2019高考英语专题复习说明文阅读高分技巧课后练习新人教版(含参考答案)
2019高考英语专题复习看懂图表你需要注意的几个要点课后练习新人教版(含参考答案)
高考英语专题复习：看懂图表你需要注意的几个要点专项练习AWhen Should a Leader Apologize and When Not?Why Difficult?When we wrong someone we know, even not intentionally, we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation. But when we’re acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. Refusing to apologize can be smart, or it can be stupid. So, readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness. A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony—while an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin. What, then, is to be done? How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly?Why Now?The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent. During the last decade or so, the United States in particular has developed an apology culture—apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. More articles, cartoons, advice columns, and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies.Why Bother?Why do we apologize? Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult, embarrassing, and even risky? Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target. They are expected to appear strong and capable. And whenever they make public statements of any kind, their individual and institutional reputations are in danger. Clearly, then, leaders should not apologize often or lightly. For a leader to express apology, there needs to be a good, strong reason. Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so.Why Refuse?Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize, even when a public apologyseems to be in order? Their reasons can be individual or institutional. Because leaders are public figures, their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky. Leaders may also be afraid that the admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible. There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations, as we shall see, but it is a high-risk strategy.B“Happiness Advantage” EffectIn July 2010 Burt’s Bees, a personal-care products company, was going through enormous change as it began a global expansion into 19 new countries. In this kind of high-pressure situation, many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings or flood their in-boxes with urgent demands. In doing so, managers lift everyone’s anxiety level, which activates the part of the brain that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex(大脑皮层), which isresponsible for effective problem solving.Burt’s Bees’s then-CEO, John Wolfgang, took a different approach. Each day, he’d send out an e-mail praising a team member for work related to global marketing. He’d interrupt his own presentations to remind his managers to talk with their teams about the company’s values. He asked me to further a three-hour session with employees on happiness in the course of the expansion effort. As one member of the senior team told me a year later, Wolfgang’s em phasis on developing positive leadership kept his managers actively involved and loyal as they successfully transformed the company into a global one.That outcome shouldn’t surprise us. Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set(思维模式), performance on nearly every level-productivity, creativity, involvement-improves. Yet happiness is perhaps the most misunderstood driver of performance. For one, most people believe that success comes before happiness. “Once I get a promotion, I’ll be happy,” they think. Or, “Once I hit sales target, I’ll feel great.” But because success is a moving target—as soon as you hit your target, you raise it again——the happiness that results from success does not last long.In fact, it works the other way around: People who have a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the “happiness advantage” –every business outcome shows improvement when the brain is positive. I’ve observed this effect in my role as a researcher and lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between employee happiness and success. And I’m not alone: In an analysis of 225 academic studies, researchers found strong evidence of cause-and-effect relationship between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes.Another common misunderstanding is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an impact. But one’s general sense of well-being is surprisingly unstable. The habits you form, the way you interact with colleagues, how you think about stress---all these can be managed to increase your happiness and your chances of success.看懂图表你需要注意的几个要点专项练习参考答案A1. performance 解析：根据原文中的第一段的It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. 因此可以填performance。
2019-2020年高考英语大题精做08完形填空说明文含解析新人教版
2019-2020年高考英语大题精做08完形填空说明文含解析新人教版说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。
其主要特点为：1. 开头点题在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。
2.结构清晰说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。
理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。
3.难度较大说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。
4.遣词用字简练说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。
5.条理清晰说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。
【解题技巧】1. 快速弄清文章大意对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。
说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。
2. 弄清楚说明的顺序把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。
3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。
说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。
在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。
这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。
4. 注重上下文语境应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。
5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：（1）上下一致。
每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。
2019版高考英语一轮复习精选题辑：专练(三) 说明文、议论文 Word版含解析
专练(三)说明文、议论文A(2018·东北三校二模)We have all heard of giant pandas, and know that they are endangered. When one has babies, it makes national news __1__，and pictures of their babies are __2__ circulated. But it now seems that the giant panda is not __3__ of itself.The lovely animals have __4__ a classic test of self-awareness. They cannot __5__ themselves in the mirror. Researchers use the mirror recognition test to __6__ whether children or animals have a __7__ of self-awareness.In the test, an animal is presented __8__ a mirror. Researchers then watch to see __9__ it notices a mark on its face, which is only __10__ in the mirror. If the animal notices the mark, it often __11__ it. Human children often pass the test when they are only two years old.Many other animals have passed the mirror test, including monkeys, Asian elephants and even pigeons. But when researchers tested pandas, __12__ of them did the same thing as those animals did. __13__，each panda behaved as if their __14__ in the mirror was another panda altogether. They acted as if they were __15__ by what they saw in the mirror, scratching their feet and walking __16__.The __17__ of this research will help design better areas for animals in captivity (圈养). For example, one-directional glass sometimes used in the areas may __18__ pandas to feel stressed when they see their own image in the __19__. That's because they might believe it to be another panda, __20__ themselves.1．A.papers B．coversC．headlines D．pages2．A.widely B．popularlyC．especially D．completely3．A.shy B．fondC．conscious D．confident4．A.failed B．ignoredC．faced D．conducted5．A.observe B．discoverC．recognize D．understand6．A.believe in B．find outC．pick out D．take in7．A.sense B．questionC．opinion D．thought8．A.for B．withC．in D．before9．A.how B．whenC．why D．whether10．A.touchable B．seeableC．sensible D．possible11．A.dismisses B．admitsC．feels D．moves12．A.all B．mostC．one D．none13．A.Thus B．HoweverC．Instead D．Still14．A.reaction B．reflectionC．operation D．imagination15．A.trapped B．amazedC．threatened D．teased16．A.backwards B．aloneC．forwards D．along17．A.failure B．outcomeC．success D．review18．A.cause B．prepareC．accelerate D．urge19．A.eyes B．cagesC．zoo D．glass20．A.other than B．regardless ofC．because of D．rather than【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。
人教版2019届高考英语(含答案)
人教版2019届高考英语（含答案）[基础回顾]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．More attention should be paid to improving(improve) the safety of school buses，which has become a big concern of the whole society.2．I received a letter containing(contain) some important information about the project.3．After he retired，the old man did all he could to protect the old temple from being damaged(damage)．4．You needn't have taken a taxi.Why didn't you catch the last bus as I told you?5．Instead，I suggested choosing(choose) some students to see him on behalf of the whole class.(2015·浙江卷，书面表达)6．The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees (employ) enjoy the work.(2015·天津卷，单选)7．No one has come up with a convincing explanation of why dinosaurs died out.8．We appreciate participating(participate) in this activity，which has helped to build an emotional connection between the old and the young.9．The only way to succeed (succeed) at the highest level is to have total belief that you are better than anyone else on the sports field.10．It makes our school dirty and unpleasant，and does harm to the image of our school.Ⅱ.单句改错(每句一错)1．She is a kind-hearted woman and often has a mercy on people who are in trouble.去掉mercy前的a2．Mary has employed himself in making preparations for her trip to America all the afternoon.himself→herself3．The scientist explained in his book how the universe was came into being.去掉was 4．Justin suggested that I went with him to a private place where we could be alone. went→go5．With the government's aid，those affecting by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.affecting→affectedⅢ.佳句写作1．如果你按照我说的去做，你的梦想将很快实现。
高二英语提升精品讲义(人教版2019)：第08讲 阅读理解说明文专题(解析版)
第08讲 阅读理解说明文专题养成良好的答题习惯，是决定成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
说明文类阅读：一、文体特点说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。
说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。
阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。
说明文的选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。
二、命题趋势考向一 细节理解题细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。
但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
考向二 语意猜测题说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。
命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers内容要求 说明文阅读 1.说明文文体特点2.说明文命题趋势3.说明文解题策略知识讲解学习目标to…或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。
考向三主旨大意题说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。
即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。
主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。
冲刺2019届高考英语二轮复习核心考点特色突破：专题07 考前必刷说明文(21-32)及答案解析
冲刺2019届高考英语二轮复习核心考点特色突破专题07 考前必刷说明文（21-32）说明文专项21California Condor’s Shocking RecoveryCalifornia condors are North America’s largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.Electrical lines have been killing them off. "As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines," says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-free birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisoning has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failure and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood ove r several days.This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. "Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now," he says. "They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them."语篇解读：在20世纪80年代,电线和铅中毒导致美国加利福尼亚州的秃鹫濒临灭绝,但在科研人员的帮助下,秃鹫的数量有所回升,死亡率也有所下降。
人教版新课标 2019-2020 年高三英语 一轮复习 高考专项 阅读理解 冲刺练习word版含答案
2019-2020浙江高考阅读理解冲刺练习第一节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分；满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1〜20各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。
1America is a mobile society. Friendships between Americans can be close and real, yet disappear soon if situations change. Neither side feels hurt by this. Both may exchange Christmas greetings for a year or two, perhaps a few letters for a while—then no more. If the same two people meet again by chance, even years later, they pick up the friendship. This can be quite difficult for us Chinese to understand, because friendships between us flower more slowly but then may become lifelong feelings, extending (延伸) sometimes deeply into both families.Americans are ready to receive us foreigners at their homes, share their holidays, and their home life. They will enjoy welcoming us and be pleased if we accept their hospitality (好客) easily. but truly can't manage the time to do a great deal with a visitor outside their daily routine. They will probably expect us to get ourselves from the airport to our own hotel by bus. And they expect that we will phone them from there. Once we arrive at their homes, the welcome will be full, warm and real. We will find ourselves treated hospitably.Another difficult point for us Chinese to understand Americans is that although they include us warmly in their personal everyday lives, they don't show their politeness to us if it requires a great deal of time. This is usually the opposite of the practice in our country where we may be generous__with__our__time. Sometimes, we, as hosts, will appear at airports even in the middle of the night to meet a friend. We may take days off to act as guides to our foreign friends. The Americans, however, express their welcome usually at homes,For the Americans, it is often considered more friendly to invite a friend to their homes than to go to restaurants, except for pure business matters. So accept their hospitality at home!1．The writer of this passage must be ________．A．an American B．a ChineseC．a professor D．a student2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A．Friendships between Americans usually extend deeply into their families.B．Friendships between Americans usually last for all their lives.C．Americans always show their warmth even if they are very busy.D．Americans will continue their friendships again even after a long break.3．The underlined words “generous with our time” in Paragraph 3 probably mean “________”.A．strict with timeB．serious with timeC．careful with timeD．willing to spend time4．A suitable title for this passage would probably be “________”．A．Friendships between ChineseB．Friendships between AmericansC．Americans' hospitalityD．Americans' and Chinese views of friendships2Now，we know that if we do not get enough vitamins，we are at the risk of developing a number of diseases. As a result，vitamin supplements(补品)，though expensive，are popular with people who worry that they are not getting enough vitamins from the foods they eat. But contrary to what many people think，medical experts have found little evidence that most supplements do anything to improve health or protect against diseases.In fact，medical experts warn that taking too many of some vitamins can be harmful. For example，too much vitamin E can cause bleeding. People should discuss what vitamins they take with their doctors，as some vitamins can produce harmful side effects when mixed with medicines.Experts，however，do say that sometimes vitamins can help prevent diseases. People who know they lack a particular vitamin should take vitamin supplements. Some older adults, for example，may not have enough vitamin B12.This is because，as people get older，their body loses its ability to take it from foods. Also，people who spend much time inside may need some extra vitamin D as the skin makes this vitamin from sunlight.Different vitamins are found in different foods. Vitamin A is found in fish liver oil.It's also in the yellow part of eggs. Sweet potatoes，carrots and other darkly coloured fruit and vegetables contain substances that the body can change into vitamin A．Vitamin B12 is found in green leafy vegetables and other foods，like fruit. Vitamin K can be found in pork products.In fact，for most people，a balanced diet can ensure enough vitamins our bodies need. So，it isimportant for us to eat a mixture of foods every day to ensure that we get enough vitamins.5．What is probably talked about before this passage?A．How many vitamins a person's body needs.B．How many vitamins some foods contain.C．The benefits that vitamins bring to our health.D．What people should do to stay healthy.6．From the passage，we can learn that medical experts advise people ________．A．never to take any vitamin supplementsB．to depend only on foods for their vitaminsC．not to take any vitamins together with medicinesD．to consult their doctors before taking vitamin supplements7．What would be the best title for the passage?A．Getting enough vitamins through a balanced dietB．Vitamin supplements do harm to our healthC．Vitamins are important to our healthD．Lacking vitamins can cause many diseases3It is a question that has confused parents for decades: Why do children refuse to eat greens?Now, two American experts believe they have the answer.After studying dozens of babies as they played with various objects, the researchers noted that they were far more unwilling to grasp plants than other things. They believe this is because evolution (进化) has biologically made children be wary of plants.Due to susceptibility (敏感性) to illness or injury in the early years of life, the body has designed an inner defence mechanism (机制) that limits a child's contact with plants, they think. The researchers believe this is why babies in the study were afraid of grabbing plants and why children turn their noses up when faced with a plate of broad beans.The findings are published in a paper by Dr Annie E. Wertz and Dr Karen Wynn, both psychologists at Yale University.They wrote，“Throughout human evolution…plants have been essential to human existence. Yet, for all of these benefits, plants have always caused very real dangers.”“Plants produce toxins (毒素) as defences that can be harmful, or even deadly. Some plants alsoemploy physical defences, such as thorns and poisonous oils that can damage tissues (组织) and cause effects over the whole body.”They added，“We predicted that babies may have behavioural strategies that reduce their exposure to dangers posed by plants by minimizing their physica l contact with plants.”To test their theory, the researchers studied how children aged eight to 18 months old reacted when presented with a variety of objects. It took much longer for children to grab plants; objects that were faked to look like plants also caused a slow response time.For parents attempting to spoon some peas into the mouth of their child, this finding should come as welcome relief.8．What does the underlined word “wary” in the third paragraph mean?A．Curious. B．Afraid. C．Tired. D．Certain.9．What did early humans probably do to survive?A．They chose to make more artificial things.B．They forbade their children to touch plants.C．They chose to have little contact with plants.D．They tried very hard to escape from predators.10．Which is the best title for the text?A．Give children more fun things to doB．The survival instinct (本能) is to blameC．What kind of things are healthyD．Infants of eight to eighteen months old4Any diet on which you live that contains fewer calories than you need to get through the day—like an 800-calorie-per-day diet—can be dangerous. Diets that don't allow any fat also can be bad for you. Everyone needs a certain amount of fat in their diet—up to 30% of total calories—so no one should eat a completely fat-free diet.Don't have diets that restrict(限制) certain food groups, either. A diet that requires you to say no to bread or pasta or allows you to eat only fruit is unhealthy. You won't get the vitamins and minerals you need. And although you may lose weight, you'll probably gain it back as soon as you start eating normally again.Some people start dieting because they think all the problems in their life are because of weight.Others have an area of their life that they can't control, like an alcoholic parent, so they focus on something they can control—their exercise and food intake.People who diet may get lots of praise from friends and family when they start losing pounds, which makes them feel good. But eventually a person reaches a weight level and doesn't lose as much weight as before because the body is trying to keep a healthy weight, so they aren't any happier.Some people may find it hard to control their eating, so they stick with an__extreme__diet for a little while, but then eat tons of food. Feeling guilty about the binge, they use laxatives(轻泻药). Eating too little to maintain a healthy weight or eating only to throw up the calories are both eating disorders, which are harmful to a person's health.11. Which of the following is NOT the reason that some people start and keep dieting?A. They think their trouble comes from their weight.B. They have an alcoholic parent.C. Other people praise them when they lose some weight.D. There is something they can't control except food intake.12. The underlined phrase in the last paragraph refers to “________”．A. a fat-free dietB. a special dietC. eating too muchD. eating too little13. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. A person needs about 800 calories each day.B. A person who doesn't eat bread is unhealthy.C. An improper diet may cause eating disorder.D. Fat takes up the most part of calories inside body.14. According to the passage, when people want to lose weight, they should________．A. avoid eating some food that can lead to being fatB. control their eating amount and timesC. have a healthy and balanced dietD. throw up some of what they eat5How to eat healthfully can be especially complex for working women who often have neither thedesire nor the time to cook for themselves (or for anyone else). Registered dietitian (营养学家) Barbara Morrissey suggests that a few simple rules can help.“Go for nutrient-dense (营养丰富的) foods，” she suggests. “Foods that contain a multiple of nutrients. For example, select whole wheat bread as a breakfast food, rather than coffee cake. Or drink orange juice rather than orange drink, which contains only a small percentage of real juice—the rest is largely coloured sugar water. You just can't compare the value of these foods; the nutrient-dense ones are so excellent，” she emphasizes.Morrissey believes that variety is not only the spice of life—it's the foundation of a healthful diet. Diets, which are based on one or two foods, are not only virtually impossible to keep up the strength; they can be very harmful, she says, because nutrients aren't supplied in sufficient amounts or balance.Morrissey also believes that trying to find a diet that will cure your illness, or make yourself a superwoman is a__fruitless__search,__so you will not achieve your aim. As women, many of us are too concerned with staying thin, she says, and we believe that vitamins are some kind of magic cure to replace foods.“We need carbohydrates, protein and fat—they are like the wood in the fireplace. The vitamins and minerals are the match, the spark, for the fuel，” she explains. “We need them all, but in a very different proportions (正确的比例). And if the fuel isn't there, the spark is useless.”15．From the first paragraph we know that working women ________．A．think cooking is especially complicatedB．do not share the same views with registered dietitiansC．are busy and not interested in cookingD．are likely to eat healthfully16．In Paragraph 4 “a fruitless search” means “________”．A．an effort with no resultsB．a search for a diet without fruitC．a research on fruitless dietsD．a diet serving as medicine17．By saying “if the fuel isn't there, the spark is useless”，the author means “________”．A．carbohydrates, protein and fat are enough to support a human lifeB．vitamins and minerals are virtually of no valueC．carbohydrates, protein and fat, vitamins and minerals are of no useD．without carbohydrates, protein and fat, vitamins and minerals are of no use6Of course, the main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that's only superficial. Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough. The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares. If you are being treated to a formal dinner and particularly if the host thinks you're in the country for the first time, he will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes. Soup then will be served (unless in Guangdong style restaurants) to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings. If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you__should__say__so__in__good__time,__for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.Perhaps one of the things that surprise a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their guests. In formal dinners, there are always “public” chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks. This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. It is always polite to eat the food. If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed. When you have had enough, just say so. Or you will always overeat!18. What's the main difference on dinner table between China and the West?A. On Chinese dinner table, chopsticks replace knife and fork.B. You have your own plate of food in the West while in China everyone shares the dishes.C. You're treated to a formal dinner for the first time.D. The host will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.19. According to the passage, we can infer that ________．A. Chinese think it polite to put food into the plates of the guests with their own chopsticksB. Chinese think it impolite for guests to leave food in the plateC. people in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumedD. Chinese all think it impolite for guests to ask for a pair of knife and fork20. The sentence, in Paragraph 2, “you should say so in good time” means “________”．A. you should say so happilyB. you should say so earlyC. you'd better say soD. you should say so kindly7“Clean your plate！”Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent. Often, it is accompanied by an appeal: “Just think about those starving orphans in Africa！” Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying “clean the plate”，perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, the US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told the USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade believed restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 per cent had no opinion; 20 per cent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. 70 per cent of those earning at least $150，000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 per cent of those earning less than$25，000 want smaller.It's not that working-class Americans don't want to eat healthily. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.21．“Clean your plate！”in the first paragraph means “________”．A．to wash the plateB．not to eat too muchC．not to waste the foodD．to help the starving orphans22．What happened in the 1970s?A．The government recommended serving small portions.B．Americans began to realize the importance of health.C．Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve large portions.D．People in the United States began to gain weight.23．What does the survey indicate?A．Many poor Americans want large portions.B．20 per cent of Americans want smaller portions.C．70 per cent of Americans earn at least $150，000 per year.D．45 per cent of Americans earn less than $25，000 per year.8Food serves as a form of communication in two ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-coloured eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and mooncakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.24．According to the passage, sharing bread________．A．indicates a lack of foodB．can help to develop unityC．is a custom unique to rural areasD．has its roots in birthday celebrations25．The author explains the role of food in celebrations by________．A．using examplesB．making comparisonsC．analysing causesD．describing processes26．What is the passage mainly about?A．The custom of sharing food.B．The specific meaning of food.C．The role of food in ceremonies.D．The importance of food in culture.9Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely enough, the answer to both these questions is yes.To some degree, our intelligence is given to us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings．Thus the limits of a person's intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some degree something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random(随机地) from the population, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical(完全相同的) twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We wouldsoon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.27．Which of these sentences best describes the writer's point in Para.1?A．To some degree, intelligence is given at birth.B．Intelligence is developed by the environment.C．Some people are born clever and others born stupid.D．Intelligence is fixed at birth, but is developed by the environment.28．It is suggested in this passage that________.A．unrelated people are not likely to have similar intelligenceB．close relations usually have similar intelligenceC．the closer the blood relationship between people, the more different they are likely to be in intelligenceD．people who live in close contact with each other are not likely to have similar degrees of intelligence29．In Para.1, the word “surroundings” means “________”.A．intelligence B．lifeC．environments D．housing30．The best title for this article would be “________”.A．On intelligenceB．What intelligence meansC．We are born with intelligenceD．Environment plays a part in developing intelligence答案：1【文章大意】本文通过事例分析说明了中美两国人在看待友谊方面有差异。
2019届高考英语(通用版)二轮复习阅读理解专题训练：训练2 说明文(Ⅱ)(含解析)
训练2 说明文(Ⅱ)A(2019·济南模拟)“Helicopter parenting”describes a style of raising children where parents are over－protective and do too much.It describes parents who watch over their kids at home and on the playground like a helicopter.Today，modern technology allows these helicopter parents to watch over from even far away. 1Julie Lythcott wrote a book titled Break Free of the O v erparenting Trap and Prepare Your Kids for Success. In her book，she gives readers a closer look at this parenting style. 2 Julie Lythcott says she experienced the effects of “Helicopter parenting”first－hand when she worked as dean of first year students. 3 But many were unable to take care of themselves.They were turning to parents constantly for guidance，for problem solving，to have them make the choice about something.So what can parents do if they want to break the overparenting “he licopter” cycle? 4◆Stop saying “we”when you mean your son or your daughter.All too often a parent would say “we are on the travel soccer team”．Well，no，your son is or your daughter is.◆Stop arguing with all of the adults in our kids' lives.You need to teach your kids to advocate for themselves.◆Stop doing your kids' homework.◆ 5 Teach them to cross the street，make a meal，and remember to put their own items in their backpacks，which becomes a briefcase one day.When kids have all the skills to take care of themselves，they will be prepared for adulthood.A. Four ways are offered to stop watching over your children.B．She also explains why parents should stop it.C．It's a good idea to encourage your kid to do the things he can by himself.D．They can give their children directions at any moment from anywhere.E．Build your kids' skills.F．The freshmen were very smart and accomplished on paper.G．Your kid is eager for more freedom，but should you give it to him?本文是一篇说明文，介绍了当今社会的一种典型的教育方式——“直升机养育法”，即父母过度保护孩子。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
高考英语专题复习：说明文阅读高分技巧专项练习AMost damagingly, anger weakens a person's ability to think clearly and keep control over his behavior. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels(决斗) as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person's awareness of insulting behavior on the part of another.Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviorally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition (意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced and as a result of this, we're likely to react. And our behavioral response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.Most positive emotions are associated with approach behavior: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behavior: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are，the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behavior is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.1. The "duels" example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger_________.A. usually has a biological basisB. varies among peopleC. is socially and culturally shapedD. influences one's thinking and evaluation2. What changes can be found in an angry brain?A. Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.B. Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.C. Electrical activity corresponds to one's behaviour.D. Electrical activity agrees with one's disposition.3. Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?A. Approaching the source of anger.B. Trying to control what is disliked.C. Moving away from what is disliked.D. Feeling helpless in the face of anger.4. What is the key message of the last paragraph?A. How anger differs from other emotions.B. How anger relates to other emotions.C. Behavioral responses to anger.D. Behavioral patterns of anger.BWorking with a group of baboons (狒狒) in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的) tasks not because they aren’t cle ver enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don’t associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.5. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. The design of Dr. Carter’s research.B. The results of Dr. Carter’s research.C. The purpose of Dr. Carter’s research.D. The significance of Dr. Carter’s research.6. According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a newlearning task?A. Those that have more experience.B. Those that can avoid potential risks.C. Those that like to work independently.D. Those that feel anxious about learning.7. Which best illustrates the “mismatch” m entioned in Paragraph 4?A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.C. Some baboons observe others but don’t follow them.D. Some baboons perform new tasks but don’t concentrate.8. Dr. Ca rter’s findings indicate that our culture might be formed through ______.A. storing informationB. learning from each otherC. understanding different peopleD. travelling between social groups说明文阅读高分技巧专项练习参考答案A考点：考查科普知识类阅读。