现关键句中存在着一个unlike,说不像sea otters,想象一下早期鲸类比较困难(not easy = difficult)，那我们逆推一下，不就是说想象早期sea otters长什么样比较容易，正确答案中出现了not difficult,所以这道题很简单。
当然ETS不会一直都出这么简单的推断题，这里只是给大家一个答题的方向。
Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too fewcarbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?○Ancien t oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.解析：根据关键词我们定位到文段的中间部分：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.这道题可以当做事实信息题去做，但注意不是原文的简单重复，suggest是原文中indicate的同义转换，我们只要找到what就好了，原文that 后面是重点，出现了too few, should have,情感态度推测一下，持否定态度，也就说说形成 an ancient ocean 不太可能，我们看选项，A中说Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.主客体与原文矛盾，排除;B选项The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.说不适合形成大量的水，持否定态度，符合原文，保留;C选项Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.相关句中未提及，排除;D选项The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.说的是ancient oceans没有，而不是原来有后来干涸了，与原文不符，排除，所以正确答案为B。