英国文学史及选读复习10 The Puritan Age I
The Puritan Age1. The half century between 1625 and 1675 is called the Puritan period for two reasons: first, because Puritan standards prevailed for a time in England; and second, because the greatest literary figure during all these years was the Puritan, John Milton. Historically the age was one of tremendous conflict. The Puritan struggled for righteousness and liberty, and because he prevailed, the age is one of moral and political revolution. In his struggle for liberty the Puritan overthrew the monarchy, beheaded Charles I, and established the Commonwealth under Cromwell. The Commonwealth lasted but a few years, and the restoration of Charles II in 1660 is often put as the end of the Puritan period. The age has no distinct limits, but overlaps with the Elizabethan period on one side, and the Restoration period on the other.The age produced many writers, a few immortal books, and one of the world’s great literary leaders. The literature of the age is extremely diverse in character, and the diversity is due to the breaking up of the ideals of political and religious unity. This literature differs from that of the preceding age in three marked ways: 1. it has no unity of spirit, as in the days of Elizabeth, resulting from the patriotic enthusiasm of all classes. 2. In contrast with the hopefulness and vigor of Elizabethan writings, much of the literature of this period is somber in character; it saddens rather than inspires. 3. It has lost romantic impulse of youth, and become critical and intellectual; it makes us think, rather than feel deeply.2. Puritanism, in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical and theological ideas in England and America. Originating in the reign of Elizabeth I, the movement opposed the ecclesiastical establishment and aimed at purifying the church---hence the name Puritan. Many Puritans sided with the parliamentary party in the English Civil War and held great power between 1640 and 1660. They were cast out of the Church of England after the Restoration. In America the early New England settlements were Puritan in origin and theocratic in nature. The spirit of Puritanism long persisted there, and the idea of congregational democratic government was carried into the political life of the state as a source of modern democracy. It had two chief objects: the first was personal righteousness; the second was civil and religious liberty. In other words, it aimed to make men honest and free.3. Literature of the Puritan perioda. The transition poets=Jacobean poets.They are called so, because they show clearly the changing standards of the age. Of whom Samuel Daniel 1562-1619 is chief. He is interesting for two reasons,---for his use of the artificial sonnet, and for his literary desertion of Spenser as a model. Delia, “Complaint of Rosamond”, “Civil Wars”.b. The song writersThomas Campion 1567?--- 1619 Nicholas Breton 1545?---1626? Lyric poets of a mixture of the Elizabethan and Puritan standards. They sing of sacred and profanelove with the same zest. Development of music and French influence.c. The Spenserian poetsGiles Fletcher 1588?---1623 a follower of Spenser in the noble simplicity and majesty of his lines, suggestive of Milton. “Christ’s Victory and Triumph”George Wither 1588---1667 covers two periods. Hymns and Songs of the Church, varied life, dull poetry, epitome of the age.d. The Cavalier poetsgallant, opposite to Puritan who is serious and rational. Write songs generally in lighter vein, gay, trivial, often licentious, but can’t altogether escape the tremendous seriousness of Puritanism.Herrick, Lovelace, Sucklinge. The metaphysical poetsThe name given by Dr. Johnson in derision, because of the fantastic for m of Donne’s poetry, is often applied to all minor poets of the Puritan age. Of all these poets, we can consider here only Donne and Herbert, who in different ways are the types of revolt against earlier forms and standards of poetry. In feeling and imagery both are poets of a high order, but in style and expression they are the leaders of the fantastic school whose influence largely dominated poetry during the half century of the Puritan period.The metaphysical poetryThe term is commonly used to designate the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the Petrarchan tradition, which is full of refined language, polished rhyming schemes and eulogy to ideal love. They favored for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression, and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument. Their tendency toward logical reasoning of the things, psychological analysis of the emotions of love and religion, their fondness of the novel and shocking, their use of the metaphysical conceit, and their ignoring of the conventional metric devices resulted frequently in obscurity, rough verse, and strained imagery. Their poetry is more realistic with daily-used language, rough excess in poetic measure, with paradox or contrast to avoid smoothness and plainness. They also look for a connection between their emotion and mental concepts. The immediacy and intensity of the emotional appeal to the reader does not rule out intellectual subtlety. Since John Donne links up a wide range of ideas, explores a complex attitude of the mind, and uses his wit and ingenious conceits to put human experiences into poetry, he is generally regarded as the leading figure of this school. Other members include George Herbert, Henry V aughan, Richard Crashaw, Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley. They greatly influenced 2oth-cent. poetry.John Donne 1573—1631Life:Son of a rich iron merchant. On his father’s side he came from an old Welsh family, and on his mother’s side from the Heywood and Sir Thomas More’s family. Both families were catholic, and in his early life persecution was brought near; for his brother died in prison for harboring a proscribed priest, and his own education could not be continued in Oxford and Cambridge because of religion. He studied law and was investigating the philosophic grounds of all faith. Gradually he left the church in which he was born, renounced all denominations, and called himself simply Christian. He joined the expedition of Essex. Returning home, he became secretary to Lord Egerton, fell in love with latter’s niece, Anne More, and married her; for which cause he was cast into prison. Later Sir George More forgave the lovers and made an allowance to his daughter. When his wife died her allowance ceased, and Donne was left with seven children in extreme poverty. Then he became a preacher, rose rapidly by sheer intellectual force and genius, and in four years was the greatest of English preachers and Dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.His poetry:He threw style and all literary standards to the winds, and precisely for this reason he is forgotten, though his great intellect and genius had marked him as one of those who should do things “worthy to be remembered”. He is good reading to those who exalt feeling and thought above expression. He influenced English literature in the way of boldness and originality.。
英国文学史及选读--复习要点总结
英国文学史及选读--复习要点总结《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. : ; ; , （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. （名词解释）3. “ ”: a ’s4. （名词解释）5.6. : ; ( ; 124 , 24 ; ; ; : )7. (名词解释)8. （名词解释）9 ——10. （名词解释）11. （名词解释）12. “ ”13. “” . “ ”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. 四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是这是肯定的。
他的也很重要，最重要属18。
（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读）15. 三大史诗非常重要，特别是和。
对于需要知道它是写成的，故事情节来自，另外要知道此书和的形象。
16. ——’s17. —— ; : , .18. （名词解释）19. （名词解释）20. ——“ ”21. ——“ ”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。
22. ’s ’s23. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”; ()24. : “’s ”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A ”比较重要，要注意作者用的也就是反讽手法。
25. 18 .26. : “ ”, “ ”, 当然是比较重要，剧情要清楚，的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。
另外注意的和，另外是。
27. ——“” ( ), “ ”, “ ”28. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。
他是一个比较重要的作家，另外也被称为 .29. ——“ ”项狄传30. ——“ ”31. ——“ ”(), “ ” () ( ), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” ( )32. （名词解释）33. ——“ a ”（英国诗歌里非常著名的一首，曾经被誉为“有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首”）(a 墓园派诗人)* / ”: A , a , , . , ’s“ a ”. .34. 18 , ; : .35. ——“ ”许多中古的民谣都是在这个时期重新收集和整理起来的，这个集子是那个时代比较有名的一个民谣集。
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲Part 1 The Anglo―Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期1.H istorical BackgroundCelts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. Anglo―Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学2 christian基督徒文学alliterative verse头韵诗Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot 鹿兀grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写2) a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic 民国史诗Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期11.H istorical BackgroundRoman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是normanconquest。
The Norman Conquest in 1066Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）Kings―Barons男爵―Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团was formed2.T he languageUpper classes: French, Latin The mon people: Old EnglishThree languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the mon English people.3.The literatureRomance was a type of literature that was very popular2in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter:Geoffrey’s His tory杰弗里《史记》，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体1)t he Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士2)M atter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝3)M atter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthurand his knights of the Round Table3.m ain literatureSir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman3妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340―1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1.H istorical BackgroundHe was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD2.W hat's middle ages like?1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系3.L ife and work of ChaucerChaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely41. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863.English The Canterbury tales4.The Canterbury talesHe got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own way.5The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to e someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. --Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shootThe significance of his writing1)it gives a prehensive广泛的picture of Chaucer’s time2)the dramatic structure3)Chaucer’s humor4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer6used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大众民谣A ballad is a narrative叙述poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗）―two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd Characteristics:1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introductionof the characters and the background of the tale2)There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals witha single episode插曲3)the story is often told through dialogue and action4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的5)The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza7节，段在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。
英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement.1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A.The Canterbury TalesB.The Ballad of Robin HoodC.The Song of BeowulfD.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght2._____is the most common foot in English poetry.A.The anapestB.The trocheeC.The iambD.The dactyl3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event?A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B.England’s domestic restC.New discovery in geography and astrologyD.The religious reformation and the economic expansion4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A.The Pilgrims ProgressB.Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersC.The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanD.The Holy War5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____.A.scienceB.philosophyC.artsD.humanism6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ?A.Lover.B.Time.C.Summer.D.Poetry.7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct.A.God’sB.Satan’sC.Adam’sD.Eve’s8. It is generally regarded that Keats’s most important and mature poems are in the form of ______.A.elegyB.odeC.epicD.sonnet9.“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”The sentence is the beginning of Shakespeare’s_______.edyB.tragedyC.sonnetD.poem10. Daniel Defoe’s novels mainly focus on _____.A.the struggle of the unfortunate for mere existenceB.the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for securityC.the struggle of the pirates for wealthD.the desire of the criminals for property11. Francis Bacon is best known for his_____which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.A.essaysB.poemsC.worksD.plays12. Most of Thomas Hardy’s novels are set in Wessex____.A.a crude region in EnglandB.a fictional primitive regionC.a remote rural areaD.Hardy’s hometown13. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, which is not true?A.Pride and Prejudice is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novels.B.Pride and Prejudice is originally drafted as “First Impressions”.C.Pride and Prejudice is a tragic novel.D.In this novel, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.14. Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to _____A.1798-1832B.1836-1901C.1798-1901D.the Neoclassical Period15. In the following figures, who is Dickens’s first child hero?A.Fagin.B.Mr.Brownlow.C.Olive Twist.D.Bill Sikes16. “And where are they? And where art thou,”My country? On thy voiceless shoreThe heroic lay is tuneless now-The heroic bosom beats no more! (George Gordon Byron, Don Juan)In the above stanza,“art thou”literally means_____.A.“art you ”B.“are though”C.“art though”D.“are you ”17. Of the following writers, which is not the representative of the Romantic period?A.William Blake.B.John Bunyan.C.Jane Auten.D.John Keats.18. In Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, what is the utmost concern of Blake?A.LoveB.ChildhoodC.DeathD.Human Experience19. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____.A.the RenaissanceB.the Old TestamentC.Greek MythologyD.the New Testament20. Jane Austen’s first novel is _____.A.Pride and PrejudiceB.Sense and SensibilityC.EmmaD.Plan of a Noel21. Of the following poets, which is not regarded as “Lake Poets’”?A.Saumel Taylor Coleridge.B.Robert Southey.C.William Wordsworth.D.William Shakespeare.22.Daniel Defoe describes____as a typical English middle-class man of the eighteenth century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.A.Robinson CrusoeB.Moll FlandersC.GulliverD.Tom Jones23. The lines“Death, be not proud, though some have calld thee/Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;”are found in ______.A.William Wordsworth’s writingsB.John Keats’ writ ingsC.John Donne’s writingsD.Percy Bysshe Shelley’s writings24.The Pilgrim’s progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for_____.A.self-fulfillmentB.spiritual salvationC.material wealthD.universal truth25.With so many poems such as “The Sparrow’s Nest,”“To a Skylark,”“To the Cuckoo”and “To a Butterfly”,William Wordsworth is regarded as a “______”.A.poet of genius.B.royal poet.C.worshipper of nature.D.conservative poet.26.In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told this experience in ____.A.LilliputB.BrobdingnagC.HouyhnhnmD.England27.Which of the following can not describe“Byronic hero”?A.Proud.B.Mysterious.C.Noble origin.D.Progressiv e.28.The poetic form which Browning attached to maturity and perfection is ____.e of ironic languagee of lyrics29.The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of ____.A.John MiltonB.John DonneC.John KeatsD.John Bunyan30. Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth?A.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.B.She Dwelt Among the Untrodden WaysC.The Solitary Reaper.D.The Chimney Sweeper.II. Find the relevant match from colunm B for each item in Colomn A (10 points in all. 1 point for each)A B1.Geoffrey Chaucer E A. A Red, Red Rose2.Francis Bacon C B. Ode to a Nightingale3.Jonathan Swift F C. Of Truth4.William Blake G D.Northanger Abbey5.Robert Burns A E.The Canterbury Tales6.John Keats B F.A Modest Proposal7.Jane Austen D G.The Tiger8.Charles Dickens I H. Ulysses9.Tennyson H I.David Copperfield10.Robert Browning J J.My Last DuchessIII. Fill in the following blanks (10 points in all, 1 point for each)1. In the year__1066__,at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by william, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-saxons.2. Since historical times, England, where the early inhabitants were celts, has been conquered three times. It was conquered by the Romans, the ANGLO-SAXONS____,and the Normans.3.Remeo and Juliet____is regared as shakespeare’s successful romantic tragedy.4. No sooner were the people in control of the government than they divided into hostile parties: the liberal whigs and the conservative__Tories___.5. The Glorious Revolution in 1688___meant three things the supremacy of parliament, the beginning of modern English, and the final triumph of the principle of political liberty.latter half of the 18th___century.7. With the publication of william Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballad____in collaboration with S.T Coleridge, Romanticism began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literatare.8. Woman as _novelists ___ appeared in the Romantic age. It was during this period that women took, for the first time ,an important place in English literature.9. The most important poet of the victoria Age was__ Tennyson __, Next to him, were Robert Browning and his wife.10. The ____movement appeared in the thirties of the 19th cenfury.1. 10662. Anglo-Saxons3. Romeo and Juliet4. Tories5. 16886.18th7.Lyrical Ballads 8.novelists 9. Tennyson 10.ChartistIV. Questions and Answers (20 points in all ,10points for each) Give brief answers to each of following questions in English.(1)A selection from a poemWherefore feed and clothe and saveForm the cradle to the graveThose ungrateful drones who wouldDrain your sweat_nay, drink your blood?Whrefore, Bees of England, forgeMany a weepon, chain, and scourgeThat these stingless drones may spoilThe forced produce of your tail?Questions (10’)1. These lines are taken from a poem entitled_A Song: Men of England)written by __ Shelley _2. The rhyme scheme in the selection of the poem is _aabb ccdd___.(1’)3.What idea does the quotation express?(7’)1. 1’) (1’)This poem is a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, it points out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poet calls the exploiters “ungrateful drones”, Who drain the sweat and drink the blood of the labouring people, He illustrates with concrete examples the relationship of economic exploitation between the ruling class and the working people.(7’)(2) A Selection from a workSome books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others, but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled bookd are like common distilled waters.Question(10’)1. This passage is taken from a well-known work entiled___,(2’) written by ____.(1’)2. What’s the main idea of the whole work. (7’)V. Topic Discussion (30 points in all,15 points for each). Write no less than 100 words on each of the following topics in English , in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.1. Based on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, discuss the theme of her works, the image of woman protagonists and what and how her novels truthfully present.(15’)2. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Aasten explored three kinds of motivations of marriage that the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.(15’)200x－200x学年度第一学期期末考试试卷答案及评分标准考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班I. Multiple Choice (1’×30=30’)01-05 C C B A D 06-10 D B B C A11-15 A B C B C 16-20 D B D B B21-25 D A C B C 26-30 A D A B DII. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in colamn A (1’×10=10’)1-E 2-C 3-F 4-G 5-A6-B 7-D 8-I 9-H 10-JIII. Fill in the following blanks (1’×10=10’)1. 10662. Anglo-Saxons3. Romeo and Juliet4. Tories5. 16886.18th7.Lyrical Ballads 8.novelists 9.Tennyson 10.ChartistIV. Questions and Answers (20 points in all )(1) A PoemQuestions(10’)1. A Song: Men of England(1’) Shelley(1’)2. aabb ccdd (1’)3. This poem is a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, it points out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poet calls the exploiters “ungrateful drones”, Who drain the sweat and drink the blood of the labouring people, He illustrates with concrete examples the relationship of economic exploitation between the ruling class and the working people.(7’)(2) A Selection from a work1. Of Studies(1’) Bacon(1’)2. It analyzes the use and abuse of studies ,the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies. And how studies exert influence over human character.V .Topic Discussion (30 points in all, 15 points for each)A. Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fiece longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.B. All ber heroines’ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.C. The image of woman protagonists in her works are mostly the life of the middle-calss working women, particularly governesses.t0D. Her works present a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper calsses, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. Especially in Jane Eyre by her, she sharply criticises theexisting society, e.g. religious hypocrisy of charity institutions.(2) In the novel ,three kinds of attitudes towards marriage are presented for manifestation: marriage merely for material wealth and social position; marriage just for beauty, attraction and passion regardless of economic condition or personal merits; and the ideal marriage for true love with a consideration of the partner’s personal merit as well as his economic and social status. What jane Aasten tries to say is that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marny without consideration of economic conditions.。
ThePuritanAgeI清教徒时期英国文学
ThePuritanAgeI清教徒时期英国⽂学The Puritan Age1. The half century between 1625 and 1675 is called the Puritan period for two reasons: first, because Puritan standards prevailed for a time in England; and second, because the greatest literary figure during all these years was the Puritan, John Milton. Historically the age was one of tremendous conflict. The Puritan struggled for righteousness and liberty, and because he prevailed, the age is one of moral and political revolution. In his struggle for liberty the Puritan overthrew the monarchy, beheaded Charles I, and established the Commonwealth under Cromwell. The Commonwealth lasted but a few years, and the restoration of Charles II in 1660 is often put as the end of the Puritan period. The age has no distinct limits, but overlaps with the Elizabethan period on one side, and the Restoration period on the other. The age produced many writers, a few immortal books, and one of the world’s great literary leaders. The literature of the age is extremely diverse in character, and the diversity is due to the breaking up of the ideals of political and religious unity. This literature differs from that of the preceding age in three marked ways: 1. it has no unity of spirit, as in the days of Elizabeth, resulting from the patriotic enthusiasm of all classes.2. In contrast with the hopefulness and vigor of Elizabethan writings, much of the literature of this period is somber in character; it saddens rather than inspires.3. It has lost romantic impulse of youth, and become critical and intellectual; it makes us think, rather than feel deeply.2. Puritanism, in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical and theological ideas in England and America. Originating in the reign of Elizabeth I, the movement opposed the ecclesiastical establishment and aimed at purifying the church---hence the name Puritan. Many Puritans sided with the parliamentary party in the English Civil War and held great power between 1640 and 1660. They were cast out of the Church of England after the Restoration. In America the early New England settlements were Puritan in origin and theocratic in nature. The spirit of Puritanism long persisted there, and the idea of congregational democratic government was carried into the political life of the state as a source of modern democracy. It had two chief objects: the first was personal righteousness; the second was civil and religious liberty. In other words, it aimed to make men honest and free.3. Literature of the Puritan perioda. The transition poets=Jacobean poets.They are called so, because they show clearly the changing standards of the age. Of whom Samuel Daniel 1562-1619 is chief. He is interesting for two reasons,---for his use of the artificial sonnet, and for his literary desertion of Spenser as a model. Delia, “Complaint of Rosamond”, “Civil Wars”.b. The song writersThomas Campion 1567?--- 1619 Nicholas Breton 1545?---1626? Lyric poets of a mixture of the Elizabethan and Puritan standards. They sing of sacred and profane love with the same zest. Development of music and French influence.c. The Spenserian poetsGiles Fletcher 1588?---1623 a follower of Spenser in the noble simplicity and majesty of his lines, suggestive of Milton.“Christ’s Victory and Triumph”George Wither 1588---1667 covers two periods. Hymns and Songs of the Church, varied life, dull poetry, epitome of the age.d. The Cavalier poetsgallant, opposite to Puritan who is serious and rational. Write songs generally in lighter vein, gay, trivial, often licentious, but can’t altogether escape the tremendous seriousness of Puritanism.Herrick, Lovelace, Sucklinge. The metaphysical poetsThe name given by Dr. Johnson in derision, because of the fantastic for m of Donne’s poetry, is often applied to all minor poets of the Puritan age. Of all these poets, we can consider here only Donne and Herbert, who in different ways are the types of revolt against earlier forms and standards of poetry. In feeling and imagery both are poets of a high order, but in style and expression they are the leaders of the fantastic school whose influence largely dominated poetry during the half century of the Puritan period.John Donne 1573—1631Life:Son of a rich iron merchant. On his father’s side he came from an old Welsh family, and on his mother’s side from the Heywood and Sir Thomas More’s family. Both families were catholic, and in his early life persecution was brought near; for his brother died in prison for harboring a proscribed priest, and his own education could not be continued in Oxford and Cambridge because of religion. He studied law and was investigating the philosophic grounds of all faith. Gradually he left the church in which he was born, renounced all denominations, and called himself simply Christian. He joined the expedition of Essex. Returning home, he became secretary to Lord Egerton, fell in love with latter’s niece, Anne More, and married her; for which cause he was cast into prison. Later Sir George More forgave the lovers and made an allowance to his daughter. When his wife died her allowance ceased, and Donne was left with seven children in extreme poverty. Then he became a preacher, rose rapidly by sheer intellectual force and genius, and in four years was the greatest of English preachers and Dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.His poetry:He threw style and all literary standards to the winds, and precisely for this reason he is forgotten, though his great intellect and genius had marked him as one of those who should do things “worthy to be remembered”. He is good reading to those who exalt feeling and thought above expression. He influenced English literature in the way of boldness and originality.。
英国文学史及选读复习8-summary-of-the-Age-of-Elizabeth
Summary of the Age of Elizabeth ( I )This period is generally regarded as the greatest in the history of English literature. Historically, we note in this age the tremendous impetus received from the Renaissance, from the Reformation, and from the exploration of the New World. It was marked by a strong national spirit, by patriotism, by religious tolerance, by social content, by intellectual progress, and by unbounded enthusiasm.Such an age, of thought, feeling, and vigorous action, finds its best expression in the drama; and the wonderful development of the drama, culminating in Shakespeare, is the most significant characteristic of the Elizabethan period. Though the age produced some excellent prose works, it is essentially an age of poetry; and the poetry is remarkable for its variety, its freshness, its youthful and romantic feeling. Both the poetry and drama were permeated by Italian influence, which was dominant in English literature from Chaucer to the Restoration. The literature of this age is often called the literature of the Renaissance, though, the Renaissance itself began much earlier, and for a century and a half added very little to English literary possessions.In the study of the age we have noted:1.The non-dramatic poetsThe poets who did not write for the stage.a. The center of this group is Edmund Spenser whose Shepherd’s Calendar(1579) marked the appearance of the first national poet since Chaucer’s death in 1400. His most famous work is The Faery Queen .The Shepherd’s Calendar is about his love and his melancholy over the lost love. The themes are generally rural life, nature, love in the fields; and the speakers are shepherds and shepherdesses. It consists of twelve pastoral poems, or eclogues, one for each month of the year.The Faery Queen. The original plan of the poem included twenty four books, each of which was to recount the adventure and triumph of a knight who represented a moral virtue. Spenser completed only six books, celebrating holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice, and courtesy. For The Faery Queen, Spenser invented a new verse form, which has been called since his day the Spenserian stanza. It is in nine lines, eight of five feet each and last of six feet, riming ababbcbcc.Characteristics of Spenser’s po etry:1. perfect melody;2.a rare sense of beauty;3. a splendid imagination;4. a lofty moral purity and seriousness;5.a delicate idealismA Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine,Ycladd in mightei armes and silver shielde,Wherein old dints of deepe woundes did remaine.The cruell markes of many a bloody fielde;Yet armes till that time did he never wield:His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,As much disdayning to the curbe to yield:Full iolly knight he seemed, and faire did sitt,As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt.b. minor poets associated with Spenser1. Thomas Sackville 1536-1608 earl of Dorset and Lord High Treasurer of England. In imitation of Dante’s Inferno, he formed the design of a great poem called The Mirror for Magistrates. He wrote also,in connection with Thomas Norton, first English tragedy, Ferrex and Porrex = Gorboduc2. Michael Drayton 1563-1631 most voluminous, chief work is Polyolbion, an enormous poem of many thousand couplets, describing the towns, mountains, and rivers of Britain, with the interesting legends connected with each. Two other long works Baron’s Wars , Heroic Epistle of England and “Ballad of Agincourt”.3. George Chapman 1559-1634, wrote chiefly for the stage. His plays, which were for the most part merely poems in dialogue, fell far below the high dramatic standard of his time and are now almost unread. His most famous work is the metrical translation of the Iliad and of the Odyssey. He is also remembered as the finisher of Marlowe’s Hero and Leander, in which, apart from the drama, the Renaissance movement is seen at perhaps its highest point in English poetry.4. Philip Sidney 1554-1586, the ideal gentleman, more interesting as a man than as a writer. His life expresses, better than any single literary work, the two ideals of the age,--- personal honor and national greatness. As a writer, he is known by three principal works, all published after his death. Arcadia is a pastoral romance. Apologie for Poetrie = Defense of Poesie , appeared in answer to a pamphlet by Stephen Gosson called The School of Abuse, in which the poetry of the age and its unbridled pleasure were denounced with puritan thoroughness and conviction. Astrophel and Stella is a collection of songs and sonnets addressed to Lady Penelope Devereux, to whom Sidney had once been betrothed.2.The rise and development of the drama in EnglandFirst the need, then the story, then the play; that seems to be the natural development of the drama in its simplest form. The great deeds of a people are treasured in its literature and later generations represent in play or pantomime certain parts of the story which appeal most powerfully to the imagination. To act a part seems as natural to humanity as to tell a story; and originally the drama is but an old story retold to the eye, a story put into action by living performers, who for the moment “make believe” or imagine themselves to be the old heroes.In Europe, as in Greece, the drama had a distinctly religious origin. The first characters were drawn from the New Testament, and the object of the first plays was to make the church service more impressive, or to emphasize moral lessons by showing the reward of the good and the punishment of the evil doer. In the latter days of the Roman Empire the church found the stage possessed by frightful plays, which debased the morals of a people already fallen too low. So the corrupt drama was driven from the stage, and plays of every kind were forbidden. But mankind loves a spectacle, and soon the church itself provided a substitute for the forbidden plays in the famous Mysteries and Miracles.a. Miracle and Mystery playsIn France the name miracle was given to any play representing the lives of the saints, while the mystery represented scenes from the life of Christ. In England this distinction was almost unknown;the name miracle was used indiscriminately for all plays having their origin in the Bible or in the lives of the saints; and the name mystery, to distinguish a certain class of plays, was not used until long after the religious drama had passed away. By the year 1300 the miracles were out of ecclesiastical hands and adopted eagerly by the town guilds.b. Morality playsThe second period of drama is shown by the increasing prevalence of the morality plays. In these the characters were allegorical personages,--- life, death, repentance, goodness, love, greed, and other virtues and vices. The morality marks a distinct advance over the miracle in that it gave free scope to the imagination for new plots and incidents. Of the known authors of moralities, two of the best are John Skelton, who wrote Magnificence and David Lindsay. They satirize or denounceabuses of church and state, and introduce living personages thinly disguised as allegories; so that the stage first becomes a power in shaping events and correcting abuses.c. InterludesIt is impossible to draw any accurate line of distinction between the moralities and interludes. In general we may think of the latter as dramatic scenes, sometimes given at banquets and entertainments where a little fun was wanted. The interludes originated, undoubtedly, in a sense of humor and was raised to the distinct dramatic form known as comedy by Heywood 1497?-1580?The Play of the Weather, The Fou r P’sd. Artistic period of the dramaThe artistic is the final stage in the development of the English drama. It differs radically from the other in that its chief purpose is not to point a moral but to represent human life as it is. The first true play in English is the comedy, Ralph Royster Doyster by Nicholas Udall. The story is that of a conceited fop in love with a widow, who is already engaged to another man. Gammer Gurton’s Needle, a domestic comedy, representing the life of the peasant class.The first English tragedy, Gorboduc, was written by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton. It is the first play to be written in blank verse.e. Dramatic unitiesIn the classic play the so-called dramatic unities of time, place, and action were strictly observed.Time and place must remain the same, the play could represent a period of only a few hours, and whatever action was introduced must take place at the spot where the play began. The severe simplicity of the classical drama seemed only to hamper the exuberant English spirit. The English drama, on the other hand, strove to represent the whole sweep of life in a single play.f. Two schools of dramaThe university wits generally upheld the classical ideal and ridiculed the crudeness of the new English plays. Sackville, Norton, Sidney were of this class.Lyly, Greene, Peele, Marlowe, these popular playwrights were against these. They recognized the English love of action and disregarded the dramatic unities in their endeavor to present life as it is.John Lyly 1554?-1606, known as having developed the pernicious literary style called euphuism.His two prose works Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit; Euphues and His England. The style is affected and overelegant, abounds in odd conceits, and uses hopelessly involved sentences.Thomas Kyd. Spanish Tragedy, melodrama of passion, copied by Marlow and Shakespeare.Robert Greene 1558-1592, plays the chief part in the early development of romantic comedy. Friar Bacon and Friar BungayChristopher Marlowe 1564—1593. In addition to Hero and Leander, he is famous for four dramas, known as one-man type of tragedy, each revolving about one central personality who is consumed by the lust of power. Tamburlaine, is the story of Timur, the Tartar. Faustus is of a scholar who longs for infinite knowledge. The Jew of Malta, is a study of lust for wealth. Edward II , isa tragic study of a king’s weakness and misery.Marlow is the only dramatist of the time who is ever compared with Shakespeare. When we remember that he died at 29, probably before Shakespeare had produced a single great play, we must wonder what he might have done had he outlived his wretched youth and become a man. Here and there his work is remarkable for its splendid imagination, for the stateliness of its verse, and for its rare bits of poetic beauty; but in dramatic instinct, in wide knowledge of human life, in humor, in delineation of woman’s character, in the delicate fancy----in a word, in all that makes a dramaticgenius, Shakespeare stands alone. Marlow simply prepared the way for the master who was to follow.g. Variety of the early drama1. chronicle plays, founded on historical events and characters. Of Shakespeare’s 37 plays, ten are true chronicle plays of English kings.2. The domestic plays began with crude home scenes introduced into the miracles and developed ina score of different ways, from the coarse humor of Gammer Gurton’s Needle to the comedy of manners of Jonson and the later dramatists. Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew , Merry Wives of Windsor belong to this class.3. The so-called court comedy was marked by elaborate dialogues, jests, retorts, and endless plays on words, rather than by action. It was made popular by Lyly’s success, and was imitated in Shakespeare’s “Lylian” comedies, such as Love’s Labour’s Lost , Two Gentlemen of Verona4. Romantic comedy and tragedy suggest the most artistic and finished types of the drama, brought to perfection in The Merchant of Venice , Romeo and Juliet , The Tempest .5. a. classical plays, favored by cultivated audiences. b. melodrama, favorite of the groundlings.c. tragedy of blood, such as Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus , Hamlet Lear , Macbeth .3. Conclusion: Shakespeare is the only dramatist whose plays cover the whole range of the drama. He raised the drama from a blundering experiment to a perfection of form and expression which has never since been rivaled.。
英国文学史及选读第一册复习题(文档良心出品)
History and Anthology of English LiteratureI Multiple Choices1. The story of _________ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. BeowulfC. Piers the PlowmanD. The Canterbury Tales2. Chaucer died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in _________.A. FlandersB. FranceC. ItalyD. Westminster Abbey3. Utopia was written in the form of _________.A. proseB. dramaC. essayD. dialogue4. _________ is the leading figure of Metaphysical poetry.A. John DonneB. George HerbertC. Andre MarvellD. Henry Vaughan5. _________ is not written by William Blake.A. The Marriage of Heaven and HellB. Songs of ExperienceC. Auld Lang SyneD. Poetical Sketches6. “Some book are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.This sentence is taken from _________.s Oliver TwistA. Swift’s A Modest Proposal B.Dickens’s Tom Jones D. Bacon’s Of StudiesC. Fielding’7. Which poet is not the “Lake Poet”？A. William WordsworthB. S. T. ColeridgeC. SoutheyD. Keats8. Generally，the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries，itsessence is _________.A. ScienceB. ArtsC. PhilosophyD. Humanism9. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is thepopular literary form in _________.A. RomanticismB. RenaissanceC. medieval periodD. Anglo-Saxon period10. Gothic novels are mostly stories of ________, which take place in some haunted or dilapidatedMiddle Age castles.A. love and marriageB. sea adventuresC. mystery and horrorD. saints and martyrs11. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are _____.A. horses that are endowed with reasonB. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC. giants that are superior in wisdomD. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only inappearance but also in some other ways—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of ________.12. John Milton’s masterpieceA. rhymed stanzasB. blank verseC. alliterationD. sonnets13. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne’s poetry?A. reason and sentimentB. conceits and witsC. the euphuismD. writing in the rhymed couplet14. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, itsessence is _______.A. scienceB. philosophyC. artsD. humanism15. The School for Scandal by Richard Brisley Sheridan has been regarded as the best _______since Shakespeare.A. tragedyB. proseC. comedyD. fableII Match( ) 1. Paradise Lost A. John Bunyan( ) 2. Tristram Shandy B. Oliver Goldsmith( ) 3. of Truth C. Geoffery Chaucer( ) 4. The Vicar of Wakefield D. Henry Fielding( ) 5. Canterbury Tales E. Jonathan Swift( ) 6. Tom Jones F. Samuel Richardson( ) 7. Gulliver’s Travels G. Edmund Spensers Progress H. Francis Bacon( ) 8. The Pilgrim’( ) 9. Pamela I. Laurence Sterne( )10. The Fairy Queen J. John MiltonIII Literary Terms (Choose Five of them to illustrate in English)1. Epic2. Romance3. Blank verse4. Sonnet5. Allegory6. Heroic couplet7. Comedy8. Tragedy9. Sentimentalism 10. EnlightenmentIV Poem Analysis(1)Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shinesAnd often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometimes declines,By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.Questions:1. Who writes this poem? _____________________2. What type of this poem belongs to? _____________________A. SonnetB. BalladC. OdeD. Elegyodern English? _____________________3. What does “thee” mean in m4. What does “the eye of heaven” refer to? _____________________5. What’s the rhyme scheme of this poem? _____________________Try to give some examples.6. What’s the rhetorical devices used in this poem?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2)O my luve 's like a red, red roseThat 's newly sprung in June:O my Luve 's like the melodieThat's sweetly play'd in tune!As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I:And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a' the seas gang dry:Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun;I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o' life shall run.And fare thee weel, my only Luve,And fare thee weel a while!And I will come again, my Luve,Though it were ten thousand mile.Questions:1. Who write this poem? _____________________2. What’s the title of this poem? _____________________3. What does the poet compare red rose to? _____________________4. What is the rhyme scheme of the poem? _____________________5. Illustrate the first stanza in English in your own words._____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________V Conclude the main story of the literary work and make your own comments.Directions: There are four literary works listed as follows. Choose two of them to write down the main idea and make some comments on them.1. Tome Jones2. Robinson Crusoe3. Hamlets Travels4. Gulliver’。
英国文学史选读总结1
I. Early and Medieval Literature1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, the Teutonic tribes of Angle, Saxons and Jutes. In 1066, at the battle of Hastings(黑斯延斯), the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization(地中海文明), including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. Jutes lived and maintained close relations with kindred(相似) tribes.3. The old English literature extends from about 449 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.4. Three kinds of languages in the Anglo-Norman period: Norman---French, English---English, Religious---Latin. Two kinds of literature: Romans and Ballads. “Romans” is about upper class, and nothing to do with Romans.5. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one.6. The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions――pagan and Christian.7. The national epic of the English people, which belongs to the primitive(原始，早期) literature; Romance cycles, which belong to t he feudalist(封建) literature; Folk literature whose subjects are from the lower class8. Caedom is the first known religious poet of England, he is known as the father of English song.9. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by Cynewulf.10. The Song of BeowulfIt describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. It is a Denmark(丹麦) story which used alliteration , metaphors(隐喻) and understatements(轻描淡写).•It is the first literature, England’s national epic; it was written by an unknown scribe at the beginning of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1750•It consists of 3182 lines•Telling a stor y about an ancient hero Beowulf’s fight against a lake monster, Grendel, and his mother, a monster, too; Beowulf’s battle against a fire dragon.•The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.12. The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love andadventure, in marked contrast with the strength and somberness(严峻) of Anglo-Saxon poetry.The great majority of Romances mainly fall into 3 cycles.A. The matters of Britain: About King Arthur and his knights of the Round TableB. The matters of France: About Charlemagne and his peersC. The matters of Greece and Rome: About Alexander, and about the fall of Troy (特洛伊城的陷落)Of these three cycles, the matters of Britain is the most important one. There were many cycles of Arthurian romances, Chief of which are those of Gawain, Launcelot(朗斯洛特), Merlin(默林), the Quest of the Holy Grail(寻找圣杯), and the Death of ArthurSir Gawain and the Green Knight13. Geoffrey Chaucer•He is the father of English poetry in that he introduces rhymed verse, especially couplet, into Britain to replace alliterative verse formerly prevailing in British poetry and making English the literary language.•He is also the founder of English realism because The Canterbury Tales,his masterpiece,provides a panorama of the life in the medieval England.•He is the forerunner of humanism for in his masterpiece the keynote is humanism. He praises human intellect, human beauty, human passion and human living environment, and affirms human rights to pursue earthly happiness.•写作的三个时期：Translate from French; French; Write in his own words: English•The Canterbury TalesThree features: Plot; Prologue; Language (iambic pentameter)The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature.Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格). It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.14. Popular Ballads•Literature of the lower class in the feudalist society includes written folk literature and oral folk literature.•As for the written folk literature, the most important writer is William Langland, whose masterpiece is TheVision of Piers, the Plowman.•Among the ballads published, the Robin Hood ballads are of special significance.•The best known of the earliest collections was given by Bishop Thomas Percy, named Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.II.Literature of the Renaissance Period1. Renaissance: general spirit---humanism2. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen Elisabeth.3.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗马洛) and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.4. Thomas More----Utopia; John Lyly----Eupheus(艳词); Marlowe----The Jew of Malta; Robert Greene----Gorge Green5. Edmund Spenser was the poet’s poet. The greatest epic poem of the time is The Fairy Queen.6. William Shakespeare produced 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. A basic form of poetry consists of 14 lines of iambic pentameter, intricately rhymed (abab, cdcd, efef, gg).His plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romantic tragic-comedies. His four writing period: Apprenticeship; Mature period; Great tragedies; Romantic dramaSonnet 18: Theme---Art survives timeHamletIt praises humanists as represented by Hamlet. He is the scholar, a soldier and a statesman(政治家); it shows the inevitable problems faced by the humanists; Hamlet’s delay of action is due to his awareness of the possible national disaster which will be brought about by his personal revenge and his sense of responsibility to put the interests of his nation and his people before his own.7. Francis Bacon○Essayist, Scientist, Philosopher.○His major works are The Advancement of Learning and New Instrument.○He is also the first great English essayist.○His works may be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary and the professional works○In 1597 Francis Bacon published his first collection of essays, the EssaysIII.Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period1. The government of James 1was based upon the theory of divine right of kings, but the Puritans offered another theory of divine right—the individual conscience.2. In 1649 Charles I was beheaded. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. He imposed a military dictatorship(军事独裁).In 1653 Oliver Cromwell imposed a military dictatorship on the country. It was called the period of the Restoration which was objectionable(讨厌的) in monarchy. After Cromwell’s death, monarchy was again restored in 1660.3. Revolution of 1688(Glorious Revolution) means three things: The supremacy of Parliament(议会至上), the beginning of the modern England(现代英国的开端), the final triumph of the principle of political liberty for which the Puritan had fought and suffered hardship for a hundred years.4. Literary CharacteristicsIn the literature also the Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to the breaking up of old ideals. The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art.5. John Donne•He was the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.•Donne is best known by his The Songs and Sonnets. It contains most of his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme.•Sometimes the “conceits(奇遇)”, as these extravagant figures are called, are so odd that we lose sight of the thing to be illustrated, in the startling nature of the illustration.•Song(“Go and Catch a Falling Star”), the theme is “No where lives a woman true, and fair”6. John MiltonParadise Lost consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter). Based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---- Adam and Eve, and tells God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot.Major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonisters.7. John BunyanHe gives us the only great religious allegory(宗教寓言)Pilgrim’s Progress, V anity FairIV. Literature of the 18th Century1. The age of reason2. Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories came into being. However another party also existed, the Jacobites, who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.3. Characteristics of literature: Realism; Common people; Prose rapid development3. Daniel DefoeHis works are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.Robinson Crusoe, colonial spirit(1) His marvelous(非凡的) capacity(才能) for work(2) His boundless(无穷的) energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles(障碍)(3) His hard struggle against nature and making all bend to his will3. Jonathan SwiftA Tale of a Tub (satirist) 《木桶的故事》Gulliver’ Travels (satire)Four places: Lilliput(厘厘普特), Brobdingnag(布罗卜丁奈格), the flying Island, Houyhnhnm(慧駰国).▪The first part tells about his experience in Lilliput, where the inhabitants are only six inches tall), twelve times smaller than the normal human beings. The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the universe, but it appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he. In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England.▪Religious disputes were laughed at in an account of a problem which divided the Lilliputians: “Should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?”About selected reading:The theme: exploration into human nature and satire to English and European life①Main plot—part one:His experiences in Lilliput where the inhabitants are only 12 times smaller than normal human beingAuthor satire the weakness of human being and the absurd actions of the English government before the nature②Main plot—part two:His experiences in Brobdingnag where are 10 times taller and larger than normal human being and superior in wisdomHere, the author gives a vivid description to the crankiness and arrogance(狂妄自大) of the authority in England③Main plot—part three:The experiences in Flying Island where the philosophers and projectors devote all their time and energy to the study of some absurd problemsHere is the criticism of the western civilization and false illustration about science, philosophy, history and even immortality④Main plot—part four:The experience in Houyhnhnm where horses are endowed with reason and all good and admirable qualities, and are the governing classHere, the author compared the differences and similarities between horses and human being, lead readers to think about a problem: what on earth are human beings?⑤Social achievement:The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically and morally.⑥Artistic achievement:In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, and yet complementing the others and contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and lifeSummary of a Modest Proposal▪With bitter irony, that the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children, “at a year old”, as food for the rich, the narrator put forward his so-called perfect proposal .▪With the utmost gravity, he set out statistics to show the revenue that would come if this idea were adopted. ▪The remedy, Swift took care to point out, was only for the kingdom of Ireland, not for the whole England. ▪The last proposal is a most heartbreaking piece of sarcasm that fiery indignation has given birth to and a most powerful blow at the English government’s policy of exploitation and oppression in Ireland. Masterpieces4. Joseph AddisonSir Roger at Church乡村礼拜日5. Henry Fielding, the Father of the English NovelThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling6. Thomas Gray, Graveyard School, sentimentalistElegy Written in a Country ChurchyardThe poem contains some of the best-remembered lines in English poetry and uses a graveyard at twilight to meditate on the lives of the ordinary people interred there.Gray laments not one particular death, but the obscurity into which death will plunge us all.There is nobility in all people, but that difficult circumstances prevent those talents from being manifested. Gray contrasts the simplicity and virtue of the English farmers of the past with the vain, boastful present.He speculates about the potential leaders, poets, and musicians who may have died in obscurity and been buried there.All life’s endeavors, positive or negative, are rendered useless by the shadow of the tomb. The poem ends with an epitaph which sums up the poet’s own life and beliefs.7. William BlakeThe first important Romantic poetMajor Works:Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of ExperienceThe Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》The TigerThe tiger means the power of destroy. The poet repeats the central question of the poem, stated in Stanza 1. However, he changes could (Line 4) to dare (Line 24). This is a significant change, for the poet is no longer asking who had the capability of creating the tiger but who dared to create so frightful a creature.8. Robert BurnsHe wrote some ballads on the basis of old Scottish legends. He expressed his love for freedom and sang of the heroic spirit of the Scottish people. Burns is the only greatest English poet who writes outside the standard/London dialect.A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang Syne,John Anderson, My Jo and A Fond KissV.Literature of the Romantic Period1. The Romantic period is the period is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集) and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2. Lake Poets and Passive romantic poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey;Positive romantic poets: Byron, Shelley, Keats3. William WordsworthI Wandered Lonely as a CloudComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 18024. Gorge Gordon, Lord ByronMain works:⏹Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》⏹She Walks in Beauty⏹Don Juan《唐。
新编英国文学选读复习资料
En glish Lite ra ture a nd the Se le cte d Re a dingsDe ve lopm e nt of English Lite ra ture1 . Ea rly a n d M e die va l English lite ra ture ( -1 4 8 5 )2 . The English Re na is sa nce (15 5 0 -16 4 2 ? )3 . Th e 1 7 th Ce ntu ry –Th e Pe riod of Re volu t ion a n d Re stora t ion4 . The 1 8 th Ce ntu ry –T h e Age of Enlighte nm e nt5 . Th e Rom a ntic Pe riod (1 7 9 8 -1 8 3 2 )6 . Th e Victoria n Age (1 8 3 2 -1 9 0 1 )7 . Th e 2 0 th Ce n t u ry Lit e ra t u re –M o d e rn is m a n d Po s t- M o d e rn is mCha pte r 1 Ea rly a nd M e die va l En g lish lite ra ture一． Ep ic （史诗）A poe m th a t ce le bra te in the form of a co ntinu ous n a rra t ive the a chie ve m e nts of o ne or m ore he roic pe rsona ge s of history or t ra d it ion.Am ong the gre a t e pics of the w orld m a y be m e ntione d the Ilia d, Odysse y a nd Ae ne id of cla ssica l.Be ow ulf1 . H istorica l Ba ckgro u n d1)) Thre e Inva s ions:A.The Rom a n Conq u e st ( 5 5B. C - 4 10 A. D)B.The English Conqu e s t ( The Anglo-Sa xon Pe riod)C.The Norm a n Conq u e st (The Anglo-Norm a n Pe riod)2)) Tw o W a rs:A.The Hundre d Ye a rs W a r (1 3 37 -1 4 5 3 )B.The W a r of th e Rose (1 4 5 5 -1 4 85 )a . Anglo-Sa xo n Poe t ry : Pa ga n(异教的） &Christia n Be ow ulf /w orks of Ca e d m on a nd Cy ne w u lf.b. Anglo-Norm a n Poe t ry : Rom a ncec.Poe try in Age of Cha u ce r：d.. Popula r Ba lla ds: Ba lla d s of Ro binHood 2 . 评价1） Be ow u lf is a n a t i o na l e pic（史诗） of English pe o ple .2） It is the re pre se nta t ive w ork of th e e a rly English lit e ra tu re w ith 3 0 00 lin e s .3 ） It s w rit e r is u nknow n.4 ） Be ow u lf is a folk le ge nd brou g ht to Engla nd by the Anglo Sa xon from the ir prim it ive Northe rn Eu rope .5 ） Be ow u lf w a s pa sse d do w n fro m m o uth to m outh.6 ）Be ow u lf w a s w rit te n dow n in the 1 0 t h ce n tu ry .3 . Ch a ra cte rs in th e s to ry :Be ow u lf: a ne p he w of king of Ge nts, a pe ople in De nm a rk.Hrothga r: king of De nm a rk.Gre nde l: a m onste r.She -m onste r(女妖怪 ): Gre nde l’s m othe r.Dra go n: a fire dra gon, a m onste r.4. Ou t line o f Th e Son g o f Be o w u lfTe u tonic(日耳曼的） h e ro Be ow u lf, the ne phe w of the king of the Ge a t la nd, he lpe d Hrothga r kill the m onste r ha lf-hu m a n ,Gre nd e l a s w e ll a s his viciou s m oth e r. W ith his he roic de e ds, he w a s m a de the king of Scyldings (Sw e d e n) for 5 0 ye a rs.The n in orde r to ga in m ore tre a sure for his pe ople , h e fought ha rd w ith a fie ry fire dra ke a nd w a s d e a d ly w o und e d , e ve ntu a lly d ie d . His la st w ill w a s to a sk his pe ople to b u ild his to m b in to a be a con for the se a fa re rs w ho sa ile d a long the co a st.5. The w rit in g fe a tu re s o f Be o w u lf ?1 ） The m ost im porta nt is in a llit e ra t ive (头韵的 ) ve rse a nd in a rt is t ic form .Eg：Thus m a d e the ir m ourning the m e n of Ge a t la nd,Fo r th e ir h e ro ’s p a ssin g, h is h e a r th-co m p a n io n s2 ） An othe r is the fre q u e nt u se of m e ta p hors a nd unde rsta te m e nts(低调陈述 ) for ironica l hu m or.ring-give r: king he a rth-com pa nions: a t te nd a nt w a rriors w ha le ’s roa d : se a -w oo d:not t rou ble som e : ve ry w e ll二 Rom a nce （传奇）1 ．介绍1 ）T he lite r ature for the uppe r class2 ）A long composition in ve rse or prose , a bout knights—adve nture s3 ）S ubje ct matters: about the matte r of Britain, the mate r of Fra nce , the m atte r of Rome4 ）c onte nt :love chivalry a nd re ligion5 ）骑士精神：l oyalty,brave l y.hone s ty2 . 代表作1 ） King Arthur a nd His Knights of the Round Ta ble :the most importa nt roma nce of the pe riod 2）Sir Gawa in a nd the Gre e n Knight : The best Arthuria n rom ance , a nonymous, in a l lite rative ve rseIts chara cte rs : King Arthur, Sir Gawain, the Gre e n Knight三 Ba lla d（民谣）1 . A ba lla d is a story told in song, u sua lly in 4 -line sta nza s, w ith the2 nd a nd 4 th rhym e d .2 .The Su bje cts of English Ba lla ds1 ) stru ggle of you ng lo ve rs2 ) the conflict be tw e e n love a nd w e a lth3 ) the crue lty of je a lo usy4 ) the criticism of th e civil w a r5 ) the m a t t e rs of cla ss s t ru ggle3 .代表作Robin ho od ba lla ds四．Ge offre y Cha uce r1 . 评价1 ） Th e first gre a t English po e t2 ） Th e fa th e r of English poe t ry3 ） Th e re pre se nta t ive w rite r in the M e d ie va l English lit e ra tu re2 . C ha u ce r’s thre e lit e ra ry pe riod s :1 ） Th e first or th e Fre nch pe riod:The Rom a u nt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》 a t ra nsla t ion, po pu la r in M iddle a ge sThe Book of the Duche ss 《悼公爵夫人》 , the be st w ork of the t im e Cha uce r’s lite ra ry ca re e r2 ） Th e se cond or the It a lia n p e riod:Troilus a nd Crise yde 《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》a poe m of a love story3 ） The third or the English pe riod, his be st pe rio d :The Ca nte rbury Ta le s《坎特伯雷故事集》 , i s m a s te rpie ce a nd a re pre se nta t ive w orks of th e M id dle Age s.The Ca nte rbury Ta le s1. O u t lin eIt op e ns w ith a ge ne ra l prologu e w he re w e a re told of a com pa ny of pilgrim s , 3 2 one s th a t ga the re d a t Ta b a rd Inn in Sou th w a rk, a su bu rb of Londo n. The y a re on the ir w a y to the shrine of St. Thom a s Be cke t a t Ca nte rbu ry . Th e y se t ou t tog e the r w ith the jo lly innke e pe r, Ha rry Ba ily , w ho prop ose d tha t e a ch pilgrim sh ou ld te ll tw o t a le s on the w a y to Ca nte rbury a nd tw o m ore on the w a y ba ck. But , tota lly only 2 4 ta le s a re finishe d . The pilgrim s a re from va riou s pa rts of Engla nd, re pre se n ta t ive s of a ll w a lks of life a nd socia l grou ps, knigh ts, m onks, w id ow s a n d prie st e tc. His w ork show e d a strikingly brillia nt a nd pictu re sq u e pa nora m a of his t im e a nd his country.2. C h a u ce r’s la n g u a g e :1) His la ngu a ge is fu ll of hu m or a nd sa t ire .2) His la ngu a ge is vivid, e xa ct a nd sm o oth, a m a ste r of w ord-pictu re s .3) He is the first to u se h e roic co uple t w hich he introduce d from Fra nce .4)He is the first gre a t poe t w ho w rote in the English la ngu a g e , m a king the dia le ct of London the sta n d a rd for th e m ode rn English spe e ch.Ps:1 . W h a t is t h e “h e ro ic co u p le t ”?Th e h e roic cou ple t is a ve rse form in e pic poe try, w ith lin e s of te n sylla ble s a nd five stre sse s , in rhym ing pa irs .(英雄诗体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学选读--复习资料-罗经国
Chapter 11.Earliest settlers---Celts2.55 B.C. TO 407 A.D. ---Roman Empire(London was founded)3.演变Celts- Romans – Anglo-Saxon – English4.Julius Caesar , the first general came to British5.500A.D. THE founder of the kingdom wessex, the Celts King Arthur.His followers , who were know as the knights of the round table, fight for their kingdom against the AS invaders.6.9th century, King Alfred , the great of Wessex lead the AS kings to defeat the invaders byuniting their forces.7.the Norman Conquest1066, Duck of Normandy came from Normandy to attack England to gets the land promise to be given to him for protecting from the Danes invasion by Edward Ⅱ. And Normandy beat the Harold at the Hesting.8.Two highlight in the development of AS literatureA. Northumrian School○1the first AS poet ---CaedmonThe earliest English poet. According to Bede, he was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision.○2Vernerable Bede, A monk write in Lain <The Ecclesiastical History of the English People> Father of English HistoryB. the reign of Alfred Contribution○1translate a number of Latin books into West Saxon dialect○2<The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle>○3created a style of Anglo-Saxon Prose9. A long epic poetry 长篇叙事诗<Beowulf>A.the earliest heroic poetryB.the most significant poetryC.existed in oral form as early as the 6th centuryD.Beowulf is a mixture of paganism and Christian elements10.Difference between Old Eng poetry , later poetry is technical structure11.There are two poetic features of Old English poetry: alliteration and kenning.Chapter 21.流行Romance 主要写Knights2.Duke William of Normandy. The Norman Conquest in 1066 accelerated the development offeudalism 封建主义in ENG3.Categories of Romances: The matter of Erance ,the matter of Rome , the matter of Britain4.Middle ENG:A.words that are related with enjoyment and pleasure are usually of the French originB.many inflectional form of words were droppedC.formal grammar simplified5. Medieval Romance (Subject Matters)A. matter of French (Charlemagne the Great, Roland, <Chanson de Roland>)B. matter of Rome (Alexander the Great, The siege of Troy)C. Britain the Arthurian LegendBy Sir Gawain, Launce lot, Marlin, the quest for Holy Grail, the Death of King Arthur. Chapter 3 Age of Chaucer1.The Hundreds’Years War is an awakening of national Consciousness in ENG,the Frenchheroine Joan of Arc贞德2.Geoffrey Chaucer (Buried in the Poets’ Conner in Westminster Abbey)A.Father of Eng poetryB.The work of Geoffrey Chaucer○1influenced by French literature<The Book of the Duchess>○2influenced by Boccaccio <Travius and Cryseyde>○3<The Canterbury Tales >坎特伯雷故事集The general prologue 总序is the best part of it.3.the significances of <The Canterbury Tales>A.Gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s timeB.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended 高度赞赏by criticsC.Geoffrey Chaucer’s humorD.Chaucer’s contribution to ENG languageE.Perhaps the greatest work in Middle English4.John WycliffA.father of ENG proseB.one of the first figures who demanded to reform churchC.the one translate Bible into standard ENG5.William Langland<Sir Gawain> <Green Knights><The Vision of Piers Plowman> Chapter 41.main eventsA.The war of the Rose ,the thirty Years War(the house of Lancaster/Red, the house of York)B.The discovery of American and the new sea routesC.Reformation of church. HenryⅧfound the Anglican Church, break away from the church ofRome.2.Ballad: a narrative poem that tells a story3.Characters of BalladsA.the beginning is often abruptB.have strong dramatic elementsC.the story is told through dialogue and actionD.the theme is often tragicE.the meter格律is used (contains four-line stanzas, the odd numbered line奇数four feet, theeven numbered line偶数three feet. Rhymes fall on the even numbered lines.)4.BalladsA.<Robin Hood> A legendary hero living during the reign of Richard the Lion Heated 金雀花王朝B.<The Death of King Arthur>By Sir Thomas Mallory prefect the king Arthur5.Early ENG Plays(the 14th )developed into(mystery Plays神秘剧，miracle plays 奇迹剧)6.The flourishing of dramathe reason: no other entertainment ,both rich and poor can go to there英国文学史上三次高潮15th ENG Renaissance—19th上Romantic —19th下Victoria1.The BackgroundQueen Elizabeth , defeat the Spanish Armada 无敌舰队, mighty naval power强有力的海军.2.Humanism 人文主义Rebirth(文艺复兴的时代精神)Humanism Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth ” in ENG3.人文主义的解释及价值观According to the Humanist scholars it was against human nature to ○1sacrifice the happiness of the life for an after life. They argued that ○2man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church, In art and literati on, instead of happiness in his life. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman catholic church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.4.Edmund Spenser <The Faerie Queen>5.The University WitsA.Robert GreeneB.Thomas Kyd <The Spanish Tragedy>C.Christopher Marlowe<The tragic History of Doctor Faustus> The blank Verse无韵诗Unrhymed iambic pentameter6.William ShakespeareA.发展○1Early years of his apprenticeship学徒期○2Growth and development○3gloom and depression○4restored serenityB.achievement○1represented the trend of history in giving write to the desires and aspiration of people○2S’ humanism: He had firm belief in the mobility of human nature and in the power of love○3S’ characterization, S’ characters are round 丰满的而非flatter 扁平○4originality○5as a great poet in sonnets○6master of the Eng language7.Four Tragedy : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, The Tragedy of Macbeth8.Sonnets (Italy/Petrarch’s —the first one, S’s)A.definition A short song in the original meaning of the word become a poet of 14 lines.Usually in iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步with various rhyming schemes.B.Sonnet, 3 quatrains, 1 couplet (Shakespeare’s <Mr.W.H><Dark Lady>)9.S’s sonnets are different from Petrach’s.Petrach’s sonnets is divided into an octave(八音) which typically rhymes abba abba , and a sestet, which may have varying rhyme schemes.Shakespeare’s sonnets (English sonnets)consists of 3 quatrains and 1 couplet ,which typically rhyme abab cdcd efef gg .ends with a surprised conclusion or a shift of ideas.Petrach abba abba / cde cdeShakespeare abab cdcd efef / gg10.Hamlet —Humanist (melancholy忧郁procrastination优柔寡断)From Age of Elizabeth to Glorious Revolution1.Background(the ENG bourgeois revolution 资产阶级革命，农民与贵族阶级，Anglican church与Puritanical Church)2.Glorious Revolution 1688In 1688, William signed <The Bill of Rights> presented by Parliament, which greatly restricted the power of English King hence four ENGLAND has become a country of constitutional monarchy.君主立宪制3.The King James Bible of 1611Old Testament in HebrewsNew Testament in GreekThe earliest English translations of the Bible date back to Caedmon, Bade and King Alfred.4.Francis Bacon. Praised by Marx as “the pioneer of Eng Materialism唯心主义”5.<Of Studies>目的：Studies serve for delight, for ornament, for ability.功效：History make man wise; poetry witly; mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.方法：Books are able to be tasked, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.6.玄学派特点（Metaphysical Poets）John DonneMetaphysical Poets describe a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by hold and ingenious conceits （奇思妙喻）incongruous imagery. Complexity of thought, frequent use of Paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.7.Main theme of Metaphysical Poets: love, death and religionMain theme of Cavalier(骑士派)：Carpe Diem及时行乐8.Cavalier: Carpe diem<ＡValediction：forbidding mourning >A breach, but an expansionLike gold to airy thinness beatIf they be two, they are two so.As stiff twin compasses are two.THEME, 他人物质化的爱情与我柏拉图式的真爱。
英国文学史及选读 Part V The 17th Century 1
I. Social and Political Background --Charles I was sentenced to death
By 1647 an army headed by English revolutionary leader Oliver Cromwell had chased King Charles I out of England, and a commonwealth had been established. On January 27, 1649, Charles I, king of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was sentenced to death as a tyrant, murderer, and enemy of the nation. His trial and execution were unprecedented in Europe. Monarchy was abolished; England was declared a Commonwealth, and Cromwell became the “Lord Protector of the Parliament”.
I. Social and Political Background --- the Puritan Age
The Revolution Period is also called the Puritan Age, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak. The greater part of the revolutionary bourgeoisie was adherents (信徒, 追随者, 拥护者) of 信徒, 追随者, 拥护者) religious doctrine of Puritanism. They were people of strict moral and austere (严格节制的；朴素的) life. They 严格节制的；朴素的) preached on thrift, hard work and plain life. Their aim was to attain self-command, to be the master of themselves, of their thought, speech and acts.