胰岛素抵抗糖尿病与冠心病英文
胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病与冠心病(英文)-精选文档
Hospitalization Costs for Chronic Complications of Diabetes in the US
Ophthalmic disease Renal disease Others Neurologic disease Peripheral vascular disease
20 15 10 5 0Βιβλιοθήκη Diabetes 17.0
Nondiabetes
Men, cohort 1* Men, cohort 2** Women, cohort 1* Women, cohort 2**
14.2
6.8 7.6
7.4 4.2 2.4 1.9
(P=0.46)
-16.6%
+10.7%
(P=0.76)
Survival Post-MI in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Men and Women: Minnesota Heart Survey
100 80 60 40 0 0 MEN 100 80
n=568
WOMEN
No diabetes
Survival (%)
n=1628
No diabetes
(P<0.001)
-43.8%
(P=0.12)
-20.4%
*Defined in 1971-1975, followed up through 1982-1984. **Defined in 1982-1984, followed up through 1992-1993. Gu K et al. JAMA 2019;281:1291-1297.
Mortality in People with Diabetes Causes of Death
世界十大医学难题简介
世界十大医学难题简介展开全文1、器质性心脏病器质性心脏病是心脏疾病的总称，包括：先天性心脏病、冠心病、高血压性心脏病、风湿性心脏病、肺性心脏病、心肌病等各种心脏病。
高发人群1．年龄大于45岁的男性、大于55岁的女性。
2．吸烟者。
3．高血压患者。
4、糖尿病患者。
5．高胆固醇血症患者。
6．有家族遗传病史者。
7．肥胖者。
8．缺乏运动或工作紧张者。
2、癌症癌症（cancer），医学术语亦称恶性肿瘤（malignant neoplasm），中医学中称岩，为由控制细胞生长增殖机制失常而引起的疾病。
癌细胞除了生长失控外，还会局部侵入周遭正常组织甚至经由体内循环系统或淋巴系统转移到身体其他部分。
医学家指出癌症病因是：机体在环境污染、化学污染（化学毒素）、电离辐射、自由基毒素、微生物（细菌、真菌、病毒等）及其代谢毒素、遗传特性、内分泌失衡、免疫功能紊乱等等各种致癌物质、致癌因素的作用下导致身体正常细胞发生癌变的结果，常表现为：局部组织的细胞异常增生而形成的局部肿块。
癌症是机体正常细胞在多原因、多阶段与多次突变所引起的一大类疾病。
癌细胞的特点是：无限制、无止境地增生，使患者体内的营养物质被大量消耗；癌细胞释放出多种毒素，使人体产生一系列症状；癌细胞还可转移到全身各处生长繁殖，导致人体消瘦、无力、贫血、食欲不振、发热以及严重的脏器功能受损等等。
与之相对的有良性肿瘤，良性肿瘤则容易清除干净，一般不转移、不复发，对器官、组织只有挤压和阻塞作用，但癌症（恶性肿瘤）还可破坏组织、器官的结构和功能，引起坏死出血合并感染，患者最终由于器官功能衰竭而死亡。
3、脑血管病脑血管疾病（cerebrovascular disease，CVD）是指由于各种脑血管病变所引起的脑部病变。
脑卒中（stroke）则是指畸形起病、迅速出现局限性或弥漫性脑功能缺失征象的脑血管性临床事件。
脑血管病是导致人类死亡的三大疾病之一，在全球范围内，每年使460万人死亡，其中1/3在工业化国家，其余发生在发展中国家，患病和死亡主要在65岁以上的人群。
“二型糖尿病”的英文可以是什么
“二型糖尿病”的英文可以是什么在医学领域，二型糖尿病的英文名称是 "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"，通常缩写为 "T2DM"。
这个术语用来指代一种常见的糖尿病类型，它是由身体对胰岛素的抵抗（即胰岛素抵抗）引起的，或者是由胰岛β细胞产生胰岛素的减少引起的。
随着人们生活方式的变化和全球人口老龄化的增加，二型糖尿病的发病率在不断上升。
二型糖尿病是一种慢性代谢性疾病，其特征是血糖水平长期升高。
这种情况可能导致多种并发症，包括心血管疾病、肾病、视网膜病变和神经系统疾病。
治疗二型糖尿病通常包括生活方式的改变，如饮食和锻炼，以及药物治疗，如口服降糖药物和/或胰岛素注射。
了解这一疾病的英文名称对于进行相关的医学研究、健康宣传和患者护理至关重要。
准确的医学术语促进了专业人士之间的沟通，并确保了有效的健康管理和治疗策略的制定。
在探讨人类思维时，我们不禁要问：思维的本质是什么？它是如何塑造我们的世界观和价值观的？我认为，思维是人类认识世界、理解生命的一种方式，它源于我们的感知、经验和知识。
思维让我们有能力分析问题、解决问题，并创造出前所未有的观念和理念。
正是这种独特的思维方式，让我们的生活变得丰富多彩，充满无限可能。
当我们深入探讨情感时，我们不禁要问：情感在我们的生活中扮演着怎样的角色？它如何影响我们的决策和行为？我认为，情感是人类内心世界的镜子，它反映了我们的喜怒哀乐、期望和愿望。
情感使我们对生活充满热情，让我们在困难面前坚持不懈。
同时，情感也是我们与他人建立联系、传递关爱和温暖的桥梁。
提及人类的创造力，我们不禁要问：创造力是如何产生的？它对我们的社会有何意义？我认为，创造力是人类智慧的结晶，它源于我们对美好事物的追求和对未知世界的好奇。
创造力不仅推动了人类文明的进步，还让我们的生活更加美好、有趣。
它让我们意识到，生活的可能性是无穷的，只要我们敢于想象和尝试。
心内科医学专业英语词汇
心力衰竭(heart failure)心功能不全或心功能障碍(cardiac dysfunction)Systolic insufficiency heart failure 收缩功能不全性心力衰竭[si'stɔlik］Diastolic insufficiency heart failure 舒张功能不全性心力衰daiə’stɔlik] Congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭急性心力衰竭（acute heart failure,AHF)Acute left-sided heart failure 急性左心衰竭慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure，CHF）Intractable heart failure 难治性心力衰竭心律失常（cardiac arrhythmia)窦性心动过速（sinus tachycardia）窦性心动过缓(sinus bradycardia)窦性停搏或窦性静止(sinus pause or sinus arrest)窦房传导阻滞（sinoatrial block，SAB，窦房阻滞）病态窦房结综合征（sick sinus syndrome,SSS，简称病窦综合征）心动过缓一心动过速综合征(bradycardia—tachycardia syndrome)房性期前收缩（atrial premature beats)房性心动过速（atrial tachycardia）紊乱性房性心动过速（chaotic atrial tachycardia）=多源性房性心动过速（multifocal atrial tachycardia）自律性房性心动过速（automatic atrial tachycardia）折返性房性心动过速（reentrant atrial tachycardia)房室阻滞的阵发性房性心动过速（paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with A V block, PAT with block）心房扑动(atrial flutter）心房颤动(atrial fibrillation)房室交界区性期前收缩(premature atrioventicular junctional beats)房室交界区性逸搏（A V junctional escape beats)房室交界区性心律(A V junctional rhythm)非阵发性房室交界区性心动过速（nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia）阵发性室上性心动过速（paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia，PSVT)房室结内折返性心动过速(atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,A VNRT）利用隐匿性房室旁路的房室折返性心动过速(atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia，A VRT）预激综合征(preexcitation syndrome)Wolf—Parkinson-White综合征(WPW综合征)室性期前收缩（premature ventricular beats)室性并行心律（ventricular parasystole）Systole n. 心脏收缩室性心动过速（ventricular tachycardia）加速性心室自主节律(accelerated idioventricular rhythm）亦称缓慢型室速尖端扭转(torsades de pointes）心室扑动与颤动(ventricular flutter and ventricular fibrillation）房室传导阻滞（atrioventricular block)室内传导阻滞（intraventricular block）右束支阻滞(right bundle branch block,RBBB)左束支阻滞(left bundle branch block，LBBB）左前分支阻滞（left anterior fascicular block)左后分支阻滞（left posterior fascicular block)双分支阻滞与三分支阻滞(bifaseicular block and trifascicular block）心脏骤停(cardiac arrest）心脏性猝死(sudden cardiac death)无脉性电活动(pulseless electrical activity，PEA）=电—机械分离(electromechanical dissociation，EMD)先天性心血管病（congenital cardiovascular diseases）房间隔缺损（atrial septal defect，ASD)室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect，VSD)动脉导管未闭(patent ductus arteriosus，PDA)先天性二叶主动脉瓣(congenital bicuspid aortic valve)先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄(congenital pulmonary valve stenosis)先天性三尖瓣下移畸形多称之为埃勃斯坦畸形( Ebstein anomaly) 先天性法洛四联症(congenital tetralogy of Fallot）艾森门格综合征(Eisenmenger syndrome)原发性高血压(primary hypertension)Secondary hypertension 继发性高血压Hypertensive crisis 高血压危象Hypertensive urgencyes 高血压急症Hypertensive emergencies 高血压危症Isolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压平均动脉血压(MBP Mean arterial blood pressure）收缩压(SBP Systolic blood pressure）舒张压(DBP Diastolic blood pressure )动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis)动脉粥样硬化—血栓形成(atherosclerosis-thrombosis)冠状动脉性心脏病(coronary heart disease）=缺血性心脏病(ischemic heart disease）冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(coronary atherosclerotic heart disease）急性冠脉综合征( acute coronary syndrome，ACS）不稳定型心绞痛(unstable angina，UA）非ST段抬高性心肌梗死(non—ST—segment elevation myocardial infarction，NSTEMI）ST段抬高性心肌梗死（ST—segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI）慢性冠脉病(chronic coronary artery disease，CAD=慢性缺血综合征chronic ischemic syndrome，CIS）稳定型心绞痛（stable angina pectoris）无症状性心肌缺血Cardiovascular neAsymptomatic myocardial ischemia缺血性心肌病Ischemic cardiomyopathy乳头肌功能失调或断裂(dysfunction or rupture of papillary muscle)心脏破裂（rupture of the heart)栓塞（embolism）心室壁瘤（cardiac aneurysm)心肌梗死后综合征（postinfarction syndrome)经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention，PCI）二尖瓣狭窄(mitral stenosis）主动脉瓣狭窄(aortic stenosis)二尖瓣关闭不全(mitral incompetence)Acute mitral incompetence 急性二尖瓣关闭不全Chronic mitral incompetence 慢性二尖瓣关闭不全主动脉瓣关闭不全（aortic incompetence)三尖瓣狭窄( tricuspid stenosis)三尖瓣关闭不全(tricuspid incompetence)肺动脉瓣关闭不全（pulmonary incompetence）肺动脉瓣狭窄(pulmonary stenosis)感染性心内膜炎(infective endocarditis，IE)endocarditics（AIE）急性感染性心内膜炎Subacute Infective endocarditis 亚急性感染性心内膜炎自体瓣膜心内膜炎（native valve endocarditis）Prothetic（[,prɔ’θetik］)valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜心内膜炎（修复的）Endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers 静脉药瘾者心内膜炎扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy,DCM)肥厚型心肌病(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy，HCM)致心律失常型右室心肌病(arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy，ARVC)旧称为致心律失常右室发育不良(arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia，ARVD)不定型的心肌病( unclassified cardiomyopathies,UCM）特异性心肌病（specific cardiomyopathies）心肌炎(myocarditis）Purulent pericarditis 化脓性心包炎Acute pericarditis 急性心包炎Tuberculous pericarditis 结核性心包炎Constrictive pericarditis 缩窄性心包炎cardiac tamponade心脏压塞；心包填塞；[，tæmpə'neidpericardial tamponade心包压塞［,peri'kɑ:diəl，pericardial constriction心包缩窄Aortic dissection 主动脉夹层左室舒张末压LVEDP (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure)肺毛细血管楔压PCWP（pulmonary capillary wedge pressure）心脏指数CI(Cardiac index）主动脉内球囊反搏IABP(intra-aortic ballon pump）血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ，AⅡ）心脏重塑(Cardiac remodeling)心钠肽和脑钠肽（atrial natriuretic peptide，ANP and brain natriuretic peptide，BNP)重组人BNP（Recombinant human BNP rhBNP)奈西立肽（Nesiritide)精氨酸加压素（arginine vasopressin，A VP）心房牵张受体(atrialstretch receptors）内皮素(endothelin)阿米洛利（amiloride)卡托普利(captopril）贝那普利(benazepril）培哚普利(perindopril)坎地沙坦（candesatan）、氯沙坦(losartan)、缬沙坦（valsartan）卡维地洛(carvedilol）、比索洛尔(bisoprolol)、艾司洛尔［esmolol]地高辛（digoxin)、洋地黄毒苷（digitoxin)及毛花苷C （lanatoside C，西地兰）、毒毛花苷K（strophanthin K)肼苯达嗪（hydralazine）、硝酸异山梨酯（isosorbidedinitrate）心脏再同步化治疗(cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT）触发活动( triggered activity）后除极(after depolarization)窦房结恢复时间（sinus node recovery time，SNRT)校正的窦房结恢复时间（corrected SNRT，CSNRT）窦房传导时间(sinoatrial conduction time,SACT）巨大a波（canon wave)动态心电图(Holter ECG monitoring）PA（反映心房内传导）、AH（反映房室结传导)、HV(反映希氏束—普肯耶系统传导)Adams—Stokes(阿斯）综合征莫氏（Mobitz）Ⅰ型即文氏（Wenckebach）阻滞固有心率(intrinsic heart rate,IHR)凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(INR)房室旁路（accessoryat riovcntricular pathways）或Kent束房-希氏束( atriohisian tracts)结室纤维(nodoventricular fibers)分支室纤维（fasciculoventricular fibers)心肺复苏（Cardiopulmonary resuscitation，CPR）急救医疗系统(emergency medical system, EMS）基础生命活动支持（basic life support,BLS）ABC （airway,breathing，circulation)埋藏式心脏复律除颤器(implantable cardioverter defibrillator，ICD）Cardiogenic shock 心源性休克Pulmonary embolism 肺动脉栓塞Syncope 晕厥［’siŋkəp，'sin-］尿激酶( urokinase，UK)链激酶(streptokinase，SK）或重组链激酶（rSK)重组组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂（recombinant tissue—type plasminogen activator，rt—PA) 1A。
老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者胰岛素抵抗与脂代谢及脂联素的相关性研究进展
老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者胰岛素抵抗与脂代谢及脂联素的相关性研究进展程少波济南北城医院检验科，山东济南250031[摘要]2型糖尿病（diabetes mellitus type 2, T2DM）作为一种多发于35岁以后的慢性代谢疾病，近年来发病率呈上升趋势。
而冠状动脉硬化性疾病（coronary artery disease, CAD）作为最为常见的糖尿病并发症，多源于微血管和大血管病变，老年T2DM患者更易并发心血管疾病。
脂代谢异常则是促进血管内皮动脉粥样硬化发展的主要原因，胰岛素抵抗使低密度脂蛋白分泌失调进而导致脂代谢异常。
本文旨在分析相关研究中老年2型糖尿病合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（简称冠心病）患者的胰岛素抵抗指数与脂代谢以及脂联素水平的相关性，以期探讨老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病的病理生理基础，有望为未来的临床治疗指导提供科学依据。
[关键词]2型糖尿病；冠心病；胰岛素抵抗；脂代谢[中图分类号]R4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]2096-1782（2023）05(a)-0184-05 Research Progress on the Correlation between Insulin Resistance and Lipid Metabolism and Adiponectin in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabe⁃tes Mellitus Complicated with Coronary Heart DiseaseCHENG ShaoboDepartment of Laboratory, Jinan Beicheng Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031 China[Abstract] As a chronic metabolic disease, diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) occurs more frequently after the age of 35, and its incidence is on the rise in recent years. Coronary artery disease (CAD), as the most common complication of diabetes, is mostly caused by microvascular and macrovascular diseases, and elderly T2DM patients are more likely to have cardiovascular diseases. Abnormal lipid metabolism is the main reason to promote the development of vascular endothelial atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance causes dysregulation of low-density lipoprotein secretion, which leads to abnormal lipid metabolism. This paper aims to analyze the correlation between insulin resistance index and lipid me‐tabolism and adiponectin level in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease, to explore the pathophysiological basis of elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease, it is expected to provide scientific basis for future clinical treatment guidance.[Key words] Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Coronary heart disease; Insulin resistance; Lipid metabolism当前，世界卫生组织对于糖尿病的诊断和管理进行了指导，但并未提到2型糖尿病（type 2 dia‐betes mellitus, T2DM）合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（简称冠心病）患者胰岛素抵抗与脂代谢及脂联素的相关性[1]。
糖尿病相关英文词汇
糖尿病相关英文词汇Diabetes-Related Terminology and Concepts.Diabetes is a complex chronic condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar. This condition can lead to various complications if not managed properly, including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, and kidney disease. Understanding the terminology and concepts related to diabetes is crucial for effective management and treatment.1. Types of Diabetes.Type 1 Diabetes: Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), this type occurs when the pancreas stops producing insulin due to an autoimmune attack on the beta cells. People with type 1 diabetesrequire daily insulin injections to survive.Type 2 Diabetes: Also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), this type occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin. This is the most common form of diabetes and is often linked to obesity and inactivity.Gestational Diabetes: This type occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery. It can, however, increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.2. Insulin and Insulin Therapy.Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps cells absorb glucose from the blood, thereby regulating blood sugar levels.Insulin Therapy: The administration of insulin to individuals with diabetes to help control their blood sugar levels. This can be done through injections, pumps, or pens.3. Blood Sugar Monitoring.Blood Sugar (Glucose) Testing: The process of measuring the amount of glucose in the blood to assess diabetes control. This is typically done throughfingerstick blood tests using a glucometer.HbA1c Test: A blood test that measures the average blood sugar level over the past two to three months. It is used to assess diabetes control and the risk of developing diabetes-related complications.4. Diabetes Management and Treatment.Diet and Nutrition: Eating a balanced diet low in sugar and high in fiber, protein, and healthy fats can help control blood sugar levels.Exercise: Regular physical activity can help improve insulin sensitivity, lower blood sugar, and reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications.Oral Medications: Medications taken by mouth to help control blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes.5. Diabetes-Related Complications.Cardiovascular Disease: A broad term referring to conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, such as heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.Neuropathy: Nerve damage caused by high blood sugar levels, leading to pain, numbness, or tingling in the extremities.Retinopathy: Damage to the blood vessels in the eyes, which can lead to vision loss or blindness.Kidney Disease: Damage to the kidneys caused by high blood sugar levels, which can lead to kidney failure.6. Diabetes Education and Support.Diabetes Education: The process of informing and educating individuals with diabetes and their families about the condition, its management, and treatment options.Diabetes Support Groups: Groups that provide emotional and informational support to people with diabetes and their families.In conclusion, diabetes is a complex condition that requires a multifaceted approach to management and treatment. Understanding the terminology and concepts related to diabetes is essential for effective care and support. By educating yourself about diabetes, you can take proactive steps to control your condition, reduce the risk of complications, and improve your overall health and well-being.。
【疾病名】糖尿病心脏病【英文名】diabeticcardiopathy【缩写】【别名
【疾病名】糖尿病⼼脏病【英⽂名】diabeticcardiopathy【缩写】【别名【疾病名】糖尿病⼼脏病【英⽂名】diabetic cardiopathy【缩写】【别名】糖尿病性⼼脏病【ICD号】E14.5【概述】糖尿病⼼脏病是糖尿病患者致死的主要原因之⼀，尤其是在2型糖尿病患者中。
⼴义的糖尿病⼼脏病包括冠状动脉粥样硬化性⼼脏病(冠⼼病)，糖尿病⼼肌病和糖尿病⼼脏⾃主神经病变等。
糖尿病⼼脏病与⾮糖尿病患者相⽐，常起病⽐较早，糖尿病患者伴冠⼼病常表现为⽆痛性⼼肌梗死，梗死⾯积⽐较⼤，穿壁梗死多，病情多⽐较严重，预后⽐较差，病死率较⾼；如冠状动脉造影和临床排除冠状动脉病变，糖尿病患者出现严重的⼼律失常、⼼脏肥⼤、肺淤⾎和充⾎性⼼⼒衰竭，尤其是难治性⼼⼒衰竭，临床可考虑糖尿病⼼肌病。
以下重点介绍糖尿病冠⼼病和糖尿病⼼肌病。
【流⾏病学】糖尿病患者有70%～80%死于⼼⾎管并发症，与⾮糖尿病患者相⽐，男性糖尿病患者⼼⾎管疾病死亡和充⾎性⼼衰发⽣的危险性增加2倍，⼥性增⾼3倍。
Stoamler等报告在多因素⼲预试验的12年随访研究中，与⾮糖尿病男性相⽐，在年龄、种族、胆固醇、收缩压及吸烟等配对的情况下，男性糖尿病患者⼼⾎管疾病死亡增⾼3倍，在低危险状态[收缩压＜120mmHg，胆固醇＜5.2mmol/L(200mg/dl，⾮吸烟)]的患者中，则⼼⾎管死亡的相对危险性增⾼5倍多。
除了发⽣率和病死率增⾼之外，糖尿病患者冠状动脉损害的程度要明显严重，冠状动脉造影和⼫检显⽰糖尿病患者2～3⽀⾎管同时受损的发⽣率明显⾼于⾮糖尿病对照组，且常呈现弥漫性病变。
但既往对糖尿病患者合并⼼脏病常仅注意冠⼼病，⽽近年来随着对糖尿病⼼脏病患者进⾏⾮创伤性检查和冠状动脉造影的开展，发现部分糖尿病⼼脏病患者并未见冠状动脉病变，甚⾄⼫检亦未见冠状动脉阻塞和⼼肌梗死，⽽表现为⼼肌、⼩⾎管和微⾎管病变，这亦与糖尿病患者⼼脏病发⽣率和病死率增⾼部分有关。
“二型糖尿病”的英文表达有哪些
“二型糖尿病”的英文表达有哪些1. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)2. NonInsulinDependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)3. AdultOnset Diabetes4. MaturityOnset Diabetes5. Insulin Resistance Diabetes6. SecondType Diabetes7. Diabetes Mellitus Type 28. DM2这些术语都可以用来描述二型糖尿病，但在不同的医学文献和临床实践中，可能会使用不同的表达方式。
在与国际同行交流时，建议使用“Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”这一最常用且被广泛认可的术语。
“二型糖尿病”在英文中有两个常用的表达方式，分别是“Type2 Diabetes”和“Diabetes Mellitus Type 2”。
其中，“Type 2 Diabetes”是最常用的表达方式，而被普遍接受和使用的缩写为“T2D”或“T2DM”。
“Diabetes Mellitus Type 2”这个表达方式在学术文献和专业报告中较为常见，它的缩写为“DM2”。
除此之外，还有一些其他的英文表达方式，如“NonInsulinDependent Diabetes Mellitus”，缩写为“NIDDM”。
这个表达方式虽然不如“Type 2 Diabetes”常用，但在某些文献中仍然可以见到。
另外，“AdultOnset Diabetes”也是“二型糖尿病”的一个英文表达方式，主要用来描述成年期发病的糖尿病。
还有一种表达方式是“ maturityonset diabetes”，它主要用来描述成年期发病的糖尿病，但与“Type 2 Diabetes”相比，使用较少。
“Impaired Glucose Tolerance”和“Impaired Insulin Sensitivity”这两个表达方式，分别用来描述血糖耐受受损和胰岛素敏感性降低的情况，它们通常与“二型糖尿病”相关联。
预防医学常用词汇首字母缩略词
常用词汇首字母缩略词ACE America College of Epidemiology 美国流行病学学院ACHR Advisory Committee on Health Reserch（WHO）（世界卫生组织）健康研究顾问委员台ADL Activities of daily living 日常生活活动ADR Adverse drug reaction 药物不良反应AF Attributable fraction 归因分值AWGA Average weight for gestational age 合适胎龄体重AIC Aakaike information criterion 赤池信息量准则AIDS Acquired acquired immunodeficiency syndrome获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）AN Attributable number 归因人数ANN Artificial neural network 人工神经网络ANOVA Analysis of variance 方差分析APACHE Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation近远期生理健康评价APHA America public health association 美国公共卫生协会ARR Absolute risk reduction 绝对危险度减少值BMI Body mass index 体重指数BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 牛海绵状脑瘸，俗称疯牛病CBR Crude birth rate 粗出生率CCDPHP Centers of Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion慢性病预防和健康促进中心CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention（of the United States Public Health Service） (美国公共卫生署)疾病预防与控制中心CER Control event rate 对照组事件发生率CFR Crude fertility rate 粗生育率CFR Case fatality rate 病死率CI Cumulative incidence 累积发病率CIOMS Council for Intentional Organizations of the Medical Sciences医学科学国际组织委员会CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 克雅病CMI Case-mix index 病例综合指数COPHC Community-orented primary health care 社区初级卫生保健CQI Continuous quality improvement 持续质量改进CV Coefficient of variation 变异系数DALY Disability-adjusted life years 失能（伤残，残疾）调整寿命DDD Defined daily dose 规定日剂量，限定日剂量DFLE Disability-free life expectancy 去失能（伤残，残疾）预期寿DI Drinking index 饮酒指数D-L Dersimonian-laird 德西蒙尼安-莱尔德DMF Decayed teeth,missing teeth,filled teeth 龋、缺、补牙DNA Dexyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖棱酸DOS Disc operating system 磁盘操作系统DRG Diagnosis-related group 诊断相关分组DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,4th ed，(of the America Psychiatric Association) 诊断和统计手册,第四版(美国精神病协会) EC European community 欧洲共同体EER Experimental event rate 试验组事件发生率EF Etiologic fraction 病因分值EHF Epidemic hemorrhagic fever 流行性出血热EIS Epidemic intelligence service 流行情报服务系统，疫情部ELISA Enzyme-1inked immunoadsorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附试验ENEE European Network for Education in Epidemiology 欧洲流行病学教育网络EPA Environmental protection agency (us) （美国）环境保护局EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization(WHO/UNICEF)（世界卫生组织/联合国儿童基金会）扩大免疫计划EPSEM Equal probability of selection method 均等概率选择法EQA External quality assessment 室间质量评价ETS Environmental tobacco smoke 环境烟草烟雾EU European union 欧洲联盟EUPHA European public health association 欧洲公共卫生协会FEM Flxd effect model 固定效应模型GDP Gross domestic products 国内生产总值GEENET Global environmental epidemiology network 全球环境流行病学网GFER Generalized estimating equation regression 广义估计方程式回归GEP Good epidemmlogy practice 流行病学研究质量管理规范GFR General fertility rate 育龄妇女生育率，总生育率GMT Geometric mean titer 几何平均滴度GNP Gross national products 国民生产总值GPA Global Programme on AIDS (WHO) （世界卫生组织）全球AIDS计划GRR Gross reproduction rate 粗再生育率HbsAg Hepatitis B surface antigen 乙肝表面抗原HDI Human development index 人类发展指散HFRS Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome 肾综合征出血热HHA Health hazard appraisa1 健康危险度估计HIPE Hospital inpatient enquiry 住院病人调查HIV Human immunodeficiency virus 人类免疫缺陷病毒HRA Health risk appraisal 健康危险度估计HYEs Health year equivalents 健康年当量IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer国际癌症研究台，国际肿瘤研究局ICD Internationa Classification of Disease 国际疾病分类ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems(10th Rev) 国际疾病和相关健康问题统计（第十版）ICHPPC International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care国际初级保健分类ICIDH International Classification of lmpairment，Disabilities and Handicaps国际残缺（损）、残疾（伤残，失能）、残疾（障）分类ICPC International Classification of Primary Care 国际初级保健分类ICRC International Commission of the Red Cross,Red Crescent国际红十字会和红新月会理事会ID Incidence density 发病密度IDDM Insulin-depandent diabetes mellitus 胰岛素依赖型糖尿病．I型糖屎病IDR Incidence density ratio 发病密度比IEA International epidemiological association 国际流行病学协会IF Impact fraction 影响分值IGO Intergovernmental organization(e.g.UN agencies)政府间组织(例如联合国下属机构）IMR Infant mortality rate 婴儿死亡率IND International nomenclature of diseases 国际疾病命名IQC Internal quality control 室内质量控制IRB Institutional review board 法规审查委员会ISEE International Society for Environmental Epidemiology国际环境流行病学协会IUCC International Union for the Control of Cancer 国际肿瘤控制联盟IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry国际纯化学和应用化学联盟KABP Knowledge,attitude,belief,practice 知识、态度、信念及行为KAP Knowledge,attitudes,practice 知识、态度、行为LBW Low birth weight 低出生体重LD Legionnaires disease 军团菌病LGA Large for gestational age 大胎龄体重LSD Least significant difference 最小显著差LTFR Life-time fertility rate 终生生育率MAC Maximum allowable concentration 最大允许浓度MMR Matenal mortality rate 孕产妇死亡率MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 发病率和死亡率周报MRC Medical Research Council(UK,Canada,other countries)（英国、加拿大等国的）医学研究委员会MREA Method of rapid epidemiological assessment 快速流行病学评价方法MRFIT Multiple risk factor intervention trial 多危险因素干预试验NCHS National Center for Health Statistics (US) （美国）国立健康统计中心NGO Nongovernmental organization 非政府组织NHNES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (of NCHS)国家健康和营养调查(美国国立健康统计中心）NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council(Australia)（澳大利亚）国立健康和医学研究委员会NIH National Instuitute of Health(US) （美国）国立卫生研究院NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US)（美国）国立职业安全与健康研究所NN Neural network 神经网络NNT Number needed to treat 需治疗人数NOEL No-observed-effect level 未观测到（毒性）效应的水平，未能观察到任何损害作用的最高剂量NRR Net reproduction rate 净生殖率，净生育率nvCJD,vCJD New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 新型或突变型克雅病ODA Official development assistance 国家发展补助OECD Orgnaization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织OPCS Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (UK)（英国）人口普查与调查办公室OR Odds ratio 比值比OSHA Occupational safety and health act （美国）职生安全卫生条例PAHO Pan-american health organization 泛美卫生组织PARP Population attributable risk proportion 人群归因危险度百分比PAS Professional activity study 专业工作情况研究PATH programme for Appropriate Technology in Health卫生工作中应用恰当技术的计划PCO Pest control operator 有害生物防治业PCR Polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应PELs Permissible expossure limits 容许接触限值PERT Program evaluation and review techniques 计划评估技术PHC Primary health care 初级卫生保健PIC Polymorphism information content 多态信息量PMR Perinatal mortality rate 围产期死亡率PMS Post-marketiag surveillance 药物上市后检测POMR Problem-orented medical record 以问题为导向的医疗记录PYLL Potential years of life lost 潜在寿命损失年数QA Quality assurance 质量保证OALE Quality-adjusted life expectancy 质量调整预期寿命QALYs Quality-adjusted life years 质量调整寿命年QC Quality control 质量控制QL Quality of life 生命质量RCT Randomized controlled trial 随机对照试验RCT Randomized clinical trial 随机临床试验RD Rate difference 率差RELs Recommended exposure limits 推荐接触限值REM Random effect model 随机效应模型RFE Reason for encounter 加人原因RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism 限制性片段长度多态性ROC Receiver operation characteristic 受试者作业特征ROM Read-only memory 只读存储器RR Relative risk 相对危险度RRT Randomized response technique 随机应答技术RS Relative sensitivity 相对灵敏度RSMR Relative standardized mortality ratio 相对标化死亡比RSS Residual sum squares 剩余平方和SAS Statistical analysis system 统计分析系统软件包SEER Surveillance,epidemiology and end results (a programme of US National Cancer Institute) 监测，流行病学和结局（美国国立肿瘤研究所的一个计划）SER Society for Epidemiologic Research 流行病学研究学会SF Safety factor 安全系数SGA Small for gestational age 小胎龄体重SMR Standardized mortality ratio 标化死亡比SPMR Standardized proportional mortality ratio 标准化比例死亡比SPSS Statistical package for social science 社会科学统计软件包SR Systematic review 系统评价SRR Standardized rate ratio 标准化率比SSCP Single strand conformation polymorpiusm 单链构象多态性STD Sexually transmitted disease 性传播疾病TFR Total fertility rate 总和生育率TLVs Threshold limit values 阈限值ULBW Ultralow birth weight 超低出生体重UN United nations 联合国UNDP United nations development programme 联合国发展计划署UNEP United nations environmental programme 联合国环境计划署UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activilies 联合国人口活动基金UNHCR United Nations High Commission for refugees 联合国难民事务高级专员公署UNICEF United nations child ren’s fund 联合国儿童基金会USPHS United states public service 美国公共卫生署VLBW Very low birth weight 极低出生体重WER Weekly Epidemiological Record (published by WHO)流行病学周报(世界卫生组织出版) WHA World health assembly 世界卫生大会WHO World health Organization 世界卫生组织WHOQLA-100 World Health Organization quality of life assessment-100世界卫生组织生命质量测定量表-100 YLD Years lived with disability 健康寿命损失年YLL Years of life lost 寿命损失年YPLL Years of potential life lost 潜在寿命损失年ZPG Zero population growth 人口零增长ACTH adrenoeorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素AFP alpha-fetoprotein α-甲胎蛋白AKP alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶ALP alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶APL acute promyelocytic leukemia 急性早幼粒细胞白血病apo-A apoprotein A 载脂蛋白A，ATP adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷BCG bacille calmette-guerin 卡介苗BFGF basic fibroblast growth factor 碱性成纤维细胞生长因子BG blood glucose 血糖BMD bone mineral density 骨密度cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate 环鸟苷酸CHB chronic hepatitis B 慢性乙型肝炎CHD coronary heart disease 冠心病CM chylimicron 乳糜微粒CML chronic myelocytic leukemia 慢性粒细胞性白血病CRP C-reactive protein C-反应蛋白CVD cerebral vascular disease 脑血管病DM diabetes mellitus 糖尿病EGF epidermal growth factor 表皮生长因子EH essential hypertension 原发性高血压EIA enzyme immunoassay 酶免疫分析法ELISA enzyme-linked immunoadsordent assay 酶联免疫吸附测定GC gas chromatography 气相色谱法GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子GSH Glutathione 谷胱甘肽HA hyaluronic acid 透明质酸HBcAg hepatitis B core antigen 乙型肝炎核心抗原HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen 乙型肝炎e抗原HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen 乙型肝炎表面抗原HBV hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒HCC hepatocellular carcinoma 肝细胞癌HCV hepatitis C virus 丙型肝炎病毒HDL high density lipoprotein 高密度脂蛋白HIV human immunodeficiency virus 人免疫缺陷病毒HPLC high performance liquid chromatography 高效液相色谱法HPV human papilloma virus 人乳头（状）瘤病毒HR insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗HSP heat shock protein 热休克蛋白IFN interferon 干扰素IG immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白IGF insulin-like growth factor 胰岛素样生长因子IHC immunohistochemistry 免疫组织化学IL interleukin 白细胞介素INS Insulin 胰岛素LDL low-density lipoprotein 低密度脂蛋白LP lipoprotein 脂蛋白FBG fasting blood glucose 空腹血糖FG fatty liver 脂肪肝FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization 荧光原位杂交LPS lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖MCV mean corpuscular volume 红细胞平均容积MIC minimal inhibitory concentration 最小抑菌浓度MRI magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像MTB mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核分支杆菌NO nitric oxide 一氧化氮NOS nitric oxide synthase 一氧化氮合酶NF-κ B nuclear factor-kapp B 核因子-κ BNK cell natural killer cell 自然杀伤细胞NPY neuropeptide Y 神经肽YPAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳PBMC peripheral blood monoeuclear cell 外周血单个核细胞PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应PFGE pulsed-field gel electrophoressis 脉冲场凝胶电泳RKC protein kinase C 蛋白激酶CRA rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎RF rheumatoid factor 类风湿因子RIA radioimmunoassay 放射免疫分析RNP ribonucleoprotein 核糖核蛋白RT-PCR reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction逆转录聚合酶链反应SLE systemic lupus erythematosus 系统性红斑狼疮SOD superoxide dismutase 过氧化物歧化酶TB tuberculosis 结核病TC total cholesterol 总胆固醇TG triglycerides 甘油三酯TGFβ transforming growth factor β转化生长因子βTNFα tumor necrosis factor α肿瘤坏死因子αTSH thyroid-stimulating hormone 促甲状腺激素VLDL-C very low density lipoprotein 极低密度脂蛋白Actinium (Ac) 锕Silicon (Si) 硅Einsteinium (Es) 锿Hafnium (Hf) 铪Astatine (At) 砹Helium (He) 氦Palladium (Pd) 钯Hahnium (Ha) 钅罕Barium (Ba) 钡Holmium (Ho) 钬Bismuth (Bi) 铋Gallium (Ga) 镓Platinum (Pt) 铂Potassium (K) 钾Plutonium (Pu) 钚Gold (Au) 金Fermium (Fm) 镄Phosphorus (P) 磷Nitrogen (N) 氮Curium (Cm)锔Technetium (Tc) 锝Californium (Cf) 锎Dysprosium (Dy) 镝Scandium (Sc) 钪Tellurium (Te) 碲Krypton (Kr) 氪Iodine (I) 碘Rhenium (Re) 铼Thulium (Tm) 铥Lanthanum (La) 镧Radon (Rn) 氡Lawrencium (Lw) 铹Osmium (Os)锇Rhodium (Rh)铑Erbium(Er) 铒Radium (Ra) 镭Vanadium (V) 钒Lithium (Li) 锂Francium (Fr) 钫Ruthenium (Ru) 钌Fluorine (F) 氟Sulphur (S) 硫Rutherfordium (Rf) 鈩Gadolinium (Gd) 钆Calcium (Ca) 钙Lutetium (Lu) 镥Zirconium (Zr) 锆Aluminium (Al) 铝Cadmium (Cd) 镉Chlorine (Cl) 氯Chromium (Cr) 铬Americium (Am) 镅Magnesium (Mg) 镁Mendelevium (Md) 钔Mercury (Hg) 汞Cobalt (Co) 钴Thorium (Th) 钍。
【疾病名】糖尿病心脏病【英文名】diabeticcardiopathy【缩写】【别名
【疾病名】糖尿病心脏病【英文名】diabetic cardiopathy【缩写】【别名】糖尿病性心脏病【ICD号】E14.5【概述】糖尿病心脏病是糖尿病患者致死的主要原因之一，尤其是在2型糖尿病患者中。
广义的糖尿病心脏病包括冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)，糖尿病心肌病和糖尿病心脏自主神经病变等。
糖尿病心脏病与非糖尿病患者相比，常起病比较早，糖尿病患者伴冠心病常表现为无痛性心肌梗死，梗死面积比较大，穿壁梗死多，病情多比较严重，预后比较差，病死率较高；如冠状动脉造影和临床排除冠状动脉病变，糖尿病患者出现严重的心律失常、心脏肥大、肺淤血和充血性心力衰竭，尤其是难治性心力衰竭，临床可考虑糖尿病心肌病。
以下重点介绍糖尿病冠心病和糖尿病心肌病。
【流行病学】糖尿病患者有70%～80%死于心血管并发症，与非糖尿病患者相比，男性糖尿病患者心血管疾病死亡和充血性心衰发生的危险性增加2倍，女性增高3倍。
Stoamler等报告在多因素干预试验的12年随访研究中，与非糖尿病男性相比，在年龄、种族、胆固醇、收缩压及吸烟等配对的情况下，男性糖尿病患者心血管疾病死亡增高3倍，在低危险状态[收缩压＜120mmHg，胆固醇＜5.2mmol/L(200mg/dl，非吸烟)]的患者中，则心血管死亡的相对危险性增高5倍多。
除了发生率和病死率增高之外，糖尿病患者冠状动脉损害的程度要明显严重，冠状动脉造影和尸检显示糖尿病患者2～3支血管同时受损的发生率明显高于非糖尿病对照组，且常呈现弥漫性病变。
但既往对糖尿病患者合并心脏病常仅注意冠心病，而近年来随着对糖尿病心脏病患者进行非创伤性检查和冠状动脉造影的开展，发现部分糖尿病心脏病患者并未见冠状动脉病变，甚至尸检亦未见冠状动脉阻塞和心肌梗死，而表现为心肌、小血管和微血管病变，这亦与糖尿病患者心脏病发生率和病死率增高部分有关。
【病因】糖尿病患者加速的动脉粥样硬化性心脏病和心肌病的发生除高血糖之外，主要还与其常合并脂质代谢异常、高血压发生率增加、血液流变学异常及胰岛素抵抗或高胰岛素血症等有关。
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Trends in Mortality Rates for Ischemic Heart Disease in NHANES Subjects with and without Diabetes*
Total costs 12 billion US $
CVD accounts for 64% of total costs
Cardiovascular disease
American Diabetes Association. Economic Consequences of Diabetes Mellitus in the US in 1997. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association, 1998:1-14.
17
DM
Non-DM
4 Women
% of Deaths
Mortality in People with Diabetes Causes of Death
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ischemic Other Diabetes Cancer Stroke Infection Other heart heart
n=228
40
WOMEN 100
No diabetes
80
n=568
60
Diabetes
40
n=156
0 0 20 40 60 80 Months Post-MI
>6.1 (>110) to <7.0 (<126)
Values are mmol/L (mg/dl)
Adapted from World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. Geneva: World Health Organization:1999:52.
Fasting Glucose
2-Hour Post Glucose Load
Diabetes Mellitus
>7.0 (>126)
>11.1 (>200)
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
>7.8 (>140) to <11.1 (<200)
Impaired Fasting Glucose
Epidemiology of Insulin Resistance, Diabetes Mellitus, and Coronary Heart Disease
Steven Haffner, MD
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperglycemia Plasma Glucose Concentration
Rate per 1000 person-years
Diabetes 20
17.0
15
14.2
10
6.8 7.6
5
Nondiabetes
Men, cohort 1* Men, cohort 2** Women, cohort 1* Women, cohort 2** 7.4
4.2 2.4 1.9
0
-16.6%
Hospitalization Costs for Chronic Complications of Diabetes in the US
Ophthalmic Others disease
Renal disease
Neurologic disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Mortality per 1000 person-years*
35 29.9
30
25
20
19.2
23.0
Diabetes No Diabetes
15
11.5
10
6.3
5
11.0
7.1 3.6
0
Men
Women
Men
Women
All heart disease Ischemic heart disease
-20.4%
(P=0.12)
Survival Post-MI in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Men and Women: Minnesota Heart Survey
Survival (%) Survival (%)
MEN 100
No diabetes
80
n=1628
60 Diabetes
Framingham Study: DM and CHD Mortality 20-Year Follow-up
Annual CHD Deaths per 1000 Persons
18
16
17
14
12
10
8
6
8
4
2
0
Men
Kannel WB, McGee DL. JAMA 1979;241:2035-2038.
disease disease
Geiss LS et al. In: Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. 1995; chap 11.
Mortality Due to Heart Disease in Men and Women with or without Diabetes (US)
Prevalence of Diabetes in Adult Population (Aged >20 years) by Year and Region
Percent
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Developed
1995
2000
2025
Developing
World
King H et al. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1414-1431.
(P=0.46)
+10.7%
(P=0.76)
-43.8%
(P<0.001)
*Defined in 1971-1975, followed up through 1982-1984. **Defined in 1982-1984, followed up through 1992-1993. Gu K et al. JAMA 1999;281:1291-1297.