中文译本 AS4684-2009
基于语料库的《简·爱》四种汉译本研究
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Detection-of-QTLs-with-Additive-Effects
Agricultural Sciences in China 2009, 8(9): 1039-1045September 2009© 2009, CAAS. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Detection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL ×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation Value Using a Doubled Haploid Population in Cultivated WheatZHAO Liang, LIU Bin, ZHANG Kun-pu, TIAN Ji-chun and DENG Zhi-yingState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Group of Quality Wheat Breeding, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, P.R.ChinaAbstractIn order to understand the genetic basis for Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV) of wheat, a doubled haploid (DH) population Huapei 3×Yumai 57 (Yumai 57 is superior to Huapei 3 for ZSV), and a linkage map consisting of 323 marker loci were used to search QTLs for ZSV. This program was based on mixed linear models and allowed simultaneous mapping of additive effect QTLs, epistatic QTLs, and QTL×environment interactions (QEs). The DH population and the parents were evaluated for ZSV in three field trials. Mapping analysis produced a total of 8 QTLs and 2 QEs for ZSV with a single QTL explaining 0.64-14.39% of phenotypic variations. Four additive QTLs, 4 pairs of epistatic QTLs, and two QEs collectively explained 46.11% of the phenotypic variation (PVE). This study provided a precise location of ZSV gene within the Xwmc 93 and GluD1 interval, which was designated as Qzsv-1D. The information obtained in this study should be useful for manipulating the QTLs for ZSV by marker assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding programs.Key words: doubled haploid population, Zeleny sedimentation value, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)INTRODUCTIONThe Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV) has been provento be useful in wheat breeding programs for the esti-mation of wheat eating and cooking quality (Mesdag1964; Kne et al. 1993; Liu et al. 2003; He et al.2004; Zhang et al. 2005; Özberk et al. 2006; Ozturket al. 2008). There is a positive correlation betweensedimentation volume and gluten strength or loaf volume.The ZSV method is often used as a screening test inwheat breeding. Mesdag (1964) showed that the valueof ZSV is a measure for the quantity and quality of thegluten. Because the baking value of wheat flour is largelydetermined by these components, the ZSV is also con-sidered as a useful predictor for the baking value. LiuReceived 3 December, 2008 Accepted 9 April, 2009Correspondence TIAN Ji-chun, Professor, Tel/Fax: +86-538-8242040, E-mail: jctian9666@et al. (2003) detected that the associations betweenZSV and DWCN’s (dry white Chinese noodle) appear-ance and taste also fit quadratic regression modelsignificantly. The gluten quality-related parameter ofsedimentation value was significantly associated withpan bread quality score (He et al. 2004). Özberk et al.(2006) found that the only quality analyses showingsignificant correlations with market price were Zelenysedimentation value and hectolitre weights (kg hL-1).Ozturk et al. (2008) reported that the cookie diametergave highly significant correlations with ZSV.The advent and utilization of molecular markers hasprovided powerful tools for elucidating the genetic ba-sis of quantitatively inherited traits. However, only afew studies have reported genetic loci that influenceZSV in wheat (Rousset et al. 2001; Kunert et al. 2007;1040ZHAO Liang et al.Sun et al. 2008). Rousset et al. (2001) reported that one strong QTL for ZSV was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 1A around Glu-A1. A distally located QTL for ZSV was mapped on chromosome arm 1BS, centered on the Gli-B1/Glu-B3 region. And a major QTL for ZSV, clearly corresponding to the Glu-D1 locus, was detected on chromosome arm 1DL. Kunert et al. (2007) found four putative QTLs for ZSV. Sun et al. (2008) identified three QTLs for ZSV in a F14 RIL derived from the cross between Chuan 35050 and Shannong 483.Additive effect QTLs were first identified and epi-static interactions among these additive effect QTLs were then estimated (Zanetti et al. 2001). However, this approach usually leaves out many QTLs that may have no additive effects but influence the trait only through epistatic interactions or QTL×environment in-teractions (QEs) (Ma et al. 2005, 2007; Rebetzke et al. 2007). Additive effect QTLs, epistatic QTLs, and QEs were detected using two-locus analyses in both the populations (Kulwal et al. 2005). Sometimes QTLs involved in such interactions contribute substantially to the total variation of a quantitative trait, and therefore should not be ignored. Further experimentation is needed to clarify whether the traits are also affected by epistatic and environment, and to dissect the genotype ×environment interaction effects at the molecular level. In this study, QTLs for ZSV were investigated based on the mixed linear model in a DH population across environments. The objective of this study was to com-prehensively characterize the genetic basis for ZSV of wheat in order to facilitate the future breeding of high-quality wheat varieties.MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterialsA population of 168 DH lines was produced from the cross between two Chinese wheat cultivars Huapei 3 (Hp3)/Yumai 57 (Ym57) and was used for the con-struction of a linkage map. The DH population and parents were kindly provided by Professor Yanhai, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China. Hp3 and Ym57 were registered by Henan Prov-ince of China in 2006 (Hai and Kang 2007) and by the state (China) in 2003 (Guo et al. 2004), respectively. The parents, planted over a large area in the Huang-Huai wheat region in China, differ in several agronomi-cally important traits as well as baking quality traits (Guo et al. 2004; Hai and Kang 2007).The field trials were conducted in three environments, at Tai’an (36.18°N, 117.13°E), Shandong Province, China, in 2005 and 2006, and at Suzhou (31.32°N, 120.62°E), Anhui Province, China, in 2006. The ex-perimental design followed a completely randomized block design with two replications at each location. In autumn 2005, all lines and parental lines were grown in 2 m long by three-row plots (25 cm apart); in autumn 2006, the lines were grown in 2 m long by four-row plots (25 cm apart). Suzhou and Tai’an differ in cli-mate and soil conditions. In Tai’an, there were differ-ences in temperature and soil conditions between the years 2005 and 2006. During the growing season, man-agement was in accordance with the local practice. The lines were harvested individually at maturity to prevent yield loss from over-ripening. Harvested grain samples were cleaned prior to conditioning and flour milling was performed in a mill (Quadrumat Senior, Brabender, Germany) to flour extraction rates of around 70%. Prior to milling, the hard, medium hard (mixtures of hard and soft wheat) and soft wheats were tempered to around 14, 15, and 16% moisture contents, respectively.Measurements of ZSVZeleny sedimentation volume was determined using AACC method 56-61A.Construction of the genetic linkage mapA genetic linkage map of DH population with 323 markers, including 284 SSR, 37 ESTs loci, 1 ISSR loci and 1 HMW-GS loci, was constructed. This linkage map covered a total length of 2485.7 cM with an aver-age distance of 7.67 cM between adjacent markers. Thirteen markers remained unlinked. These markers formed 24 linkage groups at LOD 4.0. The chromo-somal locations and the orders of the markers in the map were in accordance with the one reported for Triti-cum aestivum L. (Somers et al. 2004). The recom-mended map distance for genome wide QTL scanningDetection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation1041 was an interval length less than 10 cM (Doerge 2002).Thus the map was suitable for genome-wide QTL scan-ning in this study.Statistical analysisAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out usingSPSS ver. 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, USA). QTLs withadditive effects and epistatic effects as well as QEs inthe DH population were mapped by the softwareQTLNetwork ver. 2.0 (Yang and Zhu 2005) based on amixed linear model (Wang et al. 1999). Composite in-terval analysis was undertaken using forward-backwardstepwise multiple linear regression with a probabilityinto and out of the model of 0.05 and window size setat 10 cM. Significant thresholds for QTL detectionwere calculated for each data set using 1000 permuta-tions and a genome-wide error rate of 0.10 (suggestive)and 0.05 (significant). The final genetic model incor-porated significant additive effects and epistatic effectsas well as their environmental interactions.RESULTSPhenotypic variation for DH lines and parentsAs is shown in Fig.1, ZSV of Ym57 showed highervalues than ZSV of Hp3; the means of the ZSV fellbetween the two parent’s values. It expressed the ex-istence of the large transgressive segregation. ZSV seg-regated continuously and approximately fit normal dis-tributions with absolute values of both skewness andkurtosis less than 1.0, indicating that this trait was suit-able for QTL mapping.QTLs with additive effects and additive×environment (AE) interactionsFour QTLs with significant additive effects were iden-tified on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 5A, and 5D (Table 1and Fig.2). These QTLs explained from 2.66 to14.39% of the phenotypic variance. The Qzsv-1B had the most significant effect, accounting for 14.39% of the phenotypic variance. The Ym57 alleles at three loci, Qzsv-1B,Qzsv-1D, and Qzsv-5D, increased Fig. 1 Frequency distributions of ZSV in 168 DH lines derived from a cross of Hp3×Ym57 evaluated at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons. The means of trait values for the DH lines and both parents are indicated by arrows. Several statistics for the traits in the DH lines are shown on the right of each plot.Zeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2006 in SuzhouZeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2006 in Tai’anZeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2005 in Tai’anMean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.153 252015105No.ofDHlinesDH linesYm57Hp315.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.00DH linesYm57Hp320.0030.0040.0050.0060.00252015105No.ofDHlines30DH linesYm57Hp320.0030.0040.002015105No.ofDHlinesMean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.153Mean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.1531042ZHAO Liang et al.Table 1 Estimated additive effects and additive ×environment (AE) interactions of QTLs for ZSV at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasonsQTL Flanking-marker 1)Position (cM)2)F -value P A 3)H 2 (A, %)4)AE 1H 2 (AE 1, %)5)AE 2H 2 (AE 2, %)AE 3H 2 (AE 3, %)Qzsv -1B Xwmc412.2-Xcfe023.236.425.220.000-2.5214.39------Qzsv -1D Xwmc93-GluD161.915.910.000-1.988.93------Qzsv -5A Xbarc358.2-Xgwm18638.18.100.000 1.08 2.66------Qzsv -5DXcfd101-Xbarc32060.612.690.000-1.203.25---1.042.44--1)Flanking marker, the interval of F peak value for QTL. The same as below.2)Position, the location of F peak value for QTL in “Flanking marker”. The same as below.3)Additive effects, a positive value indicates that the allele from Hp3 increased ZSV, a negative value indicates that the allele from Ym57 increased ZSV.4)H 2(A, %) indicates the contribution explained by putative additive QTL.5)H 2(AE 1, %) indicates the contribution explained by additive QTL ×environment 1 interaction. E 1, Tai’an 2005; E 2, Tai’an 2006; E 3, Suzhou 2006.Fig. 2 A genetic linkage map of wheat showing mapping QTLs with additive effects, epistatic effects, AE, and AAE for ZSV.1A 1B 1D 2A 3A5A 5D 7A 7DLocus involved in AELocus involved in additive effects Locus involved in epistasisLocus involved in AAEDetection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL ×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation 1043ZSV by 2.52, 1.98, and 1.20 mL, respectively, owing to additive effects. The Hp3 allele increased ZSV at the Qzsv -5A by 1.08 mL, accounting for 2.66% of the phe-notypic variance. This suggested that alleles, which increased ZSV, were dispersed within the two parents,resulting in small differences of phenotypic values be-tween the parents and transgressive segregants among the DH population. The total additive QTLs detected for ZSV accounted for 29.23% of the phenotypic variance.One additive effect was involved in AE interactions (Table 1 and Fig.2). The Ym57 alleles at one locus,Qzsv -5D , increased the ZSV by 1.04 mL with corre-spondingly contributing 2.44% of the phenotypic variance.QTLs with epistasis effects and epistasis ×environment (AAE) interactionsFour pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified for ZSV,and were located on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3A, 7A and 7D (Table 2 and Fig.2). These QTLs had correspond-ing contributions ranging from 0.64 to 6.79%. One pair of epistasis, occurring between the loci Qzsv -2A /Qzsv -7A , had the largest effect, which contributed ZSV of 1.73 mL and accounted for 6.79% of the phenotypic variance. The four pairs of epistatic QTLs explained 12.11% of the phenotypic variance. All the epistatic effects were non-main-effect QTLs.One pair of epistatic QTL was detected in AAE in-teractions for ZSV (Table 2 and Fig.2). The AAE ef-fects explained 2.33% of the phenotypic variance and this QTL, Qzsv3A.2/Qzsv7D.1, increased ZSV by 1.01mL owing to AAE effects, simultaneously the positive value means that the parent-type effect is greater than the recombinant-type effect.DISCUSSIONEpistatic effects and QTL ×environment interactions were important genetic basis for ZSV in wheatEpistasis, as an important genetic basis for complex traits, has been well demonstrated in recent QTL map-ping studies (Cao et al . 2001; Fan et al . 2005; Ma et al .2005, 2007). Ma et al . (2005) provided a strong evi-dence for the presence of epistatic effects on dough rheological properties in a wheat DH population. In the present study, four pairs of QTLs with epistatic ef-fects were detected for ZSV in three environments (Table 2 and Fig.2). The four pairs of epistatic QTLs explained 12.11% of the phenotypic variance.ZSV was predominantly influenced by the effects of genotype (Zhang et al . 2004, 2005), and in the present study, only one AE interaction and one AAE interaction were found. It is suggested that QTL ×environment interactions just play a minor role, but QTL ×environment interactions should not be ignored.ZSV and subunits of high molecular weight gluteninsSubunits of high molecular weight glutenins strongly influence wheat bread making quality. This study pro-vided a precise location of ZSV gene within the Xwmc 93 and GluD1 interval, which was designated Qzsv -1D and was located in the central region of a 2 cM interval.Also Rousset et al . (2001) detected a major QTL for sedimentation volume on 1DL, clearly corresponding to the Glu -D1 locus. Kunert et al . (2007) found that the SSR marker Xgwm642 on 1DL identified a QTLTable 2 Estimated epistatic effects and epistasis ×environment (AAE) interactions of QTLs for ZSV at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasonsPosition Position H 2H 2H 2H 2(cM)(cM)(AA, %)2)(AAE 1, %)3)(AAE 2, %)(AAE 3, %)Qzsv -1A Xwmc278-Xbarc120.156.3Qzsv -3A.1Xbarc1177-Xbarc276.2196.3-0.94 1.99------Qzsv -2A Xgwm636-Xcfe6729.1Qzsv -7A Xbarc259-Xwmc59653.7-1.73 6.79------Qzsv -3A.2Xcfa2193-Xgwm155152.7Qzsv -7D.1Xcfd175-Xwmc14181.5-1.09 2.69 1.01 2.33----Qzsv -3A.2Xcfa2193-Xgwm155152.7Qzsv -7D.2Xgdm67-Xwmc634161.5-0.530.64------1)The epistatic effect. A positive value means that the parent-type effect is greater than the recombinant-type effect, and the negative value means that the parent-type effect is less than the recombinant-type effect.2)H 2 (AA, %) indicates the contribution explained by putative epistatic QTL.3)H 2 (AAE 1, %) indicates the contribution explained by epistatic QTL ×environment 1 interaction. E 1, Tai’an 2005; E 2, Tai’an 2006; E 3, Suzhou 2006.QTL Flanking-marker QTL Flanking-markerAA 1)AAE 1AAE 2AAE 31044ZHAO Liang et al. for ZSV. The position indicates an influence of theGlu-D1 locus. And a major QTL, clearly correspond-ing to the Glu-D1 locus, was detected on chromosomearm 1DL. Correlation coefficient between Glu-1 scoreand sedimentation values was significant (r=0.553).There were significant correlations between sedimen-tation values and Glu-lAa,Glu-1Ac,Glu-Ba, and Glu-1Bcalleles, respectively (Kne et al. 1993). Thesedimentation values showed statistically significantassociations with the status of the Glu-A1 locus(Witkowski et al. 2008).In this study, the Qzsv-1D increased ZSV by 1.98mL, correspondingly contributing 8.93% of the pheno-typic variance. Barro et al. (2003) found that HMW-GS 1Ax1 increased the sedimentation value. In contrast,HMW-GS 1Dx5 drastically decreased in sedimentationvalue.In summary, four additive QTLs, four pairs of epi-static QTLs, and two QEs were detected for ZSV in168 DH lines derived from a cross Hp3×Ym57. Onemajor QTL,Qzsv-1B, was closely linked to Xwmc412.20.2cM and could account for 14.39% of the phenotypicvariation without any influence from the environment.Therefore, the Qzsv-1B could be used in MAS in wheatbreeding programs. The results showed that both ad-ditive and epistatic effects were important as a geneticbasis for ZSV, and were also sometimes subject to en-vironmental modifications.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Basic Re-search Program of China (2009CB118301), the NationalHigh-Tech Research and Development (863) Programof China (2006AA100101 and 2006AA10Z1E9), andthe Doctor Foundation of Shandong AgriculturalUniversity, China (23023). Thanks Prof. Chuck Walker,University of Kansas State University, USA, for hiskindly constructive advice on the language editing ofthe manuscript.ReferencesBarro F, Barceló P, Lazzeri P A, Shewry P R, Ballesteros J,Martín A. 2003. Functional properties of flours from fieldgrown transgenic wheat lines expressing the HMW gluteninsubunit 1Ax1 and 1Dx5 genes. Molecular Breeding,12,223-229.Cao G, Zhu J, He C, Gao Y, Yan J, Wu P. 2001. 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Theoretical and Applied Genetics,99, 1255-1264.Witkowski E, Waga J, Witkowska K, Rapacz M, Gut M, Bielawska A, Luber H, Lukaszewski A J. 2008. Association between frost tolerance and the alleles of high molecular weight glutenin subunits present in Polish winter wheats. Euphytica, 159,377-384.Yang J, Zhu J. 2005. Methods for predicting superior genotypes in multiple environments based on QTL effects. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,110, 1268-1274.Zanetti S, Winzeler M, Feuillet C, Keller B, Messmer M. 2001.Genetic analysis of bread-making quality in wheat and spelt.Plant Breeding,120, 13-19.Zhang Y, He Z H, Guo Y Y, Zhang A M, Maarten V G.2004.Effect of environment and genotype on bread-making quality of spring-sown spring wheat cultivars in China. Euphytica, 139, 75-83.Zhang Y, Zhang Y, He Z H, Ye G Y. 2005. Milling quality and protein properties of autumn-sown Chinese wheats evaluated through multi-location trials. Euphytica,143,209-222.(Edited by ZHANG Yi-min)。
EN12184中文版本
NEN-EN12184：2009欧洲标准2009年9月ICS 11.180 10 取代EN12184：2006 电动轮椅、小型摩托车及其充电器-要求和试验方法本欧洲标准由欧洲标准化委员会于2009年8月27日批准。
CEN成员必须遵守CEN/CENELEC内部规则，其规定在国家标准没有任何变动的情况下制定出此欧洲标准。
最新的列表和有关这些国家标准的参考书目可向CEN管理中心或者任何CEN 成员申请获得。
这项欧洲标准有三种官方版本（英语版，法语版，德语版）。
由CEN成员翻译的并通知到CEN 管理中心的其他任何语言版本具有与官方版本同样的地位。
CEN成员是奥地利，比利时、保加利亚、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国,丹麦,爱沙尼亚,芬兰,法国,德国,希腊,匈牙利,冰岛,爱尔兰,意大利,拉脱维亚、立陶宛,卢森堡、马尔他、荷兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚,斯洛伐克,斯洛文尼亚,西班牙,瑞典,瑞士和英国的国家标准的主体。
管理中心：马尼克斯大街17号，B-1000 布鲁塞尔CEN国家成员保留任何形式、任何方式的开发权。
参考号：EN 12184:2009：E目录页数前言---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5介绍---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61.范围----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72.引用标准----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73.术语及定义-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94.试验装置--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------95.种类级别--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------106.总体要求-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------107.设计要求-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------117.1脚支架，下肢支架和臂支架-----------------------------------------------------------------117.2充气轮胎---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------117.3安装前骨盆支架-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------117.4在机动车中用作座椅的轮椅-------------------------------------------------------------------117.5刹车系统---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127.6飞轮装置---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127.7组件质量---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127.8电池外壳和电池盒--------------------------------------------------------------------------------127.9由乘员或者助手实行的操作-------------------------------------------------------------------137.10乘员操作的控制器-------------------------------------------------------------------------------137.11辅助控制组件，推手和手柄-------------------------------------------------------------------147.12充电连接器------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------148.性能要求-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------148.1总则-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------148.2脚支架，下肢支撑组件和臂支架---------------------------------------------------------------148.21要求-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------148.22测试-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------158.3静态，冲击和疲劳强度-----------------------------------------------------------------------------15 8.3.1要求-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 8.3.2测试-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 8.4刹车系统-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 8.4.1总体要求-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 8.4.2测试------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 8.5操作力------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 8.5.1要求--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 8.5.2测试----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19 8.6辅助控制组件，推手和手柄---------------------------------------------------------------------------19 8.6.1要求----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19 8.6.2测试----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 8.7充电连接器---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 8.7.1要求-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------208.8驱动特性性能------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 8.8.1总体-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 8..8.2攀爬最高安全斜坡的能力-----------------------------------------------------------------------------20 8.8.3地面不平坦性----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 8.8.4最大下坡速度----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 8.8.5动态稳定性-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 8.8.6越障-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 8.8.7静态稳定性-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 8.8.8最大速度-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 8.8.9距离范围-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 8.9表面温度--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 8.10耐燃性----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 8.10.1软垫复合部件----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 8.10.2发泡材料----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 8.10.3其他部件----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 8.11气候试验---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 8.12倾斜系统座椅调整--------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 8.12.1要求------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------248.12.2测试方法------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------249.电气要求------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 9.1总体要求---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 9.2控制器开关要求------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 9.3电源指示灯要求------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 9.4电路保护要求---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 9.5电池充电器要求------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 9.6充电指示器------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 10制造商提供的信息要求----------------------------------------------------------------------------26 10.1总则--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 10.2售前信息--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 10.3用户信息--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 10.4服务信息--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2810.5标签--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2811.测试报告-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2812 表格-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 13图表------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32 附录A(信息性的)质量超过100KG的测试假人的建议------------------------------------------36 A.1总则-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 A.2结构-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 A.3加速器安装--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 A.4设计目的-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37 附录B(信息性的)电动轮椅尺寸和操作空间的建议-----------------------------------------------45 B.1具体尺寸-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 B.1.1准备使用时的尺寸--------------------------------------------------------------------------------45B.1.3离地间隙--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 B.2操作空间--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 B.2.1转向直径-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 B2.2换向宽度------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 B.3速度设置-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 附录C（信息性的）推荐设计特点----------------------------------------------------------------------47C.1引言-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 C.2总体建议-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 C.2.1防倾斜装置--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 C.2.2组件质量-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 C.2.3配件和工具--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 C.2.4轮胎-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 C.2.5轮胎充气方法-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 C.2.6表面温度--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -47 C.2.7乘员坐入或者离开轮椅------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----48 C.2.8耐尿失禁污染-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48 C.2.9最大安全斜坡指示-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------48 C.2.10镜子---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48 C.2.11头部支撑----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48 C.2.12意外释放刹车制动器和飞轮装置---------------------------------------------------------------48 C.3性能特征建议-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 C.3.1电气故障的指示--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 C.3.2电池和电池盒-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 C.3.3照明-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 C.3.4控制机能反馈-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 C.3.5飞轮报警-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 C.3.6最大速度-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 附录D（信息性的)推荐的座椅设计---------------------------------------------------------------------50 附录E(信息性的)操作力-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 E.1建议--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 E.1.1推手力--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 E.1.2轮圈力--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 E.2轮圈电助力轮椅的操作测试-------------------------------------------------------------------------51 附录F（信息性的）相对于原先版本EN12184的技术改变--------------------------------------52 F.1第一版本（1999）与第二版本（2006）的技术改变------------------------------------------52 F.2相对于第二版本（2006）的技术改变-------------------------------------------------------------53 附录ZA(信息性的)此欧洲标准与1993年6月14日颁布的关于医疗设备的理事会指令93/42/EEC中的基本要求的之间的关系。
AS4684-09 儿童高脚椅-安全要求 中文版 澳大利亚标准
澳大利亚标准Australian StandardAS4684-2009高脚椅－安全要求High chairs —Safety requirement2009-11-17译制（Translated）2009-11-20印发（Issued）前言本标准为AS4684-2009版《高脚椅－安全要求》，供我公司研发设计、产品工程、质量工程和测试人员使用。
我们在翻译本标准的过程中，忠实原著，以直译为主，为了更确切的表达原文意思，采用了少量意译，并注意尽可能使语言和技术规范明了。
在技术术语上兼用了少量我公司的习惯用语，不妥之处敬请指正。
译文如与原文有不一致的地方，以原文为主。
目录1. 范围2. 参考文件3. 定义4. 高脚椅符合性5. 某些元素的迁移6. 安全束缚系统对乘坐者的保持力7. 稳定性8. 脚轮或滑轮9. 包装和信息标签10 标示附录A 胯带位置的测试B 束缚系统的束缚强度和附着强度测定C 稳定性测试1 范围本标准定义了独立式高脚椅的安全要求。
其中包括设计、结构、性能、标签和标示要求。
本标准适用于可转换成矮脚椅和斜躺椅的高脚椅。
当高脚椅转换成其它附加功能则不在本标准涵盖范围内。
2 参考文件以下标准供本AS/NZS ISO8124 玩具安全8124.3 每三部分：某种元素的迁移ISO 9221 家具－儿童高脚椅9221-1 第一部分：安全要求9221-2 每二部分：测试方法ASTM F404 高脚椅标准消费者规范EN 14988 儿童高脚椅14988-1 第一部分：安全要求14988-2 第二部分：测试方法3. 定义下述定义适用于本标准。
3.1 快速释放机构要求往一个方向施力来释放的保护装置。
3.2 结构失效阻碍操作、影响本标准要求或相应零部件适用标准中要求的明显破损或失效。
那些那些适用标准可以是第 4 节所提及的ISO,EN 或ASTM 标准。
4 高脚椅符合性除了第5, 6, 7, 8, 9 和10节，高脚椅应至少符合以下其中一个标准：(a) ISO 9221, 第1部分和第2部分.(b) ASTM F404.(c) EN 14988, 第1部分和第2部分.万一以上其中任一标准的要求与本标准的要求有冲突，则应确保完全符合本标准内所有要求。
华先发英汉翻译教程第四章
拟声词的翻译
• • • • • • • • A tiger growls. 虎啸 a dog barks 犬吠 A lion roars 狮吼 A wolf howls 狼嚎 A horse neighs. 马嘶 A monkey screeches. 猿啼 An ass brays. 驴叫 A deer bleats. 鹿鸣
拟声词的翻译
• 1）英汉拟声词比较 • A. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用相同的拟声 词来表达； • B. 同一声音在英语中和汉语中用不同的拟 声词来表达 • C. 不同的声音用同一拟声词来表达，这种 情况在英语和汉语中都很普遍
拟声词的翻译
• （1）大多数英文拟声词都可译为汉语相应的拟声 词，有的译为独词句，有的则译为动词或者词的 辅助成分。 • Crack ! The stick broke into two. • Only the ventilator in the cellar window kept up a ceaseless rattle. • Round the corner of Crescent Bay, between the piled-up masses of broken rock, a flock of sheep came pattering.
颜色词的翻译
• A mark was on him from the day's delight, so that all his life, when April was a thin green and the flavor of rain was on his tongue, an old wound would throb and a nostalgia would fill him for something he could not quite remember. (Rawlings 2001:13)
Get格雅Unit6AFrenchFourth课文翻译综合教程四
Unit-6-A-French-Fourth课文翻译综合教程四Unit 6A French FourthCharles Trueheart1Along about this time every year, as Independence Day approaches, I pull an old American flag out of a bottom drawer where it is folded away －folded in a square, I admit, not the regulation triangle. I’ve had ita long time and have always flown itoutside on July 4. Here in Paris it hangs from a fourth-floor balcony visible from the street. I’ve never seen anyone look up, but in my mind’s eye an American tourist may notice it and smile, and a French passerby may be reminded of the date and the occasion that prompt its appearance. I hope so.2For my expatriated family, too, the flag is meaningful, in part because we don’t do anything else tocelebrate the Fourth. People don’t have barbecues in Paris apartments, and most other Americans I know who have settled here suppress such outward signs of their heritage －or they go back home for the summer to refuel.3Our children think the flag-hanging is a cool thing, and I like it because it gives us a few moments of family Q&A about our citizenship.My wife and I have been away from the United States for nine years, and our children are eleven and nine, so American history is mostly something they have learned －or haven’t learn ed －from their parents. July 4 is one of the times when the American in me feels a twinge of unease about the great lacunae in our children’s understanding of who they are and isprompted to try to fill the gaps. It’s also a time, one among many, when my thoughts turn more generally to the costs and benefits of raising children in a foreign culture.4Louise and Henry speak French fluently; they are taught in French at school, and most of their friends are French. They move from language to language, seldom mixing them up, without effort or even awareness.This is a wonderful thing, of course.And our physical separation from our native land is not much of an issue.My wife and I are grateful every day for all that our children are not exposed to. American school shootings are a good object lesson for our children in the follies of the society we hold at a distance.5Naturally, we also want to remind them of reasons to take pridein being American and to try to convey to them what that means. It isa difficult thing to do from afar, andthe distance seems more than just a matter of miles. I sometimes think that the stories we tell them must seem like Aesop’s (or La Fontaine’s) fables, myths with no fixed place in space or time. Still, connections can be made, lessons learned.6Last summer we spent a week with my brother and his family, who live in Concord, Massachusetts, and we took the children to the North Bridge to give them a glimpse of the American Revolution. We happened to run across a reenactment of the skirmish that launched the war, with everyone dressed up in three-cornered hats and cotton bonnets. This probably only confirmed to our goggle-eyed kids themake-believe quality of American history.7Six months later, when we were recalling the experience at the family dinner table here, I asked Louise what the Revolution had been about.She thought that it had something to do with the man who rode his horse from town to town. “Ah〞, I said, satisfaction swelling in my breast, “and what was that man’s name?〞“Gulliver?〞Louise replied. Henry, for his part, knew that the Revolution was between the British and the Americans, and thought that it was probably about slavery.8As we pursued this conversation, though, we learned what the children knew instead. Louise told us that the French Revolution came at the end of the Enlightenment, when people learned a lot of ideas, and one wasthat they didn’t need kings to tell them what to think or do. On another occasion, when Henry asked what makes a person a “junior〞or a “II〞or a “III〞, Louise helped me answer by bringing up kings like Louis Quatorze and Quinze and Seize;Henry riposted with Henry VIII.9I can’t say I worry much about our children’s European frame of reference. There will be plenty of time for them to learn America’s pitifully brief history and to find out who Thomas Jefferson and Franklin Roosevelt were. Already they know a great deal more than I would have wished about Bill Clinton.10If all of this resonates with me, it may be because my family moved to Paris in 1954, when I was three, and I was enrolled in French schools for most of my grade-school years. Idon’t remember much instruction in American studies at school or at home. I do remember that my mother took me out of school one afternoon to see the movie Oklahoma! I can recall what a faraway place it seemed: all that sunshine and square dancing and surreys with fringe on top. The sinister Jud Fry personified evil for quite some time afterward. Cowboys and Indians were an American clichéthat had already reached Paris through the movies, and I asked a grandparent to send me a Davy Crockett hat so that I could live out that fairy tale against the backdrop of gray postwar Montparnasse.11Although my children are living in the same place at roughly the same time in their lives, their experience as expatriates is very different from mine. The particular narratives ofAmerican history aside, American culture is not theirs alone but that of their French classmates, too. The music they listen to is either “American〞or “European,〞but it is often hard to tell the difference. In my day little French kids looked like nothing other than little French kids;but Louise and Henry and their classmates dress much as their peers in the United States do, though with perhaps less Lands’ End fleeciness.When I returned to visit the United States in the 1950s, it was a five-day ocean crossing for a month’s home leave every two years; now we fly over for a week or two, although not very often. Virtually every imaginable product available to my children’s American cousins is now obtainable here.12If time and globalization havemade France much more like the United States than it was in my youth, then I can conclude a couple of things.On the one hand, our children are confronting a much less jarring cultural divide than I did, and they have more access to their native culture. Re-entry, when it comes, is likely to be smoother. On the other hand, they are less than fully immersed in a truly foreign world.That experience no longer seems possible in Western countries － a sad development, in my view.在法国庆祝美国独立日查尔斯·特鲁哈特1 每年差不多到了独立日日益临近的时候，我都会把一面折叠好的旧的美国国旗从底层抽屉里取出——我成认我折叠国旗不是官方规定的三角形，而是正方形。
中译日最新发布词汇之二、三【原文】修正案
中文日文译词1 世博国際博覧会、万国博覧会、万博、エキスポ（EXPO）2 世博园区万博会場3 （世博）展馆、（世博）馆单独使用时，用「パビリオン」，等于「展示館」；具体馆名，则采用「館」，如「日本館」。
4 （世博）展区展示ゾーン5 （世博）国家馆日ナショナルデー6 （世博）荣誉日スペシャルデー7 互动视具体情况灵活翻译。
单独作名词使用时译为「双方向コミュニケーション，后面接名词时可译为「インタラクティブ＋名詞」，如作动词使用时译为「交流（する）」8 低碳低炭素、ローカーボン9 碳交易平台炭素取引プラットホーム10 碳汇炭素クレジット、カーボンクレジット気候変動枠組（み）条約第三回締約国会議 (COP3)11 防止地球温室化京都会议（气候变动框架条约第三次缔约国会议 COP3）12 减排潜力排出削減のポテンシャル13 植被的变化植生の変化14 保障性住房保障性住宅（可以加注释）15 自住性住房自己居住用住宅16 商品房商品化住宅、分譲住宅17 蜗居ウサギ小屋18 穿越剧タイムトラベル19 淘掘り出し物を見つける20 亮点目玉、ハイライト、見所21 愿景ビジョン22 内退（提前退休）希望退職23 借读费越境入学手続き料24 菜篮子工程野菜かごプロジェクト25 看病难，看病贵受診難、高額医療費26 家电、汽车摩托车下乡政策「家電下郷」政策、家電購入補助政策27 家电、汽车以旧换新政策買換支援政策28 行政事业性收费行政管理・サービス関連費用・料金徴収29 砖窑レンガ焼成窯30 自备发电自家発電31 坑口发电山元発電32 创业板創業ボード、創業板、新興企業向け市場33 国际板国際板、海外企業向け市場34 翘尾因素タイムラグ要因35 国进民退国有企業が壮大し、民間企業が萎縮する36 企稳向好安定回復に向かう37 基本面ファンダメンタルズ38 对口支援パートナーシップ39 两高一资高エネルギー消費、高汚染物質排出、資源多消費40 软着陆ソフトランディング（軟着陸）41 土地收入土地使用権譲渡収入42 小金库裏金（口语）、私設口座（书面语）、帳簿外資金43 高企高騰44 中央高校国立大学45 动漫アニメ（漫画书）46 漫画书漫画（コミック）47 （网络）视频動画48 短片ピーアルVTR、ショートフィルム49 训练有素（軍事分野）ハイレベル50 规范（动词）規範化する・規範化させる51 统筹調達（社会調達）・総合的に配慮する（统筹国际国内市场）52 （加大对中日关系的）投入取り組み・取り組む（中日関係への取り組み・中日関係に対する取り組み）53 针对性ケースバイケース・対応性を高める・要所を突いている54 月嫂産褥ヘルパー55 穷忙族ワーキングプア56 乐活ロハス57 垃圾食品ジャンクフード58 强项強み59 不先发制人先制不使用60 症候群シンドローム61 软硬兼施的手法硬軟とりまぜた手法62 反洗钱法マネーロンダリング（資金洗浄）防止法63 （货币）汇率操纵国（通貨）為替操作国64 弹性柔軟性65 上游和下游领域川上と川下分野66 做大做强～を大いに発展させ、強化する67 不对付相性が悪い、合口が悪い68 挑动扇動69 老大大物70 闪婚電撃結婚、バーチャル結婚71 后危机时代ポスト危機の時代72 和则利，战则伤和すれば則ち共に利し、戦えば共に傷つく73 反卫星试验衛星の破壊実験74 人口红利人口ボーナス、人口学的な配当75 同舟共济，携手共进，共克时难同舟相救い、手を携えて進み、当面の困難な時期を乗り越える76 拉动力牽引力77 敬业精神仕事に対するマナー、働くマナー、忠誠度序中文日文译词修改意见気候変動枠組（み）条約第三回締約国会議 (COP3)11 防止地球温室化京都会议（气候变动框架条约第三次缔约国会议 COP3）14 保障性住房保障性住宅（可以加注释）14 保障性住房修改成：保障性住宅（低所得者層向けの住宅）。
英汉语篇翻译教程著者范守义郭立秋贾令仪
第11段
In 2003, China became only the third country in the world after the United States and Russia to put its own astronauts into space.
其中的短语only the third country 表示绝无仅有，但不一 定是唯一的意思，例如At just 48 years old and not even nine months in office, Obama became only the third sitting U.S. president to win the Nobel Peace Prize。所以 这里的译文应该是“仅有的第三个……国家”。
Chang’e 1 (pronounced chang-uh; simplified Chinese: 嫦娥一 号; traditional Chinese: 嫦娥一號; pinyin: Cháng'é yī hào) was an unmanned Chinese lunar-orbiting spacecraft, part of the first phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program. The spacecraft was named after the Chinese moon goddess, Chang’e. Chang’e 1 was launched on 24 October 2007 at 10:05:04 UTC from Xichang Satellite Launch Center. It left lunar transfer orbit on 31 October and entered lunar orbit on 5 November. The first picture of the Moon was relayed on 26 November 2007. On 12 November 2008, a map of the entire lunar surface was released, produced from data collected by Chang'e 1 between November 2007 and July 2008.
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AS4684-2009澳洲标准高脚椅——安全要求High Chairs—Safety Requirements此澳洲标准由儿童家俱安全要求CS-003技术委员会编写。
澳洲标准委员会在2009年6月25日认可。
此标准在2009年8月11日公布。
以下为CS-003参与编写者：澳洲工商会澳洲竟争及消费者委员会澳洲产业集团澳洲零售协会澳洲商业家具行业协会维多利亚消费事务局消协组织CHOICE澳洲消费者协会卫生部(南澳大利亚)旅游部门、公平交易和葡萄酒产业发展,昆士兰家俱技术澳洲婴幼儿护理产品协会NSW公平交易办公室威斯密德儿童医院此标准起草号为DR05503.澳大利亚标准希望承认专家个人参与对标准的发展贡献通过他们在委员会的表现和通过公众评审期。
标准保持更新标准是变化着的文件，它反映出科学，技术和系统的进步。
为使其能继续使用，所有的标准都会定期回审，新版本会公布。
在编纂过程中，会不断修订。
条款也可能被废弃。
读者必须要保证他们所使用是的正在使用中的标准，它包含标准公布后所有修订条款。
详细信息可以通过访问.au网站浏览关于澳洲标准，草稿，修订和新发布的标准。
澳洲标准欢迎改进的建议,鼓励读者及时通知我们如有任何明显的错误或含糊不清的描述。
联系我们可以通过email邮箱地址：mail@.au或写到如下地址：GPO Box 476,Sydney,NSW2001AS4684-2009澳洲标准高脚椅——安全要求High chair——Safety requirements以AS4689-2009初次出版AS4684-2009前言此标准由澳大利亚/新西兰儿童家具安全要求委员会CS-003的澳大利亚成员准备。
经过与这两个国家的相关利益者沟通后，澳大利亚和新西兰标准协会决定将此标准发展为澳大利亚的标准而不是澳大利亚/新西兰标准。
符合此标准并不保证一定能符合ASTM F404,ISO9221的第1和第2部分以及EN14988第1和第2部分，反之亦然。
此标准的附加要求中包含了关于束缚系统的胯带特定位置要求。
术语“harness”和“restraint”可互换使用，均指一组围绕躯干并通过肩膀的带集成子并能为在高椅中的儿童提供保持力的安全系统。
此标准的目的是为管理当局提供基本的安全要求，在国内使用儿童高椅的情形，在餐厅、托儿所和某些机构中，同时为生产商提供了功能耐久性、稳定性和执行这些标准以符合安全要求，其目的是为了减少死亡的可能性和儿童在使用高椅时导致的伤害，但是不限于跌出和勒杀危险。
束缚系统的要求是为了减少使用高椅的相应伤害，预防儿童站立或滑出安全带和跌出或滑出高椅。
胯带的使用是为了预防儿童将一条腿通过座椅将其两条腿放入相同的一边脚开口而导致从安全带中滑出。
术语“normative”（标准）在此标准中的使用是定义附录的适用性。
附录的标准也是此标准的一个不可或缺的组成部分。
目录1.范围 (6)2.参考文件 (6)3.定义 (6)4.高脚椅符合性要求 (7)5.特定元素的迁移 (7)6.被安全带维持的乘坐者保持 (7)7.稳定性 (9)8.轮子或滑轮 (9)9.包装和标签信息 (9)10.标识 (11)附录A.胯带束缚系统的位置测试 (13)B.束缚系统和束缚系统固接强度的测定 (15)C.稳定性测试方法 (20)澳大利亚标准高椅——安全要求1、范围此标准指定针对独立高椅的安全要求。
这些要求包括设计、结构、性能、标识和标记。
此标准适用于可转换成矮椅（low chairs）的高椅和斜躺椅（reclining chair）。
当高椅可转变成其他的形式时，这些额外的功能要求并不被此标准所覆盖。
此标准并不能应对由于年长的小孩与高椅中的小孩互动而可能导致意外和伤害以及由于被超过3岁龄的人滥用和误用而造成的意外和伤害。
2、参考文件以下标准在此标准中被参考使用AS/NZS ISO标准部分8124玩具安全8124.3第三部分：特定元素的迁移ISO部分9221家具——儿童高脚椅9221-1第一部分：安全要求9221-2第二部分：测试方法ASTM部分F404高椅的消费者安全规范EN部分14988儿童高脚椅14988-1第一部分：安全要求14988-2第二部分：测试方法3、定义为达成标准目的以下定义适用：3.1快速释放机制（Quick-release mechanism）一个固定的机制，当在一个方向施加一个力时可以将机制释放。
3.2结构性失败（Structural failure）明显的破裂或预防性操作失败或影响此标准的或相关适用标准的安全性要求。
这些可能是第四章节中所定义的ISO,EN或ASTM标准。
4、高椅的符合性要求除了本标准的第5、6、7、、8、9和10章节外，高椅应该至少符合以下标准之一：（a）ISO9221，第1部分和第2部分（b）ASTM F404（c）EN14988，第1部分和第2部分如果以上任一标准的某条要求和本标准的要求相互冲突而矛盾时，应遵照本标准要求。
5、特定元素的迁移所有的物料和涂层如果能被束缚在高椅中的儿童用嘴接触而能吸吮、舔舐、放入嘴中或用手握住，则根据AS/NZS ISO8124.3进行测试时，必须满足迁移元素的最大可接受水平。
6、束缚系统中小孩的保持力6.1一般要求以下要求和建议适用：（a）高椅应该有一套完整的且永久地附接的束缚系统，能调整以放置儿童站立或从高椅中滑出。
此安全带应能调整以适应高椅设计时的小孩乘坐者范围。
束缚系统的类别是5点式安全带或全尺寸安全带。
可以参考图1和图2给出的参考图例。
（b）当儿童正确放置后，安全带应能将儿童束缚在设计的座位或斜躺的位置。
备注：在ASTM F404标准里，此安全束缚系统部分将取代章节题目为“Restraint System”和“Passive Crotch Restraint”及其相应的测试要求。
（c）任何安全束缚系统的扣具装置不得含有快速释放装置（quick-release），且应是能预防将扣具从安全束缚系统中移除的结构。
6.2腰带腰带的宽度最小尺寸为20mm。
腰带及其配件应固牢于高椅骨架上，无论是直接固牢还是通过座椅固接，如果通过座椅固接则该座椅应固接到高椅上，且当拉动束缚系统时座椅不能被拉离高椅的骨架。
6.3肩带肩带的宽度最小尺寸为15mm且需符合以下之一：（a）肩带在座椅靠背上的连接点之间的内侧最大距离为150mm（b）肩带应能附接到一个可调节的带子，该带子是与前腰带合并而能包围儿童躯干。
肩带以这样一种形式与带子相接即带子不会从小孩的肩膀脱落，该带子与儿童后背相邻。
备注：此意图是预防肩带滑落儿童的肩膀但是允许朝前移动。
固接点固接点固接点固接点固接点固接点固接点固接点固接点固接点图1——5点式安全带系统举例肩带腰带固胯带固接点通过扣具松紧调节固接点固接点可滑动调节带固接点图2——全尺寸的安全带系统举例6.4胯带胯带的宽度最小尺寸为20mm。
根据附录A进行测试时，测试夹具必须触及胯带系统。
如果胯带系统是一根带子，则一端应与腰带相连接另一端需与座椅固接。
假如是全身式安全带（body harness），则胯带的一端与前腰带相连接，其余端固接到后腰带或座椅。
6.5乘坐者（小孩）保持——安全束缚系统的性能根据附录B进行测试时，安全束缚系统上的所有零件应没有明显的结构性失败，腰带和肩带及胯带不应出现松动，且所有的带子调节滑移量不能超过6mm。
7、稳定性测试根据附录C进行测试，高椅不能翻倒。
高椅应在所有可能的使用配置下和所有提供的配件安装下进行，或者在制造商推荐的最可能减小稳定的状态下进行测试。
8、车轮或滑轮如果提供了车轮或滑轮，限于以下之一：（a）两个车轮（b）两个滑轮（c）两个车轮，均有刹车，以及两个滑轮（d）四个车轮，至少有两个有刹车9、包装和标签信息9.1一般要求如果意图给消费者打开的包装，应构思成减少来自扣件的伤害在打开包装的过程中。
9.2柔软的塑料包装9.2.1大包装柔软的塑料包装以口袋形式或形成包装袋，当从包装里取出后可以形成袋子，而袋子具有一个周长达到或超过350mm且深度达到或超过130mm，这两个尺寸均是将袋子取出后拉伸展开后测量的完全展开尺寸，则包装袋应满足以下之一：（a）穿孔尺寸至少直径5mm，或其他相当面积的形状的孔，以便当使用一个正方形的测试治具沿每条边进行测量150mm时，放置在任意位置时，测试模板能完全覆盖至少一个孔；（b）构成袋子的塑胶薄膜厚度至少38μm或更大，且附有清晰易读的类似以下的警告标签：WARNING:TO AVOID DANGER OF SUFFOCATION TO BABIES AND CHILDREN DISPOSE OF THIS BAG IMMEDIATELY.(警告：为避免对婴儿和儿童造成窒息危险请立即销毁此袋)。
注意：1.此章节的目的是为了保证以下之一：（a）应有足够数量的孔在柔软的包装袋上，预防窒息的可能性；或（b）如果包装袋没有足够数量的孔，则窒息危险应以高亮的警告形式出现在包装袋上。
（塑料袋上最小数量也是要求到能减少塑料覆盖儿童面部的可能性，消除窒息危险。
见9.2.2的备注说明。
）2.参考9.2.1（b）的警告提示，警告标签上的字句仅仅是例子。
允许使用其他字句，比如“CAUTION”代替“WARNING”。
警告标签上额外的信息，以下或类似的陈述可能被包含：“Tie into knots or shred plastics before storing for recycling or disposing in rubbish bins.Do not burn plastics.”(在存放用作循环使用或处理到垃圾箱之前将塑料袋打结或撕裂。
请勿焚烧塑料袋)9.2.2小包装柔软的包装是以袋子的形式存在或形成包装，当从包装中移除，它能形成袋子，该袋子有或者能形成有开口周长小于350mm和/或深度小于130mm，而此两个数据均是在完全拉伸展开的状态下测量得到的，建议包装袋由厚度达到或超过19μm塑料材料制成。
备注：最小厚度19μm的建议是因为，塑料薄膜越薄越有盖住比如儿童面部轮廓的趋势。
更进一步，薄塑料经常引起静电,使塑料粘附于皮肤。
因此，即使包装可能相对较小还是有可能存在窒息的危险。
9.3印刷的说明印刷的说明书应提供高椅的有关安全使用，操作和维护。
说明书可以是英文的，但是不禁止使用额外的语言或使用示意图。
备注：1.在说明书中使用简单的语言是很重要的。
2.制造商制作陈述性文字以描述符合此澳大利亚标准在产品上、包装或促销材料上，建议其符合性是被验证过的。
安全使用说明书应包括以下：（a）警告规定于条款10.1（e）中；（b）使用安全束缚系统的警告和连同示意图的使用说明应清晰指示正确调节和安装方法；（c）组装、安装、调节、折叠盒存储高椅的说明连同示意图；（d）建议在平坦表面，均匀和水平的地面使用高椅，不能提升高椅到任何结构或桌面使用；（e）为减少伤害风险，建议在远离家具、墙面、热表面和液体、窗边绳子和电线使用高椅，安置高椅在远离家具当高椅不是移除餐盘后作为桌子使用时。