Chapter 4 翻译单位与语篇翻译-文档资料
新标准大学英语第四单元课文翻译.doc
新标准大学英语第四单元课文翻译Working for a big American companyNow children who tell them that they have to "go to work to earn a living" when they grow up tend to show a lot of confusion and frustrationIt's not surprising・ The problem is that they can，t imagine what they do in big American companies・Not long ago, when the parents said he was going to work, thechild knew exactly what he was going to do. He did n't do something to fix things.The father might take the child to the place where he worked, and let him watch himself build the carriage or the table・If the child asks, /z daddy, what do you do?" "My father would answer him in a language that the child could understand, such as:/z I am repairing steam〃0r〃I5 m a horse collar 〃・But the father of a steam engine or a table now is very rare and most people do not do it. Now, most fathersSitting in a building with glass walls, doing work that kids don't understand・ When asked, z，what do you do, dad?" When,Their answers often confuse children."I sell space・"〃I do market research・"〃I'm a data handler・" "I work in the pr department・〃 a systemThe auditor. How can he possibly imagine how a person can analyze the systemWhat about the market?Even for those adults who do market research, it's hard to imagine what the public is doing every day, a general systemThe analyst must not know what the space salesman does in the store, just as a space salesman knows nothing about the tools of the analysis systemThe same・In ordinary everyday work, nothing is handmade・ Everything is made by machine now. Can also beFew things need repairing・ It's very easy to get things out of the machine, and it's very expensive to fix it, noWorth it. So the consumer was put down by the people and bought a new one・ In fact, machines are producing waste・A few people who can relate to these machines can, of course, say to an inquisitive child: "dad is a garbage man.〃butIt is that most workers are far from the site of production waste and are unable to feel their own contribution to the wasteindustry. So these are the peopleWhat are you doing?Think of a typical building in an American city・ In this building, nothing is produced, not yet12There is nothing to repair, even the building itself・ Thebuilding was originally built as a piece of garbage, so it was bigThe building is worn out and it will be thrown away as rubbish and a new garbage building will be built in place・Even so, the building is packed with people who think they，re working. At any given time of the day, about a third of the timePeople are on the phone・ Most of the talk on the phone is related to the file, because almost everyone in the building is busy with paperwork・Some of the work in the building needs someone to write on the document・ Some people want to put word to file, some people wantto read the document, andMake notes in the blank・ Some people want to make copies, othersto deliver documents・ Some people file files, others take files. Some people send documents,Some call others to bring them in. Some people call to find outwhere the files are, some are in businessPlease file・ In the most luxurious offices, some documents have been approved, others rejected・The elevator was packed with young people who took the papers from one floor to another, and the important people with the documentsThey were about to discuss the documents with other important people・How can a child understand all this? Perhaps his father was in high office and had to discuss papers with others at lunch・Imagine him withThe son came to work and gave the child some idea of his work・What can a child see?His father called to send the papers, and he read the papers・Maybe he，11 be angry with the file, or red ink on the fileMake a mark・ He called another person and said he wou1d have lunch together to discuss the documents・At lunch, they discussed the document・ Back in the office, the father asked the man to reprint five copies of the document to another person, the personCompare this document with that one in triplicate last year.As you can imagine, after this, if a child asks, 〃what does yourfather do?" The poor boy and his little friendThere is no way of thinking about this mysterious work・ What wou 1 d he say? If he's not observant enough, he might say, 〃meCouldn51 say for sure・〃If he was very observant, he would say,"I think it's a waste related job・ With everyonelhe same.Active reading (2)Our so-called exciting times are boring〃0ur obsession with novelty is not new, " says Dominic sandbrook・We live in a world of change that is unprecedented and dazzling・Because of globalization, the boundaries of the stateIt's unraveling, and technological innovation is fundamentally reshaping our lives in ways that we can barely understand・ In the century21In the early stages of history, the change in history accelerated; This kind of change is unprecedented, and everything is different from the past・Anyway, this is a familiar phrase・However, the reason we have this kind of argument is that it is our love for noveltyThe obsession, ignorance of deep historical patterns, and our hubris・ To prove the superiority of the forebears, IThey boast that they live in an unprecedented period of change・But, there is a good example of how we actually do itNo life is so interesting・Take globalization. Its champion, Thomas friedman, argues that globalization is a new z，international system",It affects "the politics, the environment, the geopolitics and the economy of almost every country in the world"・ But if you put it in historyIn the environment, the word is almost meaningless・ Which society has not been more or less globalized?The Roman empire, for example, was completely a multi-ethnic,multi-cultural, transnational entity, with dozens of different in its capital aloneLanguage and religion compete with each other・ The Romansimported grain from Egypt and bought spices and utensils from China and India・They exported pottery to other countries and even sold it to remote local governance・ We could be a call center for bangaloreExcited,But it was the ancient Romans who first arrived there・Although the changes in the Chinese side of the past few decades have been everywhere 一一like the changing status of western women ——we areWe should point out the stable side of modern life・ Since 1945 there has not been a major war in the western world, most of the national boundariesThe line has remained intact for more than half a century. Although we like to brag about our modernity, today, Britain is beautifulThe scenery of the country and the soaring skyscrapers are nothing new to the people of the 1940s and 1950s・20Although we are passionate about the Internet and the iPod, we are not living in the age of great technological innovation. Most of theThe techniques used in everyday life 一一such as toasters, kettles, central heating systems, televisions, airplanes, trains, cars -- allIt was invented decades ago. Despite the deluge of advertising on the Internet, the hard truth is that most of us use each otherNetworking to do something very traditional, whether it，s a book purchase or a letter to a friend・ Someone always tells us that the Internet "opens"A new world, however, surprisingly, % of the network traffic has taken place on this site・90The pace of change is now slower than the consensus expectation of change decades ago. For example, the Stanley libraryCloth rick，s new film : a space Odyssey" in years, people seem to have reason to imagine that one day will catch Pan Am1968The plane flew to the space station, chatted with sentient computers and lived on the moon. But those who saw the film in 1968If they knew that until now they had lived in Mi It on Keynes, they would have been disappointed.Our pursuit of novelty is nothing new・ In the year George Orwe 11 complained, "I don't know1944:How many times have you heard 〃the plane and the radio have gone away, " and "the world is now interdependent，/If he is alive, he will doubtless be annoyed by the same idea・Although baby boomers like to brag that they have changed more than anyone else, we don，t have to go back too farFar more dramatic changes can be found・ Imagine an Englishman who was born in a village in 1865, where people were riding horses,In a carriage, in the winter snow, the horizon was limited・ Let's say that he can live to be a little more than a year or a year old (and that's perfectly possible),80He can see cars, planes, radios, telephones, movies, home appliances, the mass popularization of education and women，s suffrageThe birth of a world that is not as large as it is today. In other words, what he saw before he died was meIt's hard to imagine・ I suspect that, in his view, we think that exciting times may be really boring・There is a mantra in China: "I hope you live in an interesting time, " which means chaos and anxiety in the wake of interestingtimes・ If such asIn this case, we are lucky because we are not living in interesting times・Reading，11 culturesBritain's disappearing professionUnder a flourishing chestnut treeThe country blacksmith stands out;A blacksmith is a strong man,Both hands are large and powerful;The drum muscles of his two armsIt's as firm as an iron bar・His hair was hard, black and long.His face was black as charcoal;His forehead is an honest sweat,He worked hard to make money,And be open to the whole world,Because he doesn't owe anyone・—— Henry wasivo Longfellow(Fu Haoyi)Since Longfellow wrote the poem about the country blacksmith, times have changed, and so has the means of living・ In the last hundred yearsBetween them, hundreds of traditional professions have almost disappeared・ The country blacksmith is an obvious example・ The blacksmith was the center of village life,He used iron to make things, to fix things, and to do odd jobs, such as horseshoes for horses・ Today, in Britain, blacksmiths are notA thousand people・At the same time, the rise of agricultural mechanization in the countryside greatly reduced the number of farmers, especially those who raised livestock・ For example, it is still in BritainThere are only a few people left in the mountains of northern grange・Work in the city has also changed・ No one wou 1 d deny that some are better: improvements in sanitation are making the work of catching mice bigThe reduction in the minimum working age legislation makes shoeshine workers disappear from the streets, but individual operators, such as shoe-making cobblersOr the watchmaker who repairs watches is hard to see now・ Many sma.11 vendors have had to close their doors because of competition from rival supermarkets・About a year ago, the milkman was familiar with the milkman, who went door to door on small battery cars・ F TOIP that time20Demand has now fallen by 60%・ Today, people who order milk can order it online, and the local supermarket will buy milk and other goodsGet up to your door・Sometimes certain professions disappear almost overnight・ A hundred years ago, Britain was the world's largest producer ofcoal60It produces 200 million tons of coal a year・ By the end of the century, almost all the mines were closed and most of the miners had lost their jobs・ but20, 80The z，clean fuel" that replaces coal is too expensive, and inrecent years a lot of people have re-opened fire for years and returned to the traditional fireIs expected to come up.This leads most people to think that a job that has disappeared -- a chimney sweep -- is alive again. The sweep of the chimney is deadIt was once a byword for traditional dangerous jobs, and now there is demand・ According to the service project announced by Internet advertising, this type of workThe technology is quite high・Translate the English into English・We don，t understand their plan at all, because their opinions are not easily grasped・ This is probably because of the two of usThe other side's way of thinking is equally confused・ I think an interview should be arranged so that everyone can clear the misunderstanding and clear the communicationObstacles・ It's a safe bet that it's a safe bet・We couldn't make of their proposal at all, because it was no easy job for us to come to grips withTheir perspective・ It was a safe bet that we were as much baffled about their way of thinking as theyI think we need to arrange a meeting to clear up my lifeThe communication barriers・In a biography written by a colleague who has worked with him for more than two decades, it is easy to conclude that he represents the absolute world war iiThe post-elite, their religious and political views are more conservative・ Nothing if not in the wake ofFrom a biography written by one of his former colleagues who had worked with him for more than twoIn fact, it is not difficult to conclude that what he has done is nothing if not the elite class of theCountry in the wake of World War II, who were ratherconservative in terms of religious and politicalViews.。
汉英比较与翻译chapter 4
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English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt（麦芽）. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. …
英语国家沿袭了古代希腊人非常严格和规 范的语词系统。古代希腊人认为,语词系统 与思维系统是相一致的,要表达一个清晰合 理的思想就离不开清晰合理的词形和句法。 而在一个毫无条理的陈述结构中,思想肯定 也是杂乱无章的,而杂乱无章的思想是没有 意义的。英语形合的特征正是在这样一种 背景之下形成的。
与之相反,中国人重直觉,强调意念流, 只要能够达意,词的形式是无关紧要的, 词语之间的关系常在不言中,语法意义 和逻辑关系常隐藏在字里行间。正所 谓‚子曰:辞,达而已矣‛(《论语.卫灵 公》)。(The master said, in official speeches, all that matters is to get one’s meaning through.)
Chapter 4 翻译单位与语篇翻译
12) If I learn to drive a motorcycle, I will certainly buy a new one. 我要是学摩托车的话，（我）就一定去买一辆新的。
Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep? 10) 他是信口开河，他对经济一窍不通。
He is shooting off his mouth. He does not know the first thing of economy.
The Omission of Pronoun
【译文】美国和中国有着共同的利益，当然也 有分歧，不过我们相信我们能够以相互了解和 尊重的态度来探讨所存在的分歧。
【解析】由于谈的是中美两国的重大国际关系 问题，译文用了“当然”“不过”使语篇意义 完整，措辞显得婉转，语气平和友好。
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例3：An efficient computer code for calculating the
故事就发生在丹麦的一家雅致的小旅馆里。这种 小旅馆备有酒食招待游客，而且讲英语。
Examples of Translation from English to Chinese: 1) I took the news with a grain of salt.
我对这个消息半信半疑。 2) He went through fire and flood to save his
13) in deep water
水深火热
14) turn up one’s nose at
chapter four-商务英语英汉翻译教程PPT精品文档53页
CISISU-Business English for the
8
Seniors
Part 1. Relationship between the meaning of English and Chinese words
3. no correspondence 词义缺乏对应
Plumber
形成于“五角大楼文件”泄密事件后白宫设 立的专门特工机构。Plumber原意“铅管 工”，用以指特工，系借用“铅管工”堵漏、 防漏之含义）美国调查政府雇员泄密事件的 特工（《参考消息》将此词翻译为“管子 工”）
Chapter Four A Comparison study between English
and Chinese words and its translation
第四章 英汉词语对比与翻译
By Lily Chang
CISISU-Business English for the
1
Seniors
Targets of Chapter Four
CISISU-Business English for the
3
Seniors
Part 1. Relationship between the meaning of English and Chinese words
Differences: Chinese-相比英文，汉语词义严谨固定，
词的含义范围较窄，词义上下的依赖性比较 小。
译文：为应对目前的“非洲之角”饥荒，中国政府 决定通过联合国双边渠道向有关国家提供价值 4.432亿元人民币的紧急粮食援助。
CISISU-Business English for the
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CHAPTER 4 翻译
至1966年，20种氨基酸对应的61个密码 子和三个终止密码子全部被查清
遗传密码的性质
简并性(degeneracy)：由一种以上密码 子编码同一个氨基酸的现象。61个编码 氨基酸，3个终止密码子UAA(赭石)， UAG(琥珀)，UGA(蛋白石)。
普遍性和特殊性: 密码子对各种生物都 适用，支原体中UGA编码色氨酸，嗜热 四膜虫中UAA编码谷氨酰胺。
密码子:mRNA上3个核苷酸翻译成蛋白质多肽链上 的一个氨基酸，这3个核苷酸就称为密码子。 ORF: 从mRNA 5„端起始密码子AUG到3‟ 端终止 密码子之间的核苷酸序列，各个三联体密码连 续排列编码一个蛋白质多肽链，称为开放阅读 框架(open reading frame, ORF)。
反密码子：tRNA分子的反密码子环上的三联体核 苷酸残基序列。在翻译期间，反密码子与 mRNA中的密码子互补结合。
tRNA的种类
起始tRNA和延伸tRNA：能特异性识别 mRNA模板上起始密码子的tRNA叫做起 始tRNA，其它为延伸tRNA。原核生物 起始tRNA携带fMet(甲酰甲硫氨酸)，真 核生物起始tRNA携带Met(甲硫氨酸)。 同工tRNA：多个代表相同氨基酸的 tRNA，均专一于相同的氨酰-tRNA合成 酶。
tRNA的种类
校正tRNA：
① 由于结构基因中某个核苷酸的变化导致 氨基酸的密码子突变为终止密码子称为 无义突变。无义突变的校正tRNA可通 过改变反密码子区校正无义突变；
② 由于结构基因中某个核苷酸的变化导致 一种氨基酸的密码子变成另外一种氨基 酸的密码子称为错义突变。错义突变的 校正tRNA通过改变反密码子区把正确 的氨基酸加到肽链上。
密码子与反密码子配对的摆动现象
I 次黄嘌呤 核苷
Unit4课文译文
Unit 4Main Reading研究随时间流逝而变得更令人兴奋威廉·D·菲利普斯几乎从记事起我就对科学萌生了兴趣，到大约五岁时，我就收集了家里用过的装东西的瓶子作为自己的“化学器材”。
我用父母给我的显微镜观察可以找到的任何东西。
科学仅仅是我童年时为之着迷的事情之一，其他的还有钓鱼、棒球、骑车和爬树。
然而随着时间的流逝，显微镜和化学比棒球棒、钓鱼竿和橄榄球头盔更吸引我的注意力。
记得在我十岁以前，我就决定要把科学作为我的终身事业，而且以一种非常有限而天真的眼光开始欣赏物理学的简单与美丽。
我在我们家屋子的地下室有一个试验室，我全然不知石棉、电和紫外光的危险，花了很多时间在那儿试验火、炸药、火箭和碳弧。
我父母并不直接参与我的科学试验，他们对我的试验持宽容的态度，甚至在家里的电路因我超负荷用电而全部短路时也是如此。
他们总是鼓励我，给我探索、学习和娱乐的自由。
上高中时，我从精彩的科学和数学课堂上得到快乐和收获，但回想起来，那些重点培养语言能力和写作技巧的课程，对我后来拓展自己的科学生涯，和科学和数学课一样重要。
我敢肯定，我高中参加的辩论赛有助于我日后更好地作科学演讲；有关写作风格的课帮助我写出更好的论文；而学习法语则大大促进了我后来跟克劳德·科恩-唐努吉的研究团队富有成果的合作。
读高中时的第二个暑假，我在特拉华大学打工做试验。
那是一次很好的经历，我从指导我的那位研究生那儿明白了一个重要的道理，他告诉我说，“一个实验物理学家就是把嗜好当作工作来谋生的人。
”在朱尼亚塔学院，我开始真正理解数学和物理学之间的联系。
作为物理学前提的微积分既是一项挑战，又是一大乐趣。
这时我开始领略到物理学和数学中的美与统一，而此前我却无法欣赏。
在朱尼亚塔我开始了电子自旋共振的研究，而在阿尔贡国家实验室度过的一学期加深了我对这一课题的理解。
这一经历帮助我成功进入麻省理工的丹·克莱普内尔研究团队攻读研究生，在那里我主攻磁矩的精密测量。
Chapter Four
1.3 重复代词
Ignoring a problem does not solve it. 对于一个问题置之不理，并不能解决问题。 I hope the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time. 我希望这次会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费 时间。 Every country has its own customs. 各国有各国的风俗。 Whoever violates the disciplines should be punished. 谁犯了纪律，谁就应该受到惩罚。
He is not the president and chairman of the company. 他并非既是公司总经理又是董事长。(他或 者是总经理,或者是董事长) He did not care time or money. 他不在乎时间,也不在乎金钱。
3、形式否定
１cannot...too; cannot...over ２cannot...enough 这种结构的意思不是“不能太……”或者“不能过 分地……”,而是表示“再怎么样或无论怎样也不 为过”,“越……越好”,其意义是肯定的。 The importance of market research cannot be overstated. Our company cannot get enough capital on this project.
Lecture Five
Repetition
1. 为了明确
1.1重复名词 We began to analyze and study the present situations. 我们开始分析当前形势，研究当前形势。 To squeeze into a highly competitive overseas market, Chinese home companies have to learn how to analyze and solve problems after China has entered the WTO. 为了能够跻身于一个高度竞争的海外市场，中 国的国内公司，在中国加入世贸组织后，必须 学会如何分析问题和解决问题。
研究生英语系列教材上unit4 原文+翻译
The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V.Benokraitis.下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。
The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States.此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，and explores the choices that are available to family members,探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize.以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。
It examines the diversity of American families today,该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，using cross-cultural and multicultural comparisons运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。
LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS爱和情感连系Nijole V.Benokraitis奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯Love — as both an emotion and a behavior — is essential for human survival.爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。
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5) 我们必须全力以赴，拿下这场球。
We must do our level best to win this game. 6) 照当时情况，他除了忍气吞声又能怎么办呢？
【译文】法国人请客，通常只须做两个菜：一个头盘，一个主 菜，就够了。我们中国人请客，六个人吃六个菜再加一个汤， 是很平常的。那么多菜我们都能吃下去，而法国人请客，菜 虽少，我们也一样能吃饱。
【解析】该语篇用“usually”，“and”，“quite common”和 “whereas”体现了作者的意图，说话的逻辑关系，译文采用 “通常”、“平常”，“虽……也一样”等过渡、承接和转 折手法，准确地转达了作者的意图，体现了整体连贯性。”
throws her cares to the winds. 她是个大大咧咧的女人，总是把忧愁抛至九霄云外。
8) That fellow is always fair without but foul within. 那个家伙总是口蜜腹剑。
9) That little girl has a ready tongue. 那个小姑娘真是伶牙俐齿的。
Examples of Translation from Chinese to English: 1) 这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。
The economic situation in these countries is on the downgrade.
2) 为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。
Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep? 10) 他是信口开河，他对经济一窍不通。
He is shooting off his mouth. He does not know the first thing of economy.
例6：The French usually have two courses for entertaining: a starter and a main course will be enough. It is quite common for us Chinese to treat six people to six dishes and one soup, and we can consume them all, whereas at a French dinner we can also eat our fill.
5) The light-fingered gentry frequented these shops. 梁上君子经常光顾这些商店。 6) He is reaping what he has sown. 他这是咎由自取。 7) She is an easy-going woman. She always
In order to throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as revolutionaries. 3) 扪心自问，他不得不承认自己是错he could not but admit that he was in the wrong. 4) 他们个个摩拳擦掌，士气很高，准备再打一个漂亮 仗。
As things stood, what else could he do but swallow the insult?
7) 侵略者已经走投无路。
The invaders had come to the end of their tether. 8) 我讨厌游手好闲的人。
I dislike the people eating the bread of idleness. 9) 你为什么要引狼入室？
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