语篇层次的翻译
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• （赵辛楣）一肚皮的酒，几乎全化成酸 醋. . . . . . • The wine in Hsin-mei’s stomach turned to sour vinegar. • The considerable amount of wine Hsin-mei has had was burning inside and made him sick with jealousy.
汉语“竹节”式结构与英语 “葡萄串”式结构 • 汉语： 思维程序的先后顺 序—逐项交代 • 英语： 意义的主次—“主 语—谓语” SV框架
• 忽然想起采莲的事情来。采莲是江南的 旧俗，似乎很早就有，而以六朝为盛； 从诗歌里可以约略知道。 • Then all of a sudden, I was reminded of the custom of plucking lotus seeds, prevalent in Jiangnan, handed down from a very remote period and quite popular during the Six Dynasties, as may be seen roughly in songs and poems that survive.
Translation for Reference:
• • • • • • • • • •
睡得死沉 sleep like a _____ 对牛弹琴 to cast _____before _______ 一丘之貉 _____of a feather 象落汤鸡 as wet as a drown ____ 聋得象石头 as deaf as a ______ 象没头苍蝇 as blind as a __ 无风不起浪 no ____ without ____ 挂羊头买狗肉 cry up ___ and sell vinegar 过牛马一样的生活 live a _____’s life open and alert mind to pick up idioms, specific expressions, etc.
1) I had so worked upon my imagination as really to believe that about the whole mansion and domain there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediate vicinity— an atmosphere which had no affinity with the air of heaven, but which had reeked up from the decayed trees, and the grey wall, and the silent tarn—a pestilent and mystic vapor, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. (Edgar Allan Poe: “The Fall of the House of Usher”)
• 三、概念意义相同，语用意义不同
• （风姐）：这通身的气派竟不象老祖宗的外 孙女儿，竟是嫡亲的孙女儿似的。 • Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn’t take after your side of the family, Grannie, she is more like a Jia. • Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn’t take after her father, Grannie, she is more like a Jia.
• 他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧 张局势，必须马上停止。 • They must stop all their provocations at once, which created tensions. （因果）
• 1.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆. • 2. 他不去我也去。 • 3. 他不去我才去。 • 4. 人穷志短。 • 5. 人穷志不短。 • 6. 人有脸， 树有皮。 • 7. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
从语篇层面上说，英汉两种语言在形合 （hypotaxis）和意合（parataxis）方面的差异。
由于英汉两种语言逻辑思维的不同，英语重“形 合”，句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用显性的语 言手段来实现，主要是通过各种语法手段和词汇手段， 以表示其结构和逻辑关系。因此，英语中长句多。汉 语重“意合”，句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合少 用甚至不用形式衔接手段，主要靠句子内部的隐性逻 辑联系，注重逻辑事理的顺序以及意义和主旨上的衔 接和连贯。因此，汉语中短句多，短句间的逻辑关系 靠意义来表达，语法处于次要地位。在翻译过程中， 要牢记英汉两种语言在形合和意合上的差别，注意形 合和意合之间的转换和调整。
2. And so Franklin Roosevelt found
that he had, in effect, to recruit an entirely new and temporary government to be piled on top of the old one, the new government to get the tanks and airplanes built, the uniforms made, the men and women assembled and trained and shipped abroad, and the battles fought and won.
• .种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 • Plant melons and get melons; sow beans and get beans. As a man sows, so he shall reap.
• 2. 他不去我去。 • I’d like to go if he wouldn’t. • 3. 他不去我也去。 • I’d go there even if he wouldn’t go with me. • 4. 他不去我才去。 • I’d go there only if he
来自百度文库
译文：（ 她的）容貌那么清秀， 就像半夜里醒来时在黑暗中隐 约可见的小小的钟面，报告时 刻的钟面。它皎洁而安静，深 知时间在飞驰，深信黑暗虽然 越来越深沉，却也越来越接近 新生的太阳。（苗怀新译）
Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
1. I’ve been spared a lot, one of the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically prospering, the sort whose secrets are asked, like the hundred-year-old man.
• 7. 人有脸， 树有皮。 • The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree. • 8. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 • We will not attack unless we are attacked.
• 文化与翻译 • 一、概念意义与文化意义完全相 同。 • 丢脸 to lose face • 老手 an old hand • 灰心 to lose heart • 笑柄 a laughing stock • 浑水摸鱼
语篇层次的翻译
语篇层次的翻译——衔接
语篇（discourse）是在交际功能上相对完整 和独立的一个语言片断。为了进行有效的交 际活动，语篇应衔接（cohesion）得当，连 贯性（coherence）好。衔接手段 （cohesive device）是一种谋篇手段，是生 成语篇的重要条件之一，也是译者在翻译过 程中首先要考虑的问题，因为它直接关系到 译文的质量。衔接自然的译文读起来通顺、 流畅、连贯；缺乏衔接或衔接不当的译文晦 涩难懂，影响阅读，也影响交际功能的实现。
• to fish in troubled water • 趁热打铁 • Strike while the iron is hot. • 花钱如流水 • to spend money like water • 祸不单行 • Misfortune never comes alone.
• 二、概念意义对应，文化意义空缺。 • 胸有成竹 • to have a well-thought-out plan in one’s mind • 水中捞月 • to fish in the air
• 大海捞针 to look for a needle in a ____stack • 一箭之遥 at a ____ throw • 害群之马 a black_____ • 天长地久 as old as the hills • 守口如瓶 as dumb as an____ • 面如土色 as white as a _____ • 胆小如鼠 as timid as a ______ • 一模一样 as like as two ____ • 蠢的象猪 as stupid as a _____ • 犟的象牛 as stubborn as a _______
译文： 我如此沉湎于自己的想象， 以至于我实实在在地认为那宅院及 其周围悬浮着一种它们所特有的空 气。那种空气并非生发于天地自然， 而是生发于那些枯树残枝、灰墙暗 壁，生发于那一汪死气沉沉的湖水。 那是一种神秘而致命的雾霭，阴晦， 凝滞，朦胧，沉浊如铅。（曹明伦 译）
2)
She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a night when you waken to see the time and see the clock telling you the hour and the minute and the second, with a white silence and a glowing, all certainty and knowing what it has to tell of the night passing swiftly on toward further darkness but moving also toward a new sun. (Ray Douglas Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451)
• 汉语： 意合 parataxis • 语义关系—隐含状态 • “节”与“节”之间 形式 上呈并列关系 • 英语： 形合 hypotaxis • 语义关系—显现状态
• 这些都应该向他们去进行教 育，加以纠正，而不是简单 地去加以斥责。 • These mistakes should be corrected by educating them and not simply by dressing them down.(方式）
• 5. 人穷志短。 • When a man is poor his ambition is not far reaching. • 6. 人穷志不短。 • Though he is poor, he has high aspirations. • Poor but with lofty ideas.
汉语“竹节”式结构与英语 “葡萄串”式结构 • 汉语： 思维程序的先后顺 序—逐项交代 • 英语： 意义的主次—“主 语—谓语” SV框架
• 忽然想起采莲的事情来。采莲是江南的 旧俗，似乎很早就有，而以六朝为盛； 从诗歌里可以约略知道。 • Then all of a sudden, I was reminded of the custom of plucking lotus seeds, prevalent in Jiangnan, handed down from a very remote period and quite popular during the Six Dynasties, as may be seen roughly in songs and poems that survive.
Translation for Reference:
• • • • • • • • • •
睡得死沉 sleep like a _____ 对牛弹琴 to cast _____before _______ 一丘之貉 _____of a feather 象落汤鸡 as wet as a drown ____ 聋得象石头 as deaf as a ______ 象没头苍蝇 as blind as a __ 无风不起浪 no ____ without ____ 挂羊头买狗肉 cry up ___ and sell vinegar 过牛马一样的生活 live a _____’s life open and alert mind to pick up idioms, specific expressions, etc.
1) I had so worked upon my imagination as really to believe that about the whole mansion and domain there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediate vicinity— an atmosphere which had no affinity with the air of heaven, but which had reeked up from the decayed trees, and the grey wall, and the silent tarn—a pestilent and mystic vapor, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. (Edgar Allan Poe: “The Fall of the House of Usher”)
• 三、概念意义相同，语用意义不同
• （风姐）：这通身的气派竟不象老祖宗的外 孙女儿，竟是嫡亲的孙女儿似的。 • Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn’t take after your side of the family, Grannie, she is more like a Jia. • Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn’t take after her father, Grannie, she is more like a Jia.
• 他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧 张局势，必须马上停止。 • They must stop all their provocations at once, which created tensions. （因果）
• 1.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆. • 2. 他不去我也去。 • 3. 他不去我才去。 • 4. 人穷志短。 • 5. 人穷志不短。 • 6. 人有脸， 树有皮。 • 7. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
从语篇层面上说，英汉两种语言在形合 （hypotaxis）和意合（parataxis）方面的差异。
由于英汉两种语言逻辑思维的不同，英语重“形 合”，句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用显性的语 言手段来实现，主要是通过各种语法手段和词汇手段， 以表示其结构和逻辑关系。因此，英语中长句多。汉 语重“意合”，句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合少 用甚至不用形式衔接手段，主要靠句子内部的隐性逻 辑联系，注重逻辑事理的顺序以及意义和主旨上的衔 接和连贯。因此，汉语中短句多，短句间的逻辑关系 靠意义来表达，语法处于次要地位。在翻译过程中， 要牢记英汉两种语言在形合和意合上的差别，注意形 合和意合之间的转换和调整。
2. And so Franklin Roosevelt found
that he had, in effect, to recruit an entirely new and temporary government to be piled on top of the old one, the new government to get the tanks and airplanes built, the uniforms made, the men and women assembled and trained and shipped abroad, and the battles fought and won.
• .种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 • Plant melons and get melons; sow beans and get beans. As a man sows, so he shall reap.
• 2. 他不去我去。 • I’d like to go if he wouldn’t. • 3. 他不去我也去。 • I’d go there even if he wouldn’t go with me. • 4. 他不去我才去。 • I’d go there only if he
来自百度文库
译文：（ 她的）容貌那么清秀， 就像半夜里醒来时在黑暗中隐 约可见的小小的钟面，报告时 刻的钟面。它皎洁而安静，深 知时间在飞驰，深信黑暗虽然 越来越深沉，却也越来越接近 新生的太阳。（苗怀新译）
Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
1. I’ve been spared a lot, one of the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically prospering, the sort whose secrets are asked, like the hundred-year-old man.
• 7. 人有脸， 树有皮。 • The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree. • 8. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 • We will not attack unless we are attacked.
• 文化与翻译 • 一、概念意义与文化意义完全相 同。 • 丢脸 to lose face • 老手 an old hand • 灰心 to lose heart • 笑柄 a laughing stock • 浑水摸鱼
语篇层次的翻译
语篇层次的翻译——衔接
语篇（discourse）是在交际功能上相对完整 和独立的一个语言片断。为了进行有效的交 际活动，语篇应衔接（cohesion）得当，连 贯性（coherence）好。衔接手段 （cohesive device）是一种谋篇手段，是生 成语篇的重要条件之一，也是译者在翻译过 程中首先要考虑的问题，因为它直接关系到 译文的质量。衔接自然的译文读起来通顺、 流畅、连贯；缺乏衔接或衔接不当的译文晦 涩难懂，影响阅读，也影响交际功能的实现。
• to fish in troubled water • 趁热打铁 • Strike while the iron is hot. • 花钱如流水 • to spend money like water • 祸不单行 • Misfortune never comes alone.
• 二、概念意义对应，文化意义空缺。 • 胸有成竹 • to have a well-thought-out plan in one’s mind • 水中捞月 • to fish in the air
• 大海捞针 to look for a needle in a ____stack • 一箭之遥 at a ____ throw • 害群之马 a black_____ • 天长地久 as old as the hills • 守口如瓶 as dumb as an____ • 面如土色 as white as a _____ • 胆小如鼠 as timid as a ______ • 一模一样 as like as two ____ • 蠢的象猪 as stupid as a _____ • 犟的象牛 as stubborn as a _______
译文： 我如此沉湎于自己的想象， 以至于我实实在在地认为那宅院及 其周围悬浮着一种它们所特有的空 气。那种空气并非生发于天地自然， 而是生发于那些枯树残枝、灰墙暗 壁，生发于那一汪死气沉沉的湖水。 那是一种神秘而致命的雾霭，阴晦， 凝滞，朦胧，沉浊如铅。（曹明伦 译）
2)
She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a night when you waken to see the time and see the clock telling you the hour and the minute and the second, with a white silence and a glowing, all certainty and knowing what it has to tell of the night passing swiftly on toward further darkness but moving also toward a new sun. (Ray Douglas Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451)
• 汉语： 意合 parataxis • 语义关系—隐含状态 • “节”与“节”之间 形式 上呈并列关系 • 英语： 形合 hypotaxis • 语义关系—显现状态
• 这些都应该向他们去进行教 育，加以纠正，而不是简单 地去加以斥责。 • These mistakes should be corrected by educating them and not simply by dressing them down.(方式）
• 5. 人穷志短。 • When a man is poor his ambition is not far reaching. • 6. 人穷志不短。 • Though he is poor, he has high aspirations. • Poor but with lofty ideas.