农业水利工程---专业术语及英文
农业水利工程---专业术语及英文
专业术语解释与说明答案1。
节水灌溉是根据作物需水规律及当地供水条件，为了有效地利用降水和灌溉水获取农业的最佳经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益而采取的多种灌溉措施,如喷灌、滴灌、膜上灌等。
2.3。
衡量水分反应或转移能量的高低在植物生理学上，水势定义为每偏摩尔体积水的化学势。
也就是说，水溶液的化学势(μW ）与同温、同压、同一系统中纯水的化学势(μW °)之差（△μW ）,除以水的偏摩尔本积（w V ）所得的商，称水势4.外渗使液泡失水而体积缩小，包在外面的原生质也随之收缩，由于细胞之间有吸附力，当原生质收缩时，细胞壁也随之收缩，如细胞继续失水,因原生质的收缩比细胞壁收缩性大，结果使原生质与细胞分离，这种现象称质壁分离。
5。
压力势是指细胞的原生质体吸水膨胀,对细胞壁产生一种作用力，细胞壁对原生质产生反作用力，即压力，压力势是细胞壁压力的存在而增加的水势，压力势是正值。
6.植物根系的生理活动使液流从根部上升的压力，根压把根部的水分压到地上部，土壤中的水分便不断补充到根部，这就形在了吸水过程，这是根部形成的力量引起的主动吸水。
7。
有受伤的植物如处于土壤水分充足，天气潮湿的环境中,叶片尖端或边缘也有液体外泌的现象8.从植物茎的基部把茎切断，由于根压作用，切口不久即流出液滴9.蒸腾作用是指水分以气态状态，通过植物的叶片，从体内散失到体外的现象10. 植物在一定时间内单位叶面积蒸腾的水量。
一般有蒸腾水量表示g .dm -2。
h-1 11. 植物每消耗1000g 水时所形成的干物质质量(g)。
12.植物造制1g 干物质所需水分(g)，蒸腾系数越大，水分利用效率越低，蒸腾系数是蒸腾比率倒数。
13.水从土壤经作物而到大气保持着连续状态，并构成一个完整的系统，称SPAC 系统。
14.对不良环境的适应性和抵抗力,称为植物的抗性生理。
植物的抗性生理就是研究不良环境对植物生命活动的影响以及植物对不良环境的抗御能力15。
水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇
strain meter 应变计set out 放线、放样stake-line temperature sensor 温度传感器测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标集线站terminal station其他（Others）系survey point 测点check hole 检查孔theoretical point 灌区理论点compartmenttraverse(polygon) 导线（测dense mix 浓浆量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差foundation uplift 基础隆起lattice traverse 网格状导线灌浆孔grout holelong side traverse instrument hole 仪器孔长导线open traverse 非闭合primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一导线short side traverse 短导线序、二序、三序灌浆孔traverse closure 导线闭合加密灌浆孔距spilt spacingtraverse station 导线点waste mix 弃浆traverse survey 导线测量Survey◆测量（）triangulation 测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）三角测量triangulation network 三角网调整校正adjust 、triangulation of high order 高等级三角网adjustment 平差triangulation point 容许误差allowance 三角点三边测量backsight point 后视点trilateration程控制网basic point 基础点vertical-control net 高bench mark 水准点木桩wood pile Angular Measure）角度测量（compass 罗盘azimuth 方位角chainage(station number) 桩号象限角bearing 方位三角锁chain of triangulation 、器、水准buddle 、check 校核对照气泡圆盘circle 度盘、控制control point 点器圆水坐标点coordinate point 准circular bubbledatum 基础面轴视准collimation axis点基datum point 准十字丝cross-line(cross-hair)偏差depression angle 俯角deviationeasily identifiable point elevation angle 仰角点容易识别eyepiece(ocular) error 误差目镜量field pole(staff) 标杆一等三角测first order triangulationgeodetic foot-screw 学的大地测量脚螺栓量geodetic surveying 大地测水平角horizontal angle量合联测）mark 标志（明joint survey已知点known point 物镜objective lens面水level surface 准垂线铅垂、plumb(plummet)局local triangulation networks 准、观测sight 瞄部三角网准瞄target 国national coordination system 家坐标网目标、监视观测observe 、纬仪theodolite 经point to be located 待定点横轴tranverse axistripod 三脚架置位、定位position踏勘、选点reconnaissance 竖直角vertical angle参考点reference point vertical axis 竖轴量二等三角测second order triangulation Telescope望远镜（）1centering 对中reduced level 归化高差run back 返测盘左face leftrun out 往测face right 盘右three-wire leveling 三丝法水准focus 集中、焦点测量地形测量（Topographic Survey focusing 调焦）boundary 边界、界线index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线盘右telescope)倒镜、normal position of telescope(direct telescope)contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线、正镜盘右contour-length method 光学垂准器等高线延长法optical plummetcontour line 等高线round 测回control network 控制网set 套、组detail 细部、详图station 测站draw 绘图距离测量（Distance Measure）field 外业气barometer 压计fix 固定、确定base line(basic line/datum line) 基线form line 地形图电battery 池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报电磁波测距marginal information 轮廓注记滤波器滤光片filter 、large-scale 大比例尺的laser alignment system 激光准直系统latitude 纬度、范围laser beam 激光束latitude circle 纬圈prism 棱镜latitude line range 纬线距离测程、legend 图例long range 远程location 定线、程medium range 中定位longitude 经short range 短程度longitude line 测距仪经线range findermap signal 地图、制图信号mapping 制图、测spring balance 弹簧称图、地质素描match line 拼接线卷尺tapemonument 标石invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺、石柱object 高程测量（Height Measurement地物、目标）plan 程、高海拔平面图、略图altitude/elevationplot 近似approximate leveling 置绘图粗平平、profile 断面（图）、纵剖图准自动定平水automatic level 仪difference in altitude(difference of record 记录、资料setup 定置elevation ,height difference) 高差仪器site location error of closure in leveling 差合闭准定位水stake out 放样、定线平置、精平exact leveling 确、立桩symbol 仪（测点）准水level 符号、记号topographic detail 水level circuit 地形细部环合准闭topographic map 地形图尺垫准水level shoe◆原形观测观测仪器和设施线路准水line of level {Instrumentationand Facilities）国national geodetic vertical datum 家大地高air-entraining meter 面准基程掺气剂2Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪concrete strain meter 砼应变计damping box 阻尼角convergent point 收敛测点differential resistance direct plumb line 正垂线差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve earth pressure cell 土压力盒双层保护forced centering plate 强制embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计对中盘instrument lead 仪器电堤应变计缆embankment strain meterinvar wire 铟瓦丝extended wire 引张线metal ring 计金属环foundation piezometer 基础渗压plumb coordinate meter horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器regulator 调节器水听器hydrophoneriser 立管inclinometer casing 测斜管sensor interface joint meter 界面变位传感器计spool inverted plumb line 倒垂线绕轴steel socket 钢micro piezometer 微压计底座tablet 多点位移计药片multiple position extensometertensioning weight 张拉重锤observation point 观测标点thermistor 热敏电observation well 观测井阻tip 测头视optical alignment line 准线安装过程（Procession of Installation）plate strain meter 钢板计assemble 组装pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计couple 连接脉动压力pressure fluctuation meter 计prestressed tendon anchorage 埋设embed安装install 索dynamometer 预应力锚测力计绝缘insulate rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计维护计single point extensometer 单点位移maintenancespiral sensor 测扭仪监测monitor测压standpipe 管仪器保护protection of instrumentation归纳reduce 强震仪strong-motion seismograghsurface monument 表密封seal 面标点拼接temperature sensor 温度传感器splice提供终端房terminal house supplyterminal station 终端站测试testInformation资料（倾角tilt meter 计）简图计时均压力time average pressure cell assemble schematic 装配合格证书总压力盒total pressure cell certificate书说计velometer 流速使用明descriptionvertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪维护指南maintenace guideline书震旋式渗压vibrating wire piezometer 计manual 说明振旋式沉降vibrating wire settlement sensor 理工作原operating principle作仪范围operating restraint 操序procedure 水堰量的带微压weir with micro piezometer 计程程基点工作working base point 序分trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌析zerostress-strain meter 其他（Others）计砼无应力间）Acessories and Spare Parts附件及配件（行annular space 环空coil data acquisition 盘绕数据采集 3cement mark(strength of cement /cement 数据记录data recordinggrade) 水泥标号leas drilling hole 引线孔consumptive use of water normal consistance 永久记录permanent record标准稠度用水readout device 读数设备量degree of mobilization 流动性saturated 饱和的dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热seepage isolation dike 截渗堤final set trapezoidal 梯形终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度◆水工常规试验flyash 粉煤灰砼原材料试验（Test of Raw and Processedhydration heat 水化热Material of Concrete）initial set Aggregate）初凝骨料（abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时量间洛杉机磨耗silica fume 计accumulated retained percentage 累筛余百硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性分率specific surface area 比表acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与面积specific heat 量片状颗粒含比热water demand ratio 吸水alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应量比外加剂（Admixture）视密度apparent densitybubble stability 泡沫稳定性bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量块及易碎颗粒含土量黏compressive strength rate 抗压强度比软化系数coefficient of softeningcontract with dry rate crush index 压碎指标干缩率dispersing coefficient 干燥状态dry state 分散系数dispersing ability of waterexceeding and inferior grain in-reducing agent 减水剂aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失细度模数fineness modulussulphate content 硫酸盐含空隙率量gaping place ratesolid content 分计grader retained percentage 筛余百固体含分率量surface tension 颗粒级grain composition 配表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率粒径grain size水（Water）量lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含alkalinity 碱度量云母含mica contentcalcion 含水率钙离子moisture content(water rate)carbonic acid mud content 钙酸含泥量chlorion 有机质含organic content 量氯离子equivalent concentration 骨料潜在活性potential reactivity of aggregate 当量浓度oxygen consumption saturation 饱和的耗氧量normal solution (standard 曲线筛sieving curve 分solution) 量soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含标准溶液PH value PH坚固性值soundnesswater analysis 水值面含水率表surface moisture content 分析砼（水溶性硫化物water-soluble sulphide Concrete）砼拌和物（水硬性胶凝材料Mixture(Hydraulicity cementitious ）material) assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate age 泌水率龄期4cement-sand ration 灰砂比砂浆（Cement）cement lime mortar 标号水泥石灰砂浆design strength of concrete 砼设计cement mortar 水泥砂浆flowability of concrete 砼的流动性cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土mix proportion (proportion of mixture) 砼配合砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆比lime mortar 石灰砂浆mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性plastering mortar 抹面砂浆penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法pointing joint mortar probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼勾缝砂浆土（Soil强度保证率）accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累砂率sand rate 计曲线单位用水量unit consumption of wateractivity index 活性指标water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性angle of frictionwater-cement ratio 摩擦角水灰比Atterberg limits(water content as limit) Hardened concrete 阿）硬化砼（太堡界限（界限含水量axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度）California bearing ratio 导热系数载重比coefficient of thermal conductivitycoarse-grained soil cooling rate 冷却率粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数砼芯样core of concretecoefficient of cubical徐变变creep deformation (time deformation )compressibility 体积压缩系数形coefficient of curvature 曲率系数form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数compression 压缩freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环compression index frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数砼热学性能heat property of concreteconsolidated-undrained (quick) shear test height-diameter ration 高径比固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数consolidated-drained (slow) shear test loss of weight 重量损失固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验自振频率natural frequencyconsolidation 固结permeate 渗透consolidation coefficient 透permeated height 渗高度固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号consolidation stress 系固结应力透relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗continuous grading/gradation 连接级配数contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验振频率共resonance frequencycore cutter method sample 试环刀法件creep curve self-grown volume deformation（砼）蠕变曲线自生体积critical slope 变形逸出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy's law 达西定律劈裂抗拉强度splitting tensile strengthdegree of consolidation 固结度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率抗压弹数direct shear test 导温系数直接剪切试验temperature conductivitydirect shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试抗拉弹性模tensile modulus of elasticity 量验绝热温升thermal insulation warmingdistribution curve 分极限拉应变ultimate tensile strain 布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 极限抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角磨损率wear rateeffective strength envelope 有效强度抗冲磨强度wear-resisting strength 包线5expansion force 膨胀力剪（快剪）试验variable head method 变水头法expansion ration(specific expansion) 膨胀率void(pore) ratio 孔隙比渗流filtering flow(seepage flow)water replacement method 灌水法fine-grained soil 细粒土wet density 湿密度flow net(drift net) 流网其它建筑材料hydraulic slope 水力坡降钢筋（steel hydrometer method 比重计法）bending and unbending 反常水头法复弯曲hydrostatic head methodcold bending test 冷弯试验limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态elongation test 拉伸试验liquefaction 液化nominal diameter 公称直径liquid limit 液限ratio of elongation liquidity index 液化指标伸长率relaxation test maximum dry density 最大干密度松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线method of sieving 筛分法tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度库伦破坏Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-Wood）准则木材（curshing strength paralled to the normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 顺纹抗压强度grain 压缩曲线tensile strength paralled to the 量optimum moisture content 最优含水顺纹抗拉强度涌piping 管graincrushing strength across th e plastic limit 塑限横纹抗压强度grain plasticity index 塑性指标tensile strength across to the 空隙水压力pore water pressure空隙率porosity 横纹抗拉强度grainprincipal stress 主）沥青（应力Asphalt脆化点试验Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验brittle temperature test相对密度relative density 延伸度试验expansion testsand replacement method 灌砂法针入式试验penetration testsaturability (saturation degree/percent 软化点试验softening point testtest of aging saturation) 饱和度老化试验viscosity test 饱和容重saturated unit weight 粘滞性试验Quality Management透seepage deformation 渗变形）质量管理（average 力渗seepage force(seepage pressure) 透平均值deviation standard(error of mean 透渗seepage line 线均方差squares) 速度渗seepage speed 透deviationcoefficient(dispersion shear stress 切向应力（剪应力）离差系数缩限shrinkage limit coefficient)断级间skip(gap/jump) grading 配相关系数index of correlation土specific gravity of soil particle 粒比重界限management limit 管理steady seepage field 统计数稳定渗流场mathematic statistics 理maximum 应力路径stress path 最大值值minimum 最线包总强度total strength envelope 小布三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test 正态分normal distributionunconfined compression strength 保证量quality assurance 无侧限抗压质量强度检测质quality examinationunconsolidated undrained test regression curve 不固结不排水回归曲线 6relative dampness 相对湿度mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕本容量sample capacity 样orientation of bedrock 岩层产状sampling frequency 取样频率strike specimen 样品走向dip 倾向统计分析statistical analysisangle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角technical specification 技术规范fold technical standard 褶皱技术标准anticline testing circumstance 试验环境背斜syncline 向斜testing error 试验误差Monocline (homocline) 单斜testing regulation 试验规程dome 穹隆析variance analysis 方差分soft stratum ◆地质(Geology)软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带地质年代（Geochronology of Geologicaffected zone Ages）影响带platy structure 板状构造Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代（界）解理cleavage Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）fracture(rupture) 断裂古生代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem)fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界））岩石类型（Rock typeCenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）岩石学petrology Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）岩igneous rock 火成寒武纪（系）Cambrian period (system)Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩lava(vocanic rock) 志留纪（系）Silurian period (system)侵入岩intrusive (invade) rock Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）成石碳纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 二叠纪（系）Permian period (system) 浅三叠纪（系）acid rock 酸性岩Triassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）第Tertiary period (system) 三纪（系）超基性岩ultrabasic rock第Quaternary period (system) 四纪（系）花岗岩granite斑岩Geologic Structural地质构造（）porphyryrhyolite 玢岩断层faultsyenite normal fault 正断层流纹岩逆断层reversed fault trachyte 粗面岩diorite parallel fault 平移断层闪长岩andesite 安山岩断层泥gouge擦痕stria 辉长岩gabbrojoint 理节玄武岩basaltprimary joint 理原生节细晶岩aplitesecondary joint 理次生节pegmatite 伟晶岩tension joint lamprophyre 煌斑岩理张节diabase 理卸荷节unloading joint 辉绿岩理片schistosity 橄榄岩dunite理层bedding pumice 浮岩）理（叶理板foliation 沉积岩sedimentary rock波痕ripple mark clastic rock 碎屑岩7clay rock 黏土岩quartz 石英topaz 黄玉chemical rock 化学岩corundum 刚玉biolith 生物岩diamand 金刚石砾岩conglomerateorthoclase 正长石siltstone 粉砂岩plagloclase 斜长石mudstone 泥岩biotite shale 页岩黑云母muscovite saline rock 盐岩白云母amphibole 角闪石limestone 石灰岩phroxene 辉石白云岩dolomiteolivine marl 泥灰岩橄榄石dolomite 白云石volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩kaolinite 高岭石火山块集岩volcanic agglomeratemontmorillonite 蒙脱石tuff 凝灰岩膨润土bentonite metamorphic rock 变质岩斑脱石、illite 板岩slate 伊力石garnet 石榴子石phyllite 千枚岩chlorite 绿泥石schist 片岩serpentine 蛇纹石gneiss 片麻岩pyrite 岩黄铁矿石quartzite 英marble 大理岩hematite 赤铁矿糜棱岩magnetite 磁铁矿mylonitemigmatite 混褐铁矿limonite 合岩）工程地质（cataclasite 碎裂岩Engineering Geology 技土工eotechnics ( geotechnique) 土工学（sediment(deposit) 沉积物（层）G）岩石工程术、漂石boulder 、顽石cobble 卵石岩石力学rock mechanics砾石gravel 力学soil mechanics 土岩石力学地质力学sand 砂、geomechanics engineering geological 粉siltstone 土clay 黏土地质条件conditons 工程砂质黏sandy clay 土问题engineering geological problem 工程地质clayey sand 岩体结构粘质砂土rock mass structure地形黏壤sandy loam 土、亚土geographic and geomorphic conditions土、表土浮regolith ( topsoil ) 地貌条件物理黄loess 土地质现象geophysical phenomenon 土红laterite 水文地质条件hydrogeological conditionsnatural materials 泥炭peat 天然材料海泥、ooze 软泥水库reservoir沉降Rock-forming 造岩矿物（settlement位移Minerals）displacementdeformation 变形滑石talctectonic stress 石膏gypsum 构造应力残余应力residual stress 方解石calcite内摩擦角萤石fluorite angle of internal friction凝聚力）磷灰石apatite 、cohesion 内聚力（粘聚力feldspar pressure tunnel 长石压力隧洞8underground cavern/cavity 地下洞室alluvium 冲积物（层）proluvium(diluvium) 洪积物（层）overburden 覆盖物deluvium 坡积物（层）bed rock(base rock/foundation rock) 基岩eluvium 残积物（层）firm/sound rock 坚硬岩石eolian deposit weak/soft rock 软弱岩石风积物（层）lake deposit 湖积物（层）interbed 夹层marine deposit 海积物（层）zone of fracture (broken zones ) 破碎带glacial (drift) deposit 冰川沉积物（层）homogeneity 均质性colluvial deposit (colluvium)nonhomogeneity/heterogeneity 非均质性崩积物（层）isotropy 各向同性cross-bedding 交错层geologic structure 地质构造anisotropy 各向异性geotectonics 矿物质的物理性质(Physical Character of 大地构造学graben Minerals)地堑horst 地垒hardness 硬度cordance(conformity) 整合光泽lusterdiscordance(unconformity) color 颜色非整合deceptive cordance /conformity 假整合transparencey/pellucidity 透明度地质作用(Physical Geology Action) 条痕streakweathering 风化rent/fracture 断口erosion 侵蚀crystal form 晶形transportation 搬运(Petrology) 岩石学deposition/sediment 类沉积classification 分denudation structure 构造应力剥蚀corrasion 磨蚀texture 结构corrosion fabric 腐蚀组构dissolution 成mineral composition 矿物组溶蚀landslide 滑坡crystalline 结晶质collapse(rock fall) 崩塌非晶质amorphous substance mud flow fossil 化石泥石流earthquake 地震磨圆度degree of roundingintensity 烈度degree of grains 粒度magnitude 震级(Stratum andPhysiognomy) 地层地貌◆水文盆地basin (Hydrology)ground water(subsurface water) 地下水river valley 河谷surface water 地表水河床river bedatmospheric water 地形topography 大气水runoff terrain 径流地势fresh /plain /sweet water attitude 产状淡水river flow/discharge rock base ( batholite) 河水流量岩基peak flood flow 洪峰流量rock stock 岩株flood out flow 岩流rock flow 洪水下泄流量dry season rock loccolith 岩盖枯水季wet season 丰水季岩盆rock lopolithflood (raining) season 岩墙rock dike 汛期non-flood season 岩床rock sill 非汛期5% frequency flood 20 年一遇洪水vein dyke 岩脉flood control 沉积物（层）sediment(deposit) 防汛9（二）工程施工.机电类trunion beam 支饺梁dogging beam 锁定梁◆金属结构（Hydromechanical work)启闭机（Hoist）闸门(Gate)wire rope hoist 固定卷扬式启闭机工作门service gatehydraulic hoist emergency gate 事故门液压启闭机monorail hoist 单轨启闭机maintenance gate 检修门overhead crane 桥机sector gate 弧形闸门bridge crane 偏心铰闸门桥机eccentric hinge sector gatesupport frame 机架plane gate 平面闸门reducer 减速器fixed wheel plane gate 定轮平面闸门motor 电动机trashrack 拦污栅pulley 滑轮trash rake 清污机live pulley ）动滑轮预埋件（Embedded Partsfixed pulley 底sill 砍定滑轮equalizer pulley 平衡滑轮main guide 主轨drum 卷筒副轨auxiliary guidesteel wire rope 钢丝绳reverse guide 反轨position sensor 高度传感器side guide 侧轨load sensor 荷载传感器lintel 门楣brake 制动器steel liner 钢衬hydraulic system 液压系统高压冲水管high pressure water pipeoil cylinder 油缸pressure balance water pipe 冲水水平管piston rod 活塞杆）部件（组件/Assembly/partspump station gate leaf 门泵站叶oil tank 邮箱crank 拐臂pipe 管道arm 支撑filter seal 水封过滤器accumulator 蓄能器主main seal 水封valve 阀侧水封side seallogic valve top seal 顶水封逻辑阀check valve 单向阀底bottom seal 水封ball valve 球阀节流器水封辅auxiliary seal 助、cartridge valve 插装阀clip plate 压板solenoid operated directional slide block 滑块valve 电磁换向阀side slide block 侧向滑块门式起重机（Grantry Crane）反reverse slide block 向滑块rail 轨道定轮fixed wheellifting mechanism 起升机构轮主main wheeltraveling mechanism 运行机构side wheel 侧轮inspection trolley 重配ballast 检修小车gantry 吊耳lifting ear 门架support column 拉杆门腿lifting linkprimary beam 主梁支饺trunionbridge beam 横梁铰链hingecross beam 端梁饺座hinged supportside beam 铰轴hinged shaft 边梁lifting beam 端盖cover 起吊梁10hook 吊狗progressively 逐渐地purity 纯度buffer 缓冲装置push 推rail clamping device 夹轨器reliable driving wheel 主动轮可靠的residual oil 余油driven wheel 从动轮retraction 回缩其他（Others）run abnormal vibration 反常运行震动secure activate 激活保护separately or simultaneously 单独/anti-clockwise 逆时针同时地set up anticorrosion 防腐架设setting 设置/carry on 继续进行读数shim 行薄垫片执carry outslack 松弛clockwise 顺时针static loading test 静载试验试运行commissioningstill water 静水concentricity deviation 同心度偏差switch off 切断connect 连接synchronize 同步debris 碎片tighten de-energize 拧紧断电under water head condition 探测水压作用条件下detectwet test dry test 无水试验有水试验◆焊接和无损检验（Welding and dynamic loading test 动载试验Nondestructive Testing）加电给energize ……焊接{erection 架立Welding）arc strike 引弧/伸展expansion 弧伤arc welding 扣紧电弧焊fastenautomatic welding fit 安装自动焊back gouging 背面清根flowing water 动水backing 垫板闭门gate closurebase metal gate opening 启门母材build-up welding 堆焊/补焊门位恢复gate position restorationbutt joint 空载试验对接接头idle testcarbon rode impact 碳棒碰撞complete fusion 完全融合in pressure balance condition 平压条件下……lift……into position 将起吊到位角接接头corner joint涂料焊条covered electrode 定位locate降下试件coupon lowerdirect current electrodemanual operation 手动操作直流电极接负noise 噪声negative(DCEN)direct current electrodenote 记录operating gap 直流电极接正运作空隙positive(DCEP)衬垫pack double welding 双面焊particle 微粒double-bevel groove weld 双斜边坡口焊缝执行perform 型坡口焊缝double-J groove weld 双面J型坡口焊缝双面精确定位position accurately Udouble-U groove weld型坡口焊缝精确的precise V double-Vee groove weld 双面/预置/预留pre-set 电极焊条electrode按下按钮press button electrode holder 焊钳11electrosgas welding 电气焊weldment 焊件无损检验（电渣焊Nondestructive Testing）electroslag weldingangled beam filler metal 填充金属斜射波back scatter 背散射fillet weld 角焊缝calibration block 校准试块full fillet weld 大填角焊缝cleaning agent flat welding 平焊清洗剂contact beam 接触波flux 焊剂couplaut 偶合剂药芯焊丝弧焊flux cored arc weldingcrimp 褶皱forehand welding 左焊法definition 清晰度摩擦焊friction weldingdelayed sweep full penetration weld 全融透焊缝延时扫描detergent 去污剂fusion 熔合developer 显像剂fusion line 熔合线double-wall viewing 双壁透照groove weld 坡口焊缝echo 回波heat affecter zone 热影响区eddy current examination 涡流检验横焊horizontal weldingemulsifier 乳化剂lap joint 搭接接头examination medium 检验介质machine welding 机器焊exposure 暴光manual welding 手工焊inage quality indicator overhead welding 象质显示器仰焊inspector 检验师oxyfuel gas cutting(OFC) 氧燃料气割liquid penetrants testing 渗液检验oxyfuel gas welding(OFW) 氧燃料气焊magnetic particle testing 磁粉检验partial penetration weld 非全融透焊缝mass spectrometer 质普仪焊道passnondestructive inspection peening 锤击无损探伤penetrameter 等离子弧焊透度计plasma arc weldingpenetrant plug weld 塞焊渗透剂radiographic testing 射线检验气孔porosityscan postheating 后热扫描scratch 焊后热处理postweld heat treatment 划痕search unit 探头preheating 预热single-wall viewing 电阻焊resistance welding 单壁透照sniffer seal weld 密封焊缝嗅探器straight beam 直射波缝焊seam weldingstreak 条纹半自动焊semi-automatic weldingultrasonic instrument 超声仪单斜边坡口焊缝single-bevel groove weldultrasonic testing 超声波检验型坡口焊缝J single-J groove weld 单面visual testing 目测、外观检验型坡口焊缝单面single-U groove weld Uwheel search unit 轮式探头V单面single-Vee groove weld 型坡口焊缝夹渣slag inclusion X-ray machine X-射线仪）点焊spot welding ◆水轮机（Hydraulic Turbine直坡口焊缝水轮机hydraulic turbine square groove weldreaction turbine 反击式水轮机埋弧焊submerged arc weldingimpulse turbine 冲击式水轮机定位焊tack welding混流式水轮机咬边undercut francis turbine立焊vertical welding axial turbine 轴流式水轮机焊道weld head prototype turbine 原型水轮机12rated head 额定水头inertia 惯性flywheel effect 飞轮效应effective head 有效水头time constant 时间常数net head 净水头mandoor 进入门maximal head 最大水头pit liner 最小水头机坑里衬minimal head elastic layer 弹性垫层spiral case 蜗壳turbine pit 机坑stay ring 座环feedback 反馈wicket gate 导叶main distributing valve main shaft 主轴主配压阀solenoid 主轴密封shaft seal 线圈relay 继电器coupling flange 连接法兰transfer function 传递函数runner 转轮◆runner crown 转轮上冠机械通用词汇abrasion performance 耐磨性runner band 转轮下环abrasion test 磨耗试验runner cone 转轮泄水锥accessory 附件、配件、零件runner blade/bucket 转轮叶片accuracy 准确性、精度head cover 顶盖anti-corrosion 抗蚀底环bottom ringbalance test 平衡试验discharge ring 基础环bearing 轴承draft tube 尾水管bearing box draft tube cone 尾水锥管轴承箱bearing bush 轴瓦、轴套尾水肘管draft tube elbowbearing carrier governor 调速器轴承座bearing collar 轴承环、推力头调速器柜governor cubicle/cabinetbearing cover 轴承盖oil pressure tank/vessel 压力油罐bearing journal 轴颈回油箱oil sump tankbend 弯头gate ring 控制环bend radius 弯曲半径distributor 导水机构bending strength shear pin 剪断销抗弯强度bolt 螺栓筒形阀ring gatebore 钻孔servomotor 接力器bore machine 效率efficiency 镗床brake valve output 出力制动阀by-pass 旁通流量dischargecallipers 卡尺sir admission system 补气系统cardan shaft 万向轴涡流检验vortexcast special tool 专用工具铸造characteristic test auxiliary equipment 特性试验辅助设备chock damper/absorber/cushion 减震器、阴尼器楔子、垫块clamp runout 卡头、夹板摆度clearing of fault 水击water hammer 故障排除clip 导轴承guide bearing 夹具、钳coat operation condition 运行工况涂层correction value 矫正值开度openingcottor pin 开口销空蚀cavitationcoupling flange 抗磨涂层erosion resistant coating 联结法兰damping device 负荷load 缓冲装置13deflection 挠度monkey wrench 活动扳手nail 钉子density 密度nipple 管接头derusting 除锈nut 螺母descale 除垢o-ring O 偏差形环deviationoperating condition 运行情况dial 刻度盘pretreatment 预处理dial gauge 千分尺process 流程、工艺distort 变形screw cap 螺帽dowel pin (setpin) 定位销spigot 偏心凸轮套管、止口eccentric camstroke 偏心销eccentric pin 行程valve 偏心、偏心率、偏心度阀门eccentricityelastic bearing 弹性轴承verticality 垂直度弹性变形elastic deformation washer 垫圈elastic limit 弹性极限楔子板wedgeElectrical Equipment 电气设备及元器件（◆facility 设备、设施）& Element Partsfactory assembly 工厂装配发电机generator 型钢fashioned ironfeed pipe 供水管电动机motor3-phase squirrel-cage asynchronous motor female end 内止口field welding 现场焊缝三相鼠笼式电动机三相绕线式电动表面光洁度、精加工finish 3-phase wind asynchronous机fitting allowance 装配公差电枢motor armature fitting assembling 零件装配fitting face 配合面电刷brush线圈、绕组coil 法兰flangeflatness 平整度energizing coil 励磁线圈stator 缺陷flaw 定子stator core 定子铁芯flexibility 挠性、柔性forge stator winding 定子绕组锻造foundation 基础rotator 转子transformer 变压器摩擦friction隔离变压器isolating transformer gauge 规、计、表互感器齿轮gear mutual inductor globe valve 球阀电流互感器current transformer(CT)grade 电压互感器potential transformer(PT) 等级hardness 硬度高压电器high-voltage equipment热处理heat treatment breaker 断路器interface 分界面、接触面、接口isolating switch 隔离开关bushing 接头、接缝、连接、焊接joint套管结合面、接缝面joint face 绝缘子insulator 润滑剂、润滑材料lubricant 悬式绝缘子suspended insulatorlubrication circuit 润滑管道column-type insulator 支柱绝缘子lubrication oil 润滑油reactor 电抗器电容器机加工machine capacitorlightning rod 机床machine tool 避雷针（器）外止口male end low-voltage electric appliance 低压电器14knife switch 刀开关wiring terminal 接线端子terminal block 接线板、接线盒fuse 熔断器illuminator 照明automatic switch 自动开关lamp 灯contactor 接触器lightning distribution box(board) 触点照明配电箱contact constant close contact 常闭触点screw socket 螺口灯头fluorescence lamp 常开触点日光灯constant open contactbuld 灯泡starter 启动器socket 插座overtravel-limit switch 行程开关grounding 接地changeover switch 转换开关grounding resistance 接地电阻controller 控制器grounding switch 接地开关resistor 电阻器ground connector light resistor 光敏电阻接地体galvanized flat steel 变阻器镀锌扁钢varistorground wire 电磁铁electromagnet 接地线working grounding 母线工作接地busprotection grounding bare bus bar 裸母线保护接地others 其他cable 电缆master switch power cable 电力电缆主令开关induction coil 感应线圈control cable 控制电缆magnetic coil 电磁线圈armored cable 铠装电缆stabilizator 稳压器cab-type cable 橡皮绝缘软电缆bell 电铃电缆夹cable clampIPC cable connector 电缆接头共控机local control unit (LCU) 现地控制单元cable core 电缆芯programmable logic电缆卷筒cable drumcontroller(PLC) 可编程控制器电缆挂钩cable hangerprogrammer 编程器cable rack 电缆架motor valve 电缆终端cable terminal end 电动阀electromagnetic valve 电磁阀H cable 屏蔽电缆◆电气通用词汇裸线bare wirealternation current(AC) 交流电ammeter 电流表allowed value 容许值欧姆表ohmmeter ampere voltmeter 电压表安培automatic operation 电度表kilowatt-hour meter 自动操作bridge megger 兆欧表电桥cabling diagram 继电器relay 电缆连接图capacity of storage battery over current relay 过流继电器蓄电池容量欠流继电器under current relay charging 充电time relay (timer) 时间继电器charging current 充电电流thermal relay 闭合热继电器closeshortdown relay 常闭触点constant close contact 断路继电器constant open contact 蓄电池battery 常开触点battery charger 蓄电池充电器control circuit 控制电路盘屏pannel 电流强度current intensitydirect current (DC) 配电盘swithboard 直流电分线（配电）盒distributing cabinetde-energise (deenergize) 切断、断电15dynamic test 动态试验transient current 瞬时电流transient voltage 瞬时电压electric arc 电弧volt 伏（特）electric leakage 漏电voltage 电压flash test 高压闪络试验wiring scheme generator active power 发电机有功功率接线图withstand voltage test 耐压试验发电机效率generator efficiency◆计算机监控系统（generator reactive power 发电机无功功率Computer Supervisoryinput 输入（量）and Control System）A/D converter 绝缘涂层模数变换器insulating coatinganalog control loop 模拟控制回路insulation grade 绝缘等级automatic-restoration 自恢复insulation test 绝缘试验automatic element 自动化元件interlocker(interlocking) 联锁装置block diagram 方框图kilowatt-hour 千瓦小时、度coaxial cable 同轴电缆leakage protection 漏电保护command 指令line-to-line short circuit 线间短路communication 通信malfunction 误动作compatibility manual operation 手动操作兼容性console 控制台megohm 兆欧current transducer 电流变送器mis-operation 误操作cursor （显示器）光标欧姆ohmD/A converter 数模变换器outlet 引出线、电源插座data bus 数据总线outlet box 引出盒、接线盒database 输出线路数据库outlet linedigital signal 输出量output 数字信号digital screen 显示屏overcurrent protection 电流过载保护electric quantity transducer 电量变送器并联电路parallel circuiteletromagnetic interference power factor 功率因数电磁干扰fiber optic cable 光纤电缆电源power supplyfloppy disk 一次电路软盘primary circuitflowchart rated current 额定电流流程图。
农业领域中的专业英文词汇
农业领域中的专业英文词汇第一章：农作物1.主要粮食作物A.水稻(Rice)a)稻谷(Paddy)b)稻田(Paddy field)c)水稻品种(Rice varieties)d)稻田灌溉(Paddy field irrigation)e)稻田管理(Paddy field management)B.小麦(Wheat)a)小麦品种(Wheat varieties)b)春小麦(Spring wheat)c)秋小麦(Winter wheat)d)小麦收获(Wheat harvesting)e)小麦贮藏(Wheat storage)C.玉米(Maize/Corn)a)玉米品种(Maize varieties)b)玉米种植(Maize cultivation)c)玉米田(Cornfield)d)玉米收割(Maize harvesting)e)玉米加工(Corn processing)D.大米(Millet)a)小米(Foxtail millet)b)粟米(Proso millet)c)黍米(Broomcorn millet)d)燕麦(Oats)e)小米种植(Millet cultivation)E.谷子(Sorghum)a)甜高粱(Sweet sorghum)b)非洲高粱(Sudan grass)c)碱基高粱(Kafir corn)d)高粱种植(Sorghum cultivation) F.大豆(Soybean)a)大豆品种(Soybean varieties)b)大豆种植(Soybean cultivation)c)大豆收割(Soybean harvesting)d)大豆加工(Soybean processing) G.马铃薯(Potato)a)马铃薯品种(Potato varieties)b)马铃薯种植(Potato cultivation)c)马铃薯收获(Potato harvesting)d)马铃薯储藏(Potato storage) H.甘薯(Sweet Potato)a)甘薯品种(Sweet potato varieties)b)甘薯种植(Sweet potato cultivation)c)甘薯收获(Sweet potato harvesting)d)甘薯储藏(Sweet potato storage)I.大麦(Barley)a)大麦品种(Barley varieties)b)大麦种植(Barley cultivation)c)大麦收割(Barley harvesting)d)大麦加工(Barley processing)2.主要经济作物A.棉花(Cotton)a)棉花品种(Cotton varieties)b)棉花种植(Cotton cultivation)c)棉花采摘(Cotton picking)d)棉花加工(Cotton processing)e)棉花纺织(Cotton textile)B.糖蔗(Sugarcane)a)糖蔗品种(Sugarcane varieties)b)糖蔗种植(Sugarcane cultivation)c)糖蔗收割(Sugarcane harvesting)d)糖蔗加工(Sugarcane processing)e)糖蔗制糖(Sugar production)C.咖啡(Coffee)a)咖啡豆(Coffee beans)b)咖啡树(Coffee tree)c)咖啡生产(Coffee production)d)咖啡种植(Coffee cultivation)e)咖啡加工(Coffee processing)D.茶叶(Tea)a)茶叶品种(Tea varieties)b)茶园管理(Tea plantation management)c)茶叶采摘(Tea leaf picking)d)茶叶加工(Tea processing)e)茶叶质量评估(Tea quality assessment) E.可可(Cocoa)a)可可豆(Cocoa beans)b)可可树(Cocoa tree)c)可可种植(Cocoa cultivation)d)可可收割(Cocoa harvesting)e)可可加工(Cocoa processing)F.橡胶(Rubber)a)橡胶树(Rubber tree)b)橡胶种植(Rubber cultivation)c)橡胶采集(Rubber tapping)d)橡胶加工(Rubber processing)e)天然橡胶(Natural rubber)G.烟草(Tobacco)a)烟草品种(Tobacco varieties)b)烟草种植(Tobacco cultivation)c)烟叶收割(Tobacco leaf harvesting)d)烟草加工(Tobacco processing)e)烟草制品(Tobacco products)3.主要园艺作物A.蔬菜(Vegetables)a)蔬菜品种(Vegetable varieties)b)蔬菜种植(Vegetable cultivation)c)蔬菜园管理(Vegetable garden management)d)蔬菜收获(Vegetable harvesting)e)蔬菜销售(Vegetable marketing)B.水果(Fruits)a)水果品种(Fruit varieties)b)水果树(Fruit trees)c)水果种植(Fruit cultivation)d)水果收获(Fruit harvesting)e)水果贮藏(Fruit storage)C.花卉(Flowers)a)花卉品种(Flower varieties)b)花卉种植(Flower cultivation)c)花卉养护(Flower care)d)花卉市场(Flower market)e)花卉插花(Flower arrangement) D.草坪草(Turfgrass)a)草坪草品种(Turfgrass varieties)b)草坪草播种(Turfgrass seeding)c)草坪草生长(Turfgrass growth)d)草坪草修剪(Turfgrass mowing)e)草坪草管理(Turfgrass maintenance) E.香料植物(Herbs)a)香料植物品种(Herb varieties)b)香料植物种植(Herb cultivation)c)香料植物收获(Herb harvesting)d)香料植物干燥(Herb drying)e)香料植物加工(Herb processing) F.葡萄(Grapes)a)葡萄品种(Grape varieties)b)葡萄栽培(Grape cultivation)c)葡萄收获(Grape harvesting)d)葡萄酒生产(Wine production)e)葡萄园管理(Vineyard management)G.坚果(Nuts)a)坚果品种(Nut varieties)b)坚果树(Nut trees)c)坚果种植(Nut cultivation)d)坚果收获(Nut harvesting)e)坚果加工(Nut processing)第二章：土壤与土地管理4.土壤类型A.砂土(Sand)a)砂质土壤(Sandy soil)b)砂壤(Arenosol)c)砂壤土壤质地(Sandy soil texture)d)砂土排水(Sand drainage)e)砂土改良(Sand soil improvement)B.粘土(Clay)a)黏性土壤(Clayey soil)b)黏土(Clay)c)黏土土壤质地(Clayey soil texture)d)黏土结构(Clay structure)e)黏土改良(Clay soil improvement)C.壤土(Loam)a)壤土(Loam soil)b)壤土类型(Loam types)c)壤土养分(Loam soil nutrients)d)壤土pH值(Loam soil pH)e)壤土管理(Loam soil management)D.石灰土(Calcareous Soil)a)石灰土(Calcareous soil)b)石灰土性质(Calcareous soil properties)c)石灰土肥力(Calcareous soil fertility)d)石灰土酸碱性(Calcareous soil acidity)e)石灰土改良(Calcareous soil improvement)E.盐碱土(Saline-Alkaline Soil)a)盐碱土(Saline-alkaline soil)b)盐碱土特性(Saline-alkaline soil characteristics)c)盐碱土改良(Saline-alkaline soil improvement)d)盐碱土排水(Saline-alkaline soil drainage)e)盐碱土耐盐性作物(Salt-tolerant crops for saline-alkaline soil) F.沙壤土(Sandy Loam Soil)a)沙壤土(Sandy loam soil)b)沙壤土特性(Sandy loam soil characteristics)c)沙壤土管理(Sandy loam soil management)d)沙壤土改良(Sandy loam soil improvement)e)沙壤土透水性(Sandy loam soil permeability)G.腐殖土(Humus)a)腐殖土(Humus)b)腐殖质含量(Humus content)c)腐殖土形成(Humus formation)d)腐殖土功能(Humus function)e)腐殖土保肥作用(Humus role in soil fertility)5.土壤组成A.土壤结构(Soil Structure)a)土壤颗粒(Soil particles)b)土壤团聚体(Soil aggregates)c)土壤孔隙(Soil pores)d)土壤密度(Soil density)e)土壤排水性(Soil drainage)B.土壤有机质(Soil Organic Matter)a)有机质含量(Organic matter content)b)腐殖质(Humus)c)土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon)d)有机肥料(Organic fertilizers)e)生物降解(Biodegradation)C.土壤微生物(Soil Microorganisms)a)土壤细菌(Soil bacteria)b)土壤真菌(Soil fungi)c)土壤细胞微生物(Soil microbial communities)d)土壤微生物生态系统(Soil microbial ecosystem)e)土壤微生物多样性(Soil microbial diversity) D.土壤无机成分(Soil Inorganic Components)a)矿物质(Minerals)b)矿物颗粒(Mineral particles)c)土壤矿物含量(Soil mineral content)d)土壤pH值(Soil pH)e)土壤盐分(Soil salinity)E.土壤水分(Soil Moisture)a)土壤水分含量(Soil moisture content)b)土壤水分循环(Soil moisture cycling)c)土壤水分胁迫(Soil moisture stress)d)土壤水分测量(Soil moisture measurement)e)土壤水力性质(Soil hydraulic properties)F.土壤气体(Soil Gases)a)土壤氧气(Soil oxygen)b)土壤二氧化碳(Soil carbon dioxide)c)土壤氮气(Soil nitrogen)d)土壤气体交换(Soil gas exchange)e)土壤通气性(Soil aeration)G.土壤微量元素(Soil Trace Elements)a)土壤微量元素含量(Soil trace element content)b)土壤微量元素循环(Soil trace element cycling)c)土壤微量元素生物有效性(Soil trace element bioavailability)d)土壤微量元素监测(Soil trace element monitoring)e)土壤微量元素补充(Soil trace element supplementation)6.土壤改良方法A.土壤改良剂(Soil Amendments)a)有机肥料(Organic fertilizers)b)矿物质肥料(Mineral fertilizers)c)生物固氮(Biological nitrogen fixation)d)腐植酸(Humic acid)e)石灰(Lime)B.翻耕(Tillage)a)深耕(Deep tillage)b)中耕(Medium tillage)c)浅耕(Shallow tillage)d)耕作机械(Tillage machinery)e)耕地保护(Conservation tillage)C.绿肥(Green Manure)a)绿肥作物(Green manure crops)b)绿肥覆盖(Green manure cover)c)绿肥种植(Green manure cultivation)d)绿肥种类(Types of green manure)e)绿肥割除(Green manure incorporation) D.有机物添加(Organic Matter Addition)a)堆肥(Compost)b)生物残留物(Crop residues)c)动物粪便(Manure)d)沼气废弃物(Biogas slurry)e)腐殖质(Humus)E.石灰施用(Lime Application)a)石灰施用量(Lime application rate)b)石灰种类(Types of lime)c)石灰处理(Lime treatment)d)pH调节(pH adjustment)e)酸性土壤中和(Acid soil neutralization) F.土壤覆盖(Soil Covering)a)茅草覆盖(Straw mulch)b)塑料覆盖(Plastic mulch)c)土壤覆盖作物(Cover crops)d)覆盖作物栽培(Cover cropping)e)土壤保温覆盖(Soil insulation cover) G.生物多样性增加(Increasing Biodiversity)a)种植树木(Planting trees)b)多种植物轮作(Crop rotation)c)生物多样性保护(Biodiversity conservation)d)林地复合种植(Agroforestry)e)生物多样性提升项目(Biodiversity enhancement projects)第三章：作物生长与管理7.播种A.播种(Sowing)a)播种方法(Sowing methods)b)直播(Direct seeding)c)育苗(Seedling raising)d)播种机械(Sowing machinery)e)播种时间(Sowing time)B.种子处理(Seed Treatment)a)种子消毒(Seed disinfection)b)种子浸种(Seed soaking)c)种子包衣(Seed coating)d)种子处理剂(Seed treatment agents)e)种子质量检测(Seed quality testing)C.播种密度(Seeding Density)a)单株播种量(Planting density per plant)b)每亩播种量(Seeding rate per acre)c)每公顷播种量(Seeding rate per hectare)d)播种行距(Row spacing)e)播种深度(Seeding depth)D.播种机械(Sowing Machinery)a)播种机(Seeder)b)种子播种机(Seed drill)c)压实机(Packers)d)播种组合机械(Combined seeders)e)自动播种机(Automatic seeders)E.播种管理(Sowing Management)a)播种前准备(Preparation before sowing)b)播种后管理(Post-sowing management)c)播种技术培训(Sowing technique training)d)播种记录(Sowing records)e)播种期监测(Sowing period monitoring)F.播种系统(Sowing Systems)a)滚筒播种系统(Roller seeding system)b)蓄水式播种系统(Water storage seeding system)c)直播播种系统(Direct seeding system)d)点播播种系统(Point seeding system)e)定位播种系统(Precision seeding system)G.播种时间(Sowing Time)a)春季播种(Spring sowing)b)秋季播种(Autumn sowing)c)季节性播种(Seasonal sowing)d)最佳播种时间(Optimal sowing time)e)播种日历(Sowing calendar)8.种植A.种植(Planting)a)种植技术(Planting techniques)b)种植季节(Planting season)c)种植密度(Planting density)d)种植方式(Planting method)e)种植距离(Planting distance)B.种植管理(Crop Management)a)种植计划(Crop planning)b)种植周期(Crop rotation)c)种植保护(Crop protection)d)种植监测(Crop monitoring)e)种植技术培训(Crop management training) C.作物选择(Crop Selection)a)作物品种(Crop varieties)b)作物适应性(Crop adaptability)c)作物周期(Crop cycle)d)作物耐旱性(Crop drought resistance)e)作物抗病性(Crop disease resistance) D.栽培技术(Cultivation Techniques)a)水分管理(Water management)b)施肥技术(Fertilization techniques)c)病虫害防治(Pest and disease control)d)土壤改良(Soil improvement)e)采收技术(Harvesting techniques) E.作物生长(Crop Growth)a)生长周期(Growth cycle)b)生长环境(Growth environment)c)生长调节剂(Growth regulators)d)生长监测(Growth monitoring)e)生长速率(Growth rate)F.种植机械(Planting Machinery)a)种植机(Planter)b)植保机(Sprayer)c)耕作机(Tiller)d)水肥一体机(Fertilizer applicator)e)收割机(Harvester)9.施肥A.施肥(Fertilization)a)肥料(Fertilizers)b)施肥方案(Fertilization plan)c)施肥周期(Fertilization schedule)d)施肥方法(Fertilization method)e)施肥量(Fertilizer application rate)B.肥料类型(Types of Fertilizers)a)有机肥料(Organic fertilizers)b)化学肥料(Chemical fertilizers)c)生物肥料(Biological fertilizers)d)微量元素肥料(Micronutrient fertilizers)e)缓释肥料(Slow-release fertilizers) C.主要营养元素(Major Nutrients)a)氮(Nitrogen)b)磷(Phosphorus)c)钾(Potassium)d)钙(Calcium)e)镁(Magnesium)D.微量营养元素(Micronutrients)a)锌(Zinc)b)铜(Copper)c)锰(Manganese)d)钼(Molybdenum)e)铁(Iron)E.施肥技术(Fertilization Techniques)a)叶面施肥(Foliar fertilization)b)滴灌施肥(Fertigation)c)土壤施肥(Soil fertilization)d)喷施肥料(Spray fertilization)e)肥料混施(Fertilizer blending)F.肥料管理(Fertilizer Management)a)肥料选择(Fertilizer selection)b)肥料配比(Fertilizer blending)c)施肥时间(Fertilization timing)d)施肥量调整(Fertilizer rate adjustment)e)肥料效果评估(Fertilizer effectiveness assessment) G.环境友好施肥(Environmentally Friendly Fertilization)a)精准施肥(Precision fertilization)b)节水施肥(Water-saving fertilization)c)节能施肥(Energy-saving fertilization)d)有机肥料应用(Organic fertilizer application)e)生物肥料利用(Biological fertilizer utilization)10.施药A.施药(Pesticide Application)a)农药(Pesticides)b)施药方法(Pesticide application method)d)施药时机(Pesticide application timing)e)施药装备(Pesticide application equipment) B.农药分类(Types of Pesticides)a)杀虫剂(Insecticides)b)杀菌剂(Fungicides)c)除草剂(Herbicides)d)杀线虫剂(Nematicides)e)杀鼠剂(Rodenticides)C.选择合适农药(Pesticide Selection)a)农药筛选(Pesticide screening)b)农药安全性评估(Pesticide safety assessment)c)农药效果评估(Pesticide efficacy evaluation)d)农药适应性(Pesticide suitability)e)生物农药(Biopesticides)D.施药技术(Pesticide Application Techniques)a)喷雾施药(Spray application)b)灌溉施药(Irrigation application)c)粉尘施药(Dust application)d)雾化施药(Fogging application)e)薄膜施药(Film application)E.施药管理(Pesticide Management)b)施药记录(Pesticide application records)c)施药安全措施(Pesticide safety measures)d)施药剩余物处理(Pesticide residue management)e)施药后监测(Post-application monitoring)F.环境友好施药(Environmentally Friendly Pest Control)a)集约化施药(Integrated pest management, IPM)b)生物防治(Biological control)c)天敌引入(Introduction of natural enemies)d)生态保护区施药(Pesticide application in ecological reserves)e)低毒或无毒农药(Low-toxic or non-toxic pesticides)G.抗药性管理(Resistance Management)a)抗药性监测(Resistance monitoring)b)抗药性管理策略(Resistance management strategies)c)交替使用不同农药(Rotation of different pesticides)d)混合使用不同类别农药(Mixing different classes of pesticides)e)使用低剂量农药(Using low doses of pesticides)11.灌溉A.灌溉(Irrigation)a)灌溉系统(Irrigation system)b)灌溉水源(Irrigation water source)c)灌溉设备(Irrigation equipment)d)灌溉方案(Irrigation plan)e)灌溉效率(Irrigation efficiency)B.灌溉方法(Irrigation Methods)a)地面灌溉(Surface irrigation)b)滴灌(Drip irrigation)c)喷灌(Sprinkler irrigation)d)微喷灌(Micro-irrigation)e)管道灌溉(Subsurface irrigation)C.灌溉水质(Irrigation Water Quality)a)水质检测(Water quality testing)b)水质净化(Water purification)c)盐碱化处理(Salinization treatment)d)水质监测站(Water quality monitoring station)e)水质改善技术(Water quality improvement techniques) D.灌溉管理(Irrigation Management)a)灌溉计划(Irrigation scheduling)b)灌溉监测(Irrigation monitoring)c)灌溉自动化(Irrigation automation)d)水资源管理(Water resource management)e)灌溉效率改进(Irrigation efficiency improvement)E.灌溉水量(Irrigation Water Volume)a)灌溉量(Irrigation volume)b)水量计量(Water metering)c)灌溉水需求(Irrigation water requirement)d)水资源利用率(Water use efficiency)e)水分利用效率(Water use efficiency)F.灌溉工程(Irrigation Engineering)a)灌溉渠道(Irrigation canals)b)灌溉管道(Irrigation pipelines)c)泵站(Pumping stations)d)沉淀池(Sedimentation ponds)e)水库(Reservoirs)G.节水灌溉技术(Water-saving Irrigation Techniques)a)集雨灌溉(Rainwater harvesting irrigation)b)土壤水分传感器(Soil moisture sensors)c)定量灌溉(Quantitative irrigation)d)水肥一体化(Integration of water and fertilizer)e)水资源再利用(Water reuse)12.水资源管理A.水资源管理(Water Resource Management)a)水资源规划(Water resource planning)b)水资源评估(Water resource assessment)c)水资源分配(Water resource allocation)d)水资源保护(Water resource conservation)e)水资源利用效率(Water resource utilization efficiency)B.水文学(Hydrology)a)水文监测(Hydrological monitoring)b)水文模型(Hydrological models)c)水文地质学(Hydrogeology)d)水文循环(Hydrological cycle)e)水文数据分析(Hydrological data analysis)C.水权制度(Water Rights System)a)水权分配(Water rights allocation)b)水权交易(Water rights trading)c)水权许可(Water rights permits)d)水权转让(Water rights transfer)e)水权法律(Water rights laws)D.水资源调配(Water Allocation)a)水资源分配方案(Water allocation plan)b)跨区域水资源调配(Inter-basin water transfer)c)水资源调度(Water resource scheduling)d)水资源分配机构(Water allocation agencies)e)水资源调控政策(Water resource regulation policies)E.水资源可持续利用(Sustainable Water Resource Management)a)水资源再生利用(Water recycling)b)水资源节约(Water conservation)c)水资源保护区(Water conservation zones)d)水资源治理(Water resource governance)e)水资源管理规划(Water resource management planning) F.农田水利工程(Agricultural Water Management)a)灌溉管理(Irrigation management)b)农田水利设施(Agricultural water facilities)c)农田排水系统(Agricultural drainage systems)d)土壤保水措施(Soil moisture conservation measures)e)耕地水资源管理(Arable land water resource management)第四章：病虫害防治10.常见病害A.病害管理(Disease Management)a)病害防治(Disease prevention and control)b)病害监测(Disease surveillance)c)病害防治策略(Disease management strategies)d)病害预警系统(Disease early warning systems)e)病害防治措施(Disease control measures)B.作物病害分类(Classification of Crop Diseases)a)真菌性病害(Fungal diseases)b)细菌性病害(Bacterial diseases)c)病毒性病害(Viral diseases)d)线虫性病害(Nematode diseases)e)真菌性腐烂病(Fungal rot diseases)C.常见病害名称(Common Disease Names)a)枯萎病(Wilting disease)b)白粉病(Powdery mildew)c)锈病(Rust)d)炭疽病(Anthracnose)e)灰霉病(Gray mold)f)褐斑病(Brown spot disease)g)叶斑病(Leaf spot disease)h)病毒花叶病(Virus mosaic disease)D.病害传播途径(Transmission of Diseases)a)空气传播(Airborne transmission)b)接触传播(Contact transmission)c)土传播(Soilborne transmission)d)种子传播(Seedborne transmission)e)昆虫传播(Insect vector transmission) E.病害防治方法(Methods of Disease Control)a)化学防治(Chemical control)b)生物防治(Biological control)c)遗传抗性(Genetic resistance)d)文化防治(Cultural control)e)物理防治(Physical control)F.病害诊断与监测(Disease Diagnosis and Monitoring)a)病害诊断技术(Disease diagnosis techniques)b)病害监测系统(Disease monitoring systems)c)病害病原检测(Disease pathogen detection)d)病害症状识别(Disease symptom recognition)e)病害防治效果评估(Assessment of disease control efficacy)G.病害抗性育种(Disease Resistance Breeding)a)抗病性遗传育种(Genetic breeding for disease resistance)b)分子标记辅助选育(Marker-assisted selection for disease resistance)c)杂交育种(Hybrid breeding for disease resistance)d)基因编辑技术(Gene editing techniques for disease resistance)11.常见虫害A.虫害管理(Pest Management)a)虫害监测(Pest surveillance)b)虫害防治(Pest control)c)虫害防治策略(Pest management strategies)d)虫害防治措施(Pest control measures)e)虫害防治技术(Pest control techniques)B.害虫分类(Classification of Pests)a)害虫种类(Types of pests)b)昆虫害虫(Insect pests)c)线虫害虫(Nematode pests)d)啮齿类害虫(Rodent pests)e)螨虫害虫(Mite pests)C.常见害虫名称(Common Pest Names)a)蚜虫(Aphids)b)白粉虫(Whiteflies)c)菜青虫(Cabbage loopers)d)蜗牛(Snails)e)甲虫(Beetles)f)蝗虫(Locusts)g)蜘蛛螨(Spider mites)h)叶蝉(Leafhoppers)D.害虫生物学与生态学(Pest Biology and Ecology)a)害虫生活史(Pest life cycle)b)害虫天敌(Natural enemies of pests)c)害虫趋光性(Phototaxis of pests)d)害虫繁殖率(Reproduction rate of pests)e)害虫食性(Feeding habits of pests)E.害虫传播途径(Transmission of Pests)a)空气传播(Airborne transmission)b)直接接触传播(Direct contact transmission)c)间接接触传播(Indirect contact transmission)d)矢量传播(Vector-borne transmission)e)土壤传播(Soilborne transmission)F.害虫防治方法(Methods of Pest Control)a)生物防治(Biological control)b)化学防治(Chemical control)c)物理防治(Physical control)d)遗传防治(Genetic control)G.害虫诊断与监测(Pest Diagnosis and Monitoring)a)害虫识别技术(Pest identification techniques)b)害虫监测系统(Pest monitoring systems)c)害虫防治效果评估(Assessment of pest control efficacy)d)害虫防治方案调整(Adjustment of pest control strategies)12.农药A.杀虫剂(Insecticides)a)有机磷杀虫剂(Organophosphate insecticides)b)拟除虫菊酯(Pyrethroids)c)新一代杀虫剂(Neonicotinoids)d)氯氟氰菊酯(Chlorpyrifos)e)吡虫啉(Imidacloprid)f)灭螨剂(Acaricides)B.杀菌剂(Fungicides)a)三唑酮类杀菌剂(Triazole fungicides)b)多菌灵(Mancozeb)c)氧化锌(Zinc oxide)d)丙环唑(Propiconazole)e)苯醚甲环唑(Methyl benzimidazole carbamate) C.除草剂(Herbicides)a)非选择性除草剂(Non-selective herbicides)b)除草剂混剂(Herbicide mixtures)c)除草剂抗性(Herbicide resistance)d)草甘膦(Glyphosate)e)氯吡氯(Atrazine)f)苯醚乙草胺(2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) D.杀线虫剂(Nematicides)a)卡布杀线虫(Carbamate nematicides)b)磺胺类杀线虫剂(Sulfonylurea nematicides)c)噻嗪类杀线虫剂(Thiazole nematicides)d)多菌灵(Mancozeb)e)拜尔(Bayer)f)噻虫嗪(Thiacloprid)E.杀鼠剂(Rodenticides)a)抗凝血剂(Anticoagulant rodenticides)b)磷化合物(Phosphorus compounds)c)铝磷(Aluminum phosphide)d)防除鼠药(Rat poison)e)鼠药毒性(Toxicity of rodenticides)F.生物农药(Biopesticides)a)细菌制剂(Bacterial formulations)b)真菌制剂(Fungal formulations)c)植物提取物(Plant extracts)d)昆虫性激素(Insect growth regulators)e)酶制剂(Enzyme formulations)G.农药应用技术(Pesticide Application Techniques)a)农药喷雾器(Pesticide sprayers)b)农药施洒系统(Pesticide application systems)c)农药喷雾技术(Pesticide spraying techniques)d)农药喷洒量(Pesticide spraying volume)e)农药安全使用指南(Guidelines for safe pesticide use)13.生物防治A.生物防治(Biological Control)a)天敌释放(Natural enemy release)b)生物防治剂(Biological control agents)c)生物入侵防治(Biological invasion control)d)生物控制方案(Biological control programs)e)生物防治技术(Biological control techniques)B.天敌(Natural Enemies)a)捕食性昆虫(Predatory insects)b)寄生性昆虫(Parasitic insects)c)天敌昆虫(Entomophagous insects)d)天敌微生物(Entomopathogenic microorganisms)e)天敌植物(Entomophagous plants)C.拮抗生物(Antagonistic Organisms)a)拮抗真菌(Antagonistic fungi)b)拮抗细菌(Antagonistic bacteria)c)拮抗线虫(Antagonistic nematodes)d)拮抗植物(Antagonistic plants)e)拮抗性病毒(Antagonistic viruses)D.天敌培育与释放(Rearing and Release of Natural Enemies)a)天敌培育技术(Natural enemy rearing techniques)b)天敌大规模培育(Mass rearing of natural enemies)c)天敌释放策略(Strategies for natural enemy release)d)天敌释放效果评估(Assessment of natural enemy release efficacy)e)天敌库建设(Establishment of natural enemy reservoirs)E.引种与引进(Introduction of Natural Enemies)a)外来天敌引进(Introduction of exotic natural enemies)b)天敌适应性评估(Assessment of natural enemy adaptability)c)天敌引种效果监测(Monitoring of natural enemy introduction effects)d)天敌引种审批与管理(Approval and management of natural enemyintroductions)e)天敌引种风险评估(Risk assessment of natural enemy introductions) F.生物防治在综合防治中的应用(Integration of Biological Control)a)生物防治与化学防治的综合应用(Integration of biological andchemical control)b)生物防治与生物灭菌的综合应用(Integration of biological control andbio fumigation)c)生物防治与物理防治的综合应用(Integration of biological andphysical control)d)生物防治与遗传抗性育种的综合应用(Integration of biological controland genetic resistance breeding)e)生物防治与文化防治的综合应用(Integration of biological control andcultural control)第五章：收获与储存14.收割A.收割机械(Harvesting Machinery)a)收割机(Harvester)b)脱粒机(Thresher)c)打捆机(Baler)d)切茎机(Stalk chopper)e)摘菜机(Vegetable harvester)f)摘果机(Fruit harvester)B.收割作业(Harvesting Operations)a)收割期(Harvesting season)b)收割计划(Harvesting schedule)c)收割技术(Harvesting techniques)d)收割速度(Harvesting speed)e)收割效率(Harvesting efficiency) C.收割产品(Harvested Products)a)庄稼(Crop)b)作物(Crop)c)农产品(Agricultural produce)d)果实(Fruit)e)蔬菜(Vegetable)f)谷物(Grain)g)饲料(Fodder)D.收割后处理(Post-harvest Handling)a)储藏(Storage)b)保鲜(Preservation)c)加工(Processing)d)运输(Transportation)e)包装(Packaging)f)分级(Grading)E.收割管理(Harvest Management)a)收割时间(Harvesting time)b)收割条件(Harvesting conditions)c)收割质量(Harvesting quality)d)收割损失(Harvesting losses)e)收割成本(Harvesting costs)f)收割后土壤管理(Post-harvest soil management) F.收割技术(Harvesting Techniques)a)手工收割(Manual harvesting)b)机械收割(Mechanical harvesting)c)自动化收割(Automated harvesting)d)GPS导航收割(GPS-guided harvesting)e)智能收割系统(Smart harvesting systems)f)水稻插秧机(Rice transplanter)G.收割安全(Harvesting Safety)a)安全操作规程(Safety procedures)b)作业安全设备(Safety equipment)c)危险警示(Hazard warnings)d)事故预防(Accident prevention)e)应急处理(Emergency procedures)f)培训和教育(Training and education)15.采摘A.采摘工具(Harvesting Tools)a)采摘篮(Picking basket)b)采摘器(Picker)c)采摘剪(Pruning shears)d)采摘袋(Picking bag)e)采摘器械(Harvesting equipment) B.采摘作业(Picking Operations)a)采摘时间(Picking time)b)采摘季节(Picking season)c)采摘技术(Picking techniques)d)采摘速度(Picking speed)e)采摘员(Picker)C.采摘产品(Harvested Products)a)水果(Fruit)b)蔬菜(Vegetable)c)茶叶(Tea leaves)d)坚果(Nuts)e)花卉(Flowers)f)果实(Produce)D.采摘后处理(Post-picking Handling)a)分类(Sorting)b)清洗(Washing)c)包装(Packaging)d)贮存(Storage)e)运输(Transportation)f)销售(Marketing)E.采摘管理(Picking Management)a)采摘计划(Picking schedule)b)采摘质量(Picking quality)c)采摘成本(Picking costs)d)采摘效率(Picking efficiency)e)采摘损失(Picking losses)F.采摘技术(Picking Techniques)a)手工采摘(Hand picking)b)机械采摘(Mechanical picking)c)自动化采摘(Automated picking)d)选择性采摘(Selective picking)e)连续采摘(Continuous picking)G.采摘安全(Picking Safety)a)安全装备(Safety gear)b)安全操作规程(Safety procedures)c)危险警示(Hazard warnings)d)事故预防(Accident prevention)e)应急处理(Emergency procedures)f)培训和教育(Training and education)16.农产品储存A.储存设施(Storage Facilities)a)仓库(Warehouse)b)储藏室(Storage room)c)冷库(Cold storage)d)空调库(Air-conditioned storage)e)粮仓(Granary)f)储存罐(Storage tank)B.储存技术(Storage Techniques)a)空气调节(Air ventilation)b)低温储存(Low-temperature storage)c)干燥储存(Dry storage)d)控温储存(Temperature-controlled storage)e)控湿储存(Humidity-controlled storage)f)气调储存(Modified atmosphere storage) C.储存条件(Storage Conditions)a)温度(Temperature)b)湿度(Humidity)c)光照(Lighting)d)通风(Ventilation)e)气体组成(Gas composition)f)空气质量(Air quality)D.储存器具(Storage Containers)a)箱子(Box)b)袋子(Bag)c)桶(Bucket)d)罐子(Can)e)管道(Pipeline)f)网袋(Net bag)E.储存管理(Storage Management)a)储存计划(Storage plan)b)储存检查(Storage inspection)c)储存标记(Storage labeling)d)储存记录(Storage records)e)储存库存(Storage inventory)f)储存安全(Storage security)F.储存损耗(Storage Losses)a)质量损失(Quality loss)b)量损失(Quantity loss)c)损耗预防(Loss prevention)d)损耗控制(Loss control)e)损耗评估(Loss assessment)f)损耗减少策略(Loss reduction strategies) G.储存保鲜剂(Storage Preservatives)a)防腐剂(Preservatives)b)抗氧化剂(Antioxidants)c)抑菌剂(Antimicrobials)d)除湿剂(Desiccants)e)包装材料(Packaging materials)f)灭菌剂(Sterilants)17.农产品加工A.加工设备(Processing Equipment)a)磨粉机(Milling machine)b)榨油机(Oil press)c)搅拌机(Mixer)d)烘干设备(Drying equipment)e)破碎机(Crusher)f)分选机(Sorter)B.加工工艺(Processing Techniques)a)热处理(Heat treatment)b)冷冻(Freezing)c)脱水(Dehydration)d)腌制(Pickling)e)发酵(Fermentation)f)烟熏(Smoking)C.加工产品(Processed Products)a)食品(Food products)b)饲料(Feed)c)油脂(Oils and fats)d)饮料(Beverages)e)粉末(Powders)f)谷物制品(Cereal products)D.加工工厂(Processing Plants)a)食品加工厂(Food processing plant)b)油压厂(Oil mill)c)粉磨厂(Flour mill)d)糖厂(Sugar mill)e)酿酒厂(Brewery)f)乳品加工厂(Dairy processing plant) E.加工流程(Processing Processes)a)清洗(Washing)b)切割(Cutting)c)研磨(Grinding)d)榨取(Extraction)e)烘焙(Baking)f)包装(Packaging)F.加工质量控制(Processing Quality Control)a)原料检验(Raw material inspection)b)加工过程监控(Processing process monitoring)c)成品检验(Finished product inspection)d)质量管理体系(Quality management system)e)卫生标准(Hygiene standards)f)安全标准(Safety standards)G.加工创新技术(Advanced Processing Technologies)a)超临界流体提取(Supercritical fluid extraction)b)微波加热(Microwave heating)c)超声波处理(Ultrasonic processing)d)真空冷冻干燥(Vacuum freeze-drying)e)纳米技术应用(Nanotechnology applications)f)3D打印食品(3D printed food)第六章：畜牧业与养殖业18.主要家畜品种A.牛类(Cattle)a)奶牛(Dairy cattle)b)肉牛(Beef cattle)c)犊牛(Calves)d)母牛(Heifers)e)公牛(Bulls)f)阉牛(Steers)B.羊类(Sheep)a)绵羊(Merino sheep)b)肉羊(Meat sheep)c)母羊(Ewes)d)公羊(Rams)e)羔羊(Lambs)C.猪类(Pigs)a)种猪(Breeding pigs)b)肉猪(Meat pigs)c)母猪(Sows)d)公猪(Boars)e)仔猪(Piglets)D.家禽(Poultry)a)鸡(Chickens)b)鸭(Ducks)c)鹅(Geese)d)鸽子(Pigeons)E.马类(Horses)a)马(Horses)b)马匹(Equines)c)马驹(Foals)d)母马(Mares)e)公马(Stallions)19.主要家禽品种A.鸡(Chickens)a)肉鸡(Broilers)b)蛋鸡(Layers)c)母鸡(Hens)d)公鸡(Roosters)e)鸡雏(Chicks)B.鸭(Ducks)a)肉鸭(Meat ducks)b)家鸭(Domestic ducks)c)鸭雏(Ducklings)d)鸭母(Ducks)C.鹅(Geese)a)家鹅(Domestic geese)b)野鹅(Wild geese)c)鹅雏(Goslings)d)公鹅(Ganders)e)母鹅(Geese)20.畜禽养殖管理A.畜禽养殖管理(Livestock and Poultry Farm Management)a)养殖计划(Farming plan)b)畜禽场(Livestock farm)c)禽舍(Poultry house)d)养殖场地规划(Farm layout planning)e)养殖管理系统(Farming management system)f)养殖技术培训(Farming technology training)B.畜禽饲养管理(Livestock and Poultry Feeding Management)a)饲料配制(Feed formulation)b)饲料供应(Feed supply)c)饲料管理(Feed management)d)饲料成本分析(Feed cost analysis)e)饲料搭配(Feed rationing)f)自动喂食系统(Automatic feeding system)C.畜禽健康管理(Livestock and Poultry Health Management)a)疫病预防(Disease prevention)b)免疫接种(Vaccination)c)畜禽健康监测(Livestock and poultry health monitoring)d)疾病控制(Disease control)e)兽医服务(Veterinary services)f)健康记录管理(Health record management)D.畜禽繁殖管理(Livestock and Poultry Reproduction Management)a)繁殖计划(Breeding plan)b)繁殖选择(Breeding selection)c)繁殖管理(Breeding management)d)繁殖技术(Breeding techniques)e)生殖健康(Reproductive health)f)繁殖效率评估(Reproductive efficiency assessment)E.畜禽舍环境管理(Livestock and Poultry Housing EnvironmentManagement)a)温湿度控制(Temperature and humidity control)b)空气质量管理(Air quality management)c)照明管理(Lighting management)d)床料管理(Bedding management)e)水源管理(Water source management)f)粪便处理(Waste management)F.畜禽品质管理(Livestock and Poultry Quality Management)a)产品质量控制(Product quality control)b)安全生产管理(Safe production management)c)产品认证标准(Product certification standards)d)品种改良计划(Breeding improvement plan)e)养殖环境优化(Farming environment optimization)f)食品安全管理(Food safety management)第七章：农业经济与市场21.农产品市场。
农业英语词汇大全了解农业生产与农作物的专业术语
农业英语词汇大全了解农业生产与农作物的专业术语农业英语词汇大全：了解农业生产与农作物的专业术语农业是人类社会最早的生产方式之一，也是支撑经济发展和人类生存的重要基础。
而想要深入了解农业生产、农作物以及相关知识，了解农业英语词汇是必不可少的。
本文将为你介绍农业生产与农作物的专业术语，以便你更好地理解和学习农业知识。
一、农业生产相关词汇1. 农业（agriculture）：指以种植、畜牧、渔业等方式，进行农作物和动物的生产活动。
2. 农田（farmland）：专门用于耕种农作物的土地。
3. 农村（rural area）：以农业生产为主的地区，与城市相对。
4. 农民（farmer）：从事农业生产的个体或集体。
5. 农产品（agricultural product）：农业生产的成品，包括粮食、蔬菜、水果、畜禽产品等。
6. 农业机械（agricultural machinery）：用于农业生产的机械设备，如拖拉机、收割机等。
7. 农药（pesticide）：用于防治农作物病虫害的化学品。
8. 农田水利（agricultural irrigation）：利用灌溉设施，为农作物提供水源的工程。
9. 农作物（crop）：农业生产中种植的植物，如小麦、水稻等。
10. 农业科学（agricultural science）：研究农业生产方法、农作物种植和动物饲养等的科学领域。
二、一些常见的农作物名称及相关词汇1. 小麦（wheat）：一种重要的粮食作物，广泛种植于全球各地。
2. 玉米（corn）：一种主要用于食品、饲料和工业原料的作物。
3. 大豆（soybean）：一种既可以作为粮食作物，又可以提取食用油、豆粕等副产品的作物。
4. 水稻（rice）：主要用于食品的作物，是世界上最重要的粮食之一。
5. 麦片（oat）：含有丰富蛋白质和纤维的谷物。
6. 西瓜（watermelon）：夏季常见的水果，含有丰富的水分和维生素。
英语专业名词（水利方面）
英语专业名词（水利方面）水 water水圈 hydrosphere水体 water body水科学 water science水文学 hydrology陆地水文学 land hydrology应用水文学 applied hydrology工程水文学 engineering hydrology地表水 surface water地下水 groundwater水汽 water vapour水文要素 hydrologic elements降水 precipitation雨季 rainy season雪 snow积雪 snow cover初雪 first snow终雪 latest snow融雪 snowmelt冰雹 hail截留 interception填洼 depression detention地面滞留 surface detention陆面蒸发 evaporation of land水面蒸发 evaporation of water surface土壤蒸发 evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾） transpiration蒸发能力 evaporation capability下渗（入渗） infiltration稳渗 steady infiltration下渗能力 infiltration capability 河川径流 river runoff降雨径流 rainfall runoff暴雨径流 storm runoff融雪径流 snowmelt runoff枯季径流 dry season runoff基流 base flow洪水 flood阴塞高压 blocking high低空急流 low－level jet低涡 vortex反气旋（高压） anticyclone气旋（低压） cyclone热带气旋 tropic cyclone热带低压 tropic depression热带风暴 tropic storm强热带风暴 severe tropic storm 台风 typhoon气团 air mass锋（锋面） front天气 weather气象 meteorology气候 climate气候区划 climatic regionalization 气候带 climatic zone气候变化 climatic change小气候 microclimate热带 tropic zone副热带（亚热带） subtropic zone比湿 specific humidity风 wind风向 wind direction风速 wind speed蒲福风级 Beaufort wind scale露 dew露点 dew point雾 fog霜 frost霜点 frost point初霜 first frost终霜 latest frost霜冻 frostbite无霜期 frost－free period流域 watershed (basin)流域面积（集水面积） drainage area闭合流域 enclosed basin不闭合流域 non－enclosed basin闭流区（内流区） bling drainage area分水线（分水岭） divide流域特征 basin characteristics流域几何特征 basin geometric characteristics 河道复流（河道再生） resurgence常年河 perennial stream间歇河 intermittent stream悬河（地上河） elevated stream夺流河（断头河） captured river盈水河 gaining stream亏水河 losing stream暴洪河流 flashy stream地下暗河（地下河） underground river 界河 boundary river国际河流 international river废河道（古河道） dead river岸 bank左岸 left bank右岸 right bank凹岸 concave bank凸岸 convex bank岸壁 land wall水边线（岸线） water line堤防 levee河长 river length河弯 river bend弯曲率 tortuosity航道 navigable channel河段 reach上游 upstream潜洲 submerged bar深潭 deep pool水利学 hydraulics明渠水力学 open channel hydraulics 水静力学 hydrostatics水动力学 hydrodynamics明渠水流 open channel flow恒定流 steady flow非恒定流 unsteady flow均匀流（等速流） uniform flow非均匀流（变速流） non－uniform flow 急流 supercritical flow缓流 subcritical flow异重流 density current临界流 critical flow临界水深 critical depth临界流速 critical velocity临界流量 critical discharge水头 head位置水头（位能） elevation head低强水头（压能） pressure head流速水头（动能） velocity head雷诺数 Reymold number韦伯数 Weber number水力因素 hydraulic factor湿周 wetted perimeter水力半径 hydraulic radius宽深比 width－depth ratio中泓线 midstream of channel深泓线 Thatweg落差 fall瀑布 waterfall波浪 wave驻波 standing wave移动波 translation wave河流动力学 river dynamics河流泥沙 river sediment泥沙特征 property of sediment土壤侵蚀 soil erosion水力侵蚀 water erosion山洪侵蚀 torrential erosion流域侵蚀 basin erosion流域产沙量 watershed sediment yield溶解性总固体 total dissolved solids离子含量 ion concentration离子总量 total ion concentration离子流量 ion discharge矿化度 mineral content盐度 salinityPH值 ph value碱度 alkalinity酸度 acidity酸雨 acid rain电导率 electric conductivity混浊度（浊度） turbidity总需氧量 total oxygen demand溶解氧 dissolved oxygen需氧量 oxygen demand生化需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量 chemical oxygen demand硬度 hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度） non－carbonate hardness 硬水 hard water浮冰 floating ice锚冰 anchor ice封冻期 freeze－up period封冻（封河） freeze－up平封 flat freeze－up立封 upright freeze－up冰盖 ice cover连底冻 grounded ice cover冰丘 ice mound封冻冰缘 ice edge of freeze－up清沟 lead初生清沟 primary lead再生清沟 secondary lead冰花路毡 sludge road felt冰上覆雪 snow cover over ice冰脊 ice ridge冰缝 crack悬冰 suspended ice cover冰堆 ice pack冰塞 ice jam冰上结冰 aufeis解冻期 break－up period冰变色 color change of ice cover冰上有水 accumulation of melt water 月中天 lunar transit引潮力 tidal generation force天文潮 astronomic tide气象潮 metorologic tide潮汐周期 tidal cycle半日潮 semidiurnal tide全日潮 diurnal tide混合潮 mixed tide大潮 spring tide小潮 neap tide中潮 moderate tide太阴月 lunar day潮期 duration of tide涨潮历时 duration of tidal rise落潮历时 duration of tidal fall潮流 tidal current涨潮流 flood tidal current落潮流 ebb tidal current憩流 slack tide潮流速 tidal velocity往复流 reversing current旋转流 rotary current潮流期 duration of tidal current涨潮流历时 duration of flood current地下水径流 groundwater runoff地下水流速 velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度） hydraulic gradient of groundwater 地下水等水位线图 water－table contour map 含水层 aquifer含水岩系 water－content rock series含水岩组 water－content rock formation含水岩性 water－content rock property含水介质 water－hearing medium均匀介质 homogeneous medium非均匀介质 inhomogeneous medium含水层边界 aquifer boundary透水边界 permeable boundary隔水边界 confining boundary弱透水边界 acquitted boundary透水层 permeable bed隔水层 confining bed弱透水层 acquitter水文地质参数 hydrogeological parameters渗透系数 permeability coefficient导水系数(释水系数） coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数 storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数 coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度 water－holding capacity土壤水分常数 soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数 absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数 wilting coefficient田间持水量 field capacity毛管断裂含水量 moisture content at capillary rupture最大水分吸水量 maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法 zero flux plane method潜水 phreatic water降水入渗补给 precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数 coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给 surface water recharge凝结水补给 condensation recharge侧向补给 lateral recharge越流补给 leakage recharge灌溉补给系数 irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater 潜水蒸发 phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度 critical depth of phreatic water evaporation 潜水溢出量 phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位 phreatic water level潜水埋深 buried depth of phreatic water level潜水含水层厚度 thickness of phreatic water aquifer内流湖 endorheic lake淡水湖 fresh lake咸水湖 salt lake盐湖 saline lake季节性湖泊 seasonal lake富营养湖泊 eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊 poornutrient lake湖流 lake current梯度流 gradient current漂流 current of friction湖浪 lake wave湖泊波漾（假湖） lake seiche湖泊增减水 lake wind denivellation湖泊资源 lake resources湖泊率 lake ratio湖泊补给系数 recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期 lake residence period湖盆 lake basin湖面高程 elevation of water level in lake岛屿率 insulosity湖泊分层 lake layering正温层 direct thermal stratification逆温层 inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数 morphometric parameter of lake 高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽） main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽） medium level mire沼泽水文 mire hydrology沼泽水量平衡 water balance of mire沼泽水 mire water沼泽蒸发 mire evaporation沼泽径流 mire runoff沼泽表面流 surface flow of mire沼泽表层流 surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性 moistureproperty of mire沼泽持水性 water retention of mire沼泽透水性 perviousness of mire沼泽率 mire ratio冰川 glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川） mountain glacier谷冰川 valley glacier宽尾冰川 broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川 cirque glacier悬冰川 hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川） penetrating glacier冰原 ice field冰川平衡线 equilibrium line of glacier委托观测 entrust gauging水文仪器 hydrologic instrument直读仪器 direct－reading instrument自记仪器 automatic－recording instrument遥测仪器 remote telemetry unit传感器 sensor固态存贮器 solid storage计数器 counter记录器 recorder显示器 display unit平均无故障工作时间 mean time between failures 相应水位 equivalent stage水文测站 hydrometric station基本站 basic station辅助站 auxiliary station专用站 special station水文试验站 hydraulic experimental station基准水文站 bench mark hydrologic station水文气象站 hydrometeorology station巡测站 tour gauging station水文站 gauging station雨量站网 rain gauging network水面蒸发站网 water surface evaporation network水位站网 stage gauging network泥沙站网 sediment gauging network水质站网 water quality network地下水观测井网 groundwater voservation well network 站网规划 hydrologic network planning水文分区 hydrologic regionalization站网布设 network layout站网分析 network analysis站网检验 network examination站网优化 network optimization站网调整 network adjustment站网密度 network density现实密度 real density可用密度 usable density容许最稀站网 minimum network设站年限 station required age水文信息 hydrologic information水文效益 hydrologic benefit基面 datum临时水准点 temporary benchmark测验断面 measuring cross－section基本水尺断面 basic gauge cross－section流速仪测流断面 current－meter measuring cross－section 浮标测流断面 float measuring cross－section比降水尺断面 slope measuring cross－section辅助水尺断面 secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面 temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道 hydrometric cableway悬索缆道 suspended cableway悬杆缆道 suspended rod cableway机动缆道 motorized cableway手动缆道 hand－operating cableway主索 main cable循环索 loop cable起重索 suspension cable水文缆车 hydrometric cable car吊船过河索 cableway for anchoring boat缆道测验仪 cableway measuring device水文测船 hydrometric boat水文测桥 hydrometric bridge桥测车 gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车 tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry雨量器 raingauge承水器 raingauge receiver量杯 measuring glass渠积雨量器 accumulative raingauge雨量计 rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计 siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计 long－term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计 telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达 precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线 snow gauge雨雪量计 rain and snow recorder蒸发量 evaporation蒸发量观测 evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数 reduction coefficient of evaporation 遮挡率 screen ratio蒸发器 evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿） small evaporation panE－601型蒸发器 evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器 floating evaporation pan蒸发计 evaporimeter遇测蒸发计 telemetering evaporimeter钩形水尺 hook gauge最高水位水尺 crest stage gauge校核水尺 check gauge基本水尺断面 basic gauge辅助水尺断面 auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面 slope gauge临时水尺 temporary gauge水位计 stage gauge自记水位计 stage recorder浮子式水位计 float－type stage recorder压力式水位计 pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计 ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计 telemetering stage recorder接触试水位计 contact－type stage recorder远传水位计 telecontrol stage recorder自记水位计台 stage recorder installation静水井 stilling well水深 depth测得水深 measured depth有效水深 effective depth相对水深 relative depth断面平均水深 mean depth at a cross－section干绳改正 air line correction湿绳改正 wet line correction测点流速 velocity measurement测速垂线 surface velocity水面流速 velocity at a point测点流速 maximum point velocity最大测点流速 velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速 mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速 mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速 cross－section velocity distribution 浮标流速 point velocity coefficient中泓流速 surface velocity coefficient流速分布 velocity distribution流速梯度 velocity gradient垂线流速分布 vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布 cross－section velocity distribution 水面流速分布 surface velocity coefficient顺流 downstream flow逆流 upstream flow流速脉动 velocity pulsation中泓流速 midstream流向测量 flow－direction measurement体积法 cubature流速仪 current－meter转子式流速仪 rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪 cup－type current－meter旋桨式流速仪 propeller－type current－meter电波流速仪 electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪 ultrasonic profile current－meter多普勒流速仪 Doppler current－meter参证流速仪 reference current－meter流量计 flow meter文杜里水流计 Venturi flow meter毕托管 Pitot tube流速仪检定 current－meter calibration检定槽 calibration tank检定车 calibration carriage浮标 float水面浮标 surface float小浮标 small float双浮标 double float浮杆 float－rod堰顶高程 elevation of weir crest堰顶水头 weir head水工建筑物测流 flow measurement by hydraulic structure 闸门开启高度 gate opening行近河槽 approach channel行近流速 approach velocity堰流 weir flow流态 flow regime自由流 free flow淹没流 submerged flow半淹没流 half－submerged flow孔流 sluice flow射流 jet flow淹没比 submergence ratio淹没系数 submergence coefficient流速系数 velocity coefficient流量系数 discharge coefficient稀释法测流 dilution method for discharge measurement 示踪剂 tracer标准溶液 standard solution背景浓度 background concentration solution稀释比 dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验 bed load discharge measurement器策法 sampling method坑测法 pit method沙波法 dune tracking method床沙测验 bed material measurement照相法 photographic method打印法 stamp pad method床沙采样器 bed material sampler悬移质采样器 suspended sediment sampler瞬时式采样器 instantaneous sampler积时式采样器 time－integrating sampler瓶式采样器 bottled sampler皮囊式采样器 collapsible sample泵式采样器 pumping sampler调压式采样器 pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪 radioisotope sediment concentration meter 光电测沙仪 photoelectric sediment concentration meter 振动式测沙仪 vibrational sediment concentration meter 推移质采样器 bed load sampler网式采样器 basket－type sampler吸管 pipet光电颗分仪 photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计） hydrometer泥沙沉降 sediment settling沉降速度 settling velocity平均沉速 mean settling velocity絮凝 flocculation反凝剂 defloeculant粒径 particle diameter中数粒径 median particle diameter平均粒径 mean particle diameter等容粒径 nominal diameter投影粒径 projected diameter三轴平均粒径 triaxial mean particle diameter几何平均粒径 geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径 sieve diameter沉降粒径 settling diameter粒径组 fraction of particle size颗粒级配 grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线 grain－size distribution curve单样颗粒级配 index sample grain－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配 mean grain－size distribution in a vertical 对照断面 check cross－section控制断面 control cross－section消减断面 attenuation cross－section水样保存 water－sample preservation检出率 detected ratio超标率 over－limit ratio痕迹量 trace未检出 nonreadout回收率 recovery ratio溶解气体采样器 dissolved gases sampler冰情观测 ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址 fixed－point ice thickness measurement 冰情目测 visual observation of ice regime冰情符号 ice code冰情图 ice－regime charta初冰日期 first－ice date封冰日期 freeze－up date解冻日期 break－up date终冰日期 end ice date封冻历时 freeze－up duration水浸冰厚 thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽 open－water width冰流量 ice discharge等深点流速改正法 revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法 revised velocity－hydrograph method 有效潮差 significant tidal range负波高 negative wave height水库水文测验 hygrometry of reservoir入库水量 reservoir inflow出库水量 reservoir outflow水库供水 reservoir water supply水库弃水 surplus water released frome reservoir水库渗漏量 reservoir seepage volume水库蓄水量 reservoir storage水库蓄水变量 variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率 rate of reservoir storage change坝上水位 stage behind dam库区水位 stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量 reservoir sedimentation survey水库淤积量 reservoir sedimentation volume地形法 method of topographic survey断面法 method of cross－section survey淤积形态 morphology of reservoir deposition淤积三角洲 sedimentation delta淤积物密度 dry density of reservoir deposition岩溶地区水文调查 hydrologic investigation in karst areas 实际地表集水面积 actual surface colleting area交换水量 exchange water沙量调查 silt－quantity investigation水质调查 water quality investigation调查区 investigation zone水文实验研究 experimental research in hydrology代表流域 representative basin实验流域 experimental basin相似流域 similar basin径流实验研究 experimental research in runoff径流场 runoff plot人工降雨装置 artificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究 experimental research in evaporation蒸发池 evaporation tank土壤蒸发器 soil evaporator蒸散器 evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器 evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪 lysimeter地下水均衡场 groundwater balance plot合理性检查 rational examination电算整编 processing by computer水文年鉴 water year－book测站考证 station examination站年 station year平均值 mean value极值 extreme value加权平均法 weighted mean method断流水位 stage of zero flow河干 river of zero flow水文过程线 hydrograph水文综合过程线 synthetic hydrograph等值线 isopleth分布曲线 distribution curve水文特征值 hydrologic characteristic value径流总量 total runoff径流模数 runoff modulus径流系数 runoff coefficient洪峰 flood peak洪水流量 peak discharge洪水总量 flood volume输沙量 sediment runoff输沙模数 modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系 stage－discharge relation连时序法 chronological method绳套曲线 loop curve流量过程线法 discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法 tidal factor relation method定潮汐要素法 constant tidal factor relation method合轴相关法 coaxial correlation method一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a singletide水位流量关系 single－valuedprocessing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长 extension of relation curve流率表 rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation单断沙关系曲线法 index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法 stage versus ratio of index and cross －section average sediment concentration relation curve method 单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration自由度 degree of freedom真值 true value测量值（实测值） measured value最或然值 most probable value误差 error绝对误差 absolute error相对误差 relative error插机误差（偶然误差） random error系统误差 systematic error允许误差 permissible error平均误差 mean error最大误差（极限误差） maximum error伪误差（粗差） spurious方差 variance标准差 standard deviation相对标准差 relative standard deviation离差（偏差） deviation闭合差 closure error平差 adjustment精确度（总精度） accuracy精密度 precision准确度 correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差） measuring vertical sampling error 数据库 data base分布式数据库 distributed type data base集中式数据库 concentrated type data base网络式数据库 network type data base层次数据库 laminarization data base关系数据库 relation data base数据模型 data model关系数据模型 relation data model层次数据模型 laminarization data model网状数据模型 network data model数据量 data bulk结点 node数据处理 data processing数据存贮 data storage数据检索 data retrieval数据输入 data input数据输出 data output数据库文件 data base file水文数据库 hydrologic data base水文基本数据库 hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报 hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报 hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报 tidal prediction泥沙预报 sediment forecasting旱情预报 soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报 groundwater regime forecasting预见期 forecast lead time短期水文预报 short－term hydrologic forecasting中长期水文预报medium and long－term hydrologic forecasting超长期水文预报 extended long－term hydrologic forecasting 预报误差 forecast error作业预报 operational forecasting预报方案 forecast scheme评定标准 accuracy standard方案合格率 qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数 deterministic coefficient汛 seasonal flood春汛 spring flood伏汛 summer flood秋汛 autumn flood汛期 flood season防汛 flood defence报汛站 flood－reporting station报汛站网 flook－reporting network常年水情站 perennial hydrologic reporting station汛期水情站 hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网 auxiliary hydrologic reporting network洪水警报 flood warning点雨量 point rainfall面雨量 areal rainfall泰森多边形 Thiessen polygon等雨量线法 isohyetal method产流 runoff yield蓄满产流 runoff yield at natural storage超渗产流 runoff yield in excess of infiltration产流面积 area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流） direct runoff地面流（坡面流） surface flow of mire壤中流 prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量 antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量 soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线） infiltration capability curve 初损 initial losses后损（后渗） continuing losses坡面汇流 overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流） river network flow concentration 地下汇流 groundwater flow concentration汇流曲线 flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线 basin flow concentration curve坡面汇流曲线 overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线 river network flow concentration curve 地下汇流曲线 groundwater flow concentration curve 流域汇流时间 basin flow concentration time洪峰滞时 peak time lag流域滞时 basin time lag等流滞时 isochrone单位线 unit hydrograph经验单位线 empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线 synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线 instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph坡地单位线 slope unit hydrograph河网单位线 river network unit hydrographS－曲线 S－curve无因次单位线 dimensionless unit hydrograph退水曲线 recession curve水文模型 hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型） hydrophysical model比尺模型 scale model比拟模型 analogue model水文数学模型 hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型 deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型 stochastic hydrologic model分散式模型 distributed model集总式模型 lumped model线性水温模型 linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型 nonlinear hydrologic model时不变水文模型 time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型 time－variant hydrologic model流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构 model structure模型参数 model parameter模型误差 model error模型率定 model calibration模型检验 model verification水文模拟 hydrologic simulation遥测终端机 telemetry terminal meter中继机 relay meter前置通信控制机 preset communication controller自报式系统 self－reporting system查询－应答式系统 polling－answerback system混合式系统 mix system时分制遥测系统 time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统 frequency－division telemetry system误码率 probability of word error接受率 receiving probability数据收集平台 data collection platform水文计算（水文分析计算） hydrologic computation设计站 design station设计流域 design watershed代表站 representative station参证站 bench－mark station典型年（代表年） typicyear水文系列 hydrologic series同步系列 synchronous series系列代表性 series representativeness柱状图 histogram诺谟图 monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算） computation of sediment runoff 水库回水计算 computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算 computation of reservoir sedimentation水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation below reservoir溃坝洪水计算 evaluation of dam break flood感潮河段水力计算 hydraulic calculation for tidal reach水文统计 hydrologic statistics总体 population样本 sample样本容量 sample size随机变量 random variable随机系列 random series累计频率（频率） cumulative frequency经验频率 empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve皮尔逊分布 Pearson distribution对数正态分布 log normal distribution频率分析 frequency analysis随机模拟 stochastic simulation时间序列 time series随机水文分析 hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项 trend term周期项 cycle term随机项 stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析） harmonic analysis潜分析 spectrum analysis噪声 noise回归分析（相关分析） regression analysis相关系数 correlation coefficient自回归分析 autoregression analysis逐步回归分析 stepwise regression analysis设计供水 design flood溢洪道设计洪水 spillway design flood分期设计洪水 stage design flood施工设计洪水 design flood for construction period校核洪水 check flood实测洪水 observed flood调查洪水 investigated flood古洪水 paleoflood坝址洪水 dam－site flood入库洪水 reservoir inflow flood分项调查法 item－by－item investigation method 降雨径流模型法 rainfall－runoff model method 蒸发差值法 evaporation difference method径流年内分配 annual distribution of runoff径流多年变化 multiyear variation of runoff丰水期 high－water period平水期 normal－water period枯水期（枯季） low－flow period丰水年 wet year平水年（中水年） normal year枯水年 dry year特枯水年 extraordinary dry year连续丰水年 continuous wet years连续枯水年 continuous dry years水文年鉴 water year设计暴雨 design storm设计雨型 design storm pattern暴雨路径 storm track暴雨时程分配 time distribution of storm暴雨地区分布 special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线 storm parametric isoline map点面换算系数 point－area conversion coefficient 点面关系 point－area relationship定点定面关系 fixedpoint－fixed area relationship可能最大露点 probable maximum dew point暴雨移置改正 storm transposition correction流域形状改正 watershed shape correction水汽改正 moisture correction入流障碍改正 inflow obstacle correction综合改正 synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量 convergence component of storm地形增强因子 topographic increasing factor等百分数法 isopercental method可能最大洪水 probable maximum flood涝 surface water logging渍 subsurface waterlogging排涝 surface waterlogging control排渍 subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划 waterlogging control planning排涝标准 standard for waterlogging control排涝计算 computation of waterlogging control设计排涝流量 design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量design drainage discharge of subsurface waterlogging control设计排涝水位 design water level for surface drainage水资源危机 water resources crisis水荒 water famine水能资源（水力资源） waterpower resources河流水能资源 waterpower resources of river潮汐水能资源 tidal power resources可开发的水能资源 developable waterpower resources水资源评价 water resources assessment水资源基础评价 water resources basic assessment水量评价 water quantity assessment水质评价 water quality assessment地表水资源评价 surface water resources assessment地下水资源评价 groundwater resources assessment水资源评价指标 indexes of water resources assessment水资源总量 total amount of water resources地表水资源量 surface water resources amount地下水资源量 groundwater resources amount可利用量 utilizable water地下水可开采量 groundwater available yield可供水量 available water supply径流调节 runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪 reservoir flood routing水库供水调节 reservoir regulation for water supply水电站径流调节 runoff regulation of hydropower regulation 水库反调节 reregulating reservoir水库群调节 multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算 computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法） chronological series method概率法（数理统计法） probability method随机模拟法 stochastic simulation method调节周期 regulating period目标函数 objective function约束方程 constraint equation状态变量 state variable决策变量 decision variable数学规划 mathematic programming线性规划 linear programming非线性规划 nonlinear programming水库防洪调度 flood control scheduling of reservoir水库实时调度 real－time reservoir scheduling水库群调度 multi－reservoir scheduling水库预报调度 reservoir scheduling based on forecast抽水蓄能 pumped storage水沙调度 scheduling of water and sediment水环境 water environment水环境要素（水环境基质） water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统 aquatic ecosystem化学径流 chemical runoff环境用水 environmental water环境水文学 environmental hydrology环境水力学 environmental hydraulics环境水化学 environmental hydrochemistry地下水超量开采 groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌） artificial recharge地下水降落漏斗 groundwater depression cone化学水污染 chemical water pollution无机物水污染 water pollution by inorganic substances有机物水污染 water pollution by organic substances有毒物质水污染 water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染 radioactive water pollution热污染 thermal pollution生物水污染 water pollution by organism富营养化 eutrophication赤潮 red tide次生水污染 secondary water pollution地下水污染 groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution污染物 pollutant污染物迁移 transport of pollutant机械迁移 physical transport物理－化学迁移 physicochemical transport人为污染源 artificial pollution source天然污染源 natural pollution source污染源调查 investigation of pollution sources污染源控制 pollution source control水质参数 water quality parameters水质模型 water quality model水温模型 water temperature model水质生物评价 biologic assessment of water quality水环境效益 water environmental effect水污染环境效应 environmental effect of water pollution水环境影响评价 water environmental impact assessment水环境保护 water environmental protection水质规划 water quality planning河流水质规划 river water quality planning水库水质规划 reservoir water quality planning水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control水源保护区 protection zone of water source水质管理 water quality management水污染源管理 water pollution source management蒸发 evaporation。
水利类专业词汇
生态开发整治工程ecological exploitation and regulation project Segregation 骨料分离Macadam 碎石Screed 抹面用的刮板南水北调south-to-north water diversion. •,南水北调工程divert water from the south to the north project 总规划面积the total planning area干燥少雨dry and rainless水系water system断流discontinuous flow沙化desertification污染源pollution source水源地waterhead area地下水开采量amount of groundwater mining供水量service discharge总体规划general planning一期工程first phase of construction总投资gross investment污水治理工程waste water treatment project污水处理厂sewage treatment plant排水管网network of drains生态防护林ecological shelter forest总面积gross area两岸side banks防洪工程flood control project导流堤training wall基础设施infrastructure路网road net防洪prevent or control flood汊河anabranch跌水drop河道river course复式断面compound cross section现浇混凝土on-site concrete预制混凝土precast concrete防渗结构seepage prevention示意图schematic diagram自然植被vegetation绿化带green belt湿地wetland/marsh橡胶坝rubber damBulkhead Gate 检修门，预备门Emergency Gate 事故闸门，检修闸门Frame crane 龙门吊Frequency converter 变频机Parallel to the flow direction 顺水流方向Transverse to the flow direction 垂直水流方向SEZ special economic zone 经济特区Settlement 沉陷，沉降SE by E =southeast by east 东南偏东Supporting ring 支承环；垫环Setting retarder 缓凝剂Service gate 工作闸门Stoplog gate 叠梁门Submerged gate 水下闸门Self-collapsing gate 自溃闸门Draft tube gate 尾水闸门Backwater gate 挡潮闸门，防倒灌闸门8-tonne self propelled vibrating roller 8吨振动碾a complete set of equipment 成套设备accumulation of stress 应力集中air-condition 空调alluvium [地]冲积层, 淤积层anti-abrasion concrete 耐磨混凝土as-built drawings 竣工图asphaltic 沥青bench 马道bid 出价，投标blasting cap 起爆雷管borehole 钻孔borrow 土料场catchment 集水区域closestool 马桶corbel-piece 牛腿CUT OFF WALL 齿槽culvert 涵洞dam base width 大坝底宽elevation 立视图，高程free draining 自由穿流genset=generate set 发电机gevr=grout enriched vibratable rcc 变态混凝土ha. 公倾hand operated vibrating roller 手扶振动碾fire hydrant 消防栓fire fighting 消防inspect 监理invert slab 底板joint venture 联营体LIFT 浇筑层mobile crane 汽车吊mortar 灰浆overhead 管理费parapet 栏杆, 低墙, 扶手, 胸墙rear elevation 后视图reservoir 水库, 蓄水池small backhoe 挖机soil nail 土锚钉sub-contractor 分包商switching station 开关站tipping trucks 自卸车truck with grout mixer and water tank 搅拌车Weathered 被风化的Release agent 脱模剂Segment gate 弧形闸门Overflow gate 溢流式闸门Overpour gate 顶溢式闸门Jet-flow gate 射流式闸门Minute - Minute of Progress Meeting 会议纪要Claim - 索赔、进度付款(Progressive claim)Contigency - 不可预见费Lump Sum - 总价，与单价项目对应Truss 桁架Client - 业主，有时用Employer很少Consultant - 一般为设计咨询, Advisor比Consultant 更高一级的咨询Supervisor - 监理人员fault - 断层Bench - 马道，有用berm的Rebar 指螺纹钢筋而bar统指钢筋Admixture 外加剂Additive 掺和料Workability 混凝土的和易性Binder of concrete 胶凝材料Diversion Tunnel 导流洞Saddle Dam - 副坝Piping - 管涌Packer Test -压水试验Lugeon值是帷幕灌浆的主要参数倒虹吸- SiphonCulvert - 涵管Aqueduct - 渡槽Chainage - Residual Distance （R.D.）桩号Grout - 浆液\灌浆Grout mix - 混合浆液Take of grout - 吃(耗)浆量Setting - 混凝土凝固，养护-curingTest fill - 碾压试验Seepage - 渗透Failure against seepage - 渗透破坏Failure against sliding - 滑动破坏Abutment - 坝肩Foundation pit - 基坑Joint - 节理（地质），接缝（设计）Hose - 软（皮）管Embankment - 土坝。
水利专业英语词汇
1-yr 24-hr rainfall 设计年最大24小时暴雨50-year frequency flood 50年一遇洪水a lump of 一块a matter of 是个...问题a multitude of 许多的，众多的A.D. Anno Domini公元above all 尤其是，首先是abrasive磨蚀的，磨损的abutment 座，坝座abutment 坝座accessibility 接近性accommodation 适应，供应accurate 精确地，确切的acre 英亩actuating 启动，操纵acute 尖锐的adhere 遵守adhere to 遵守adjustable-blade 转叶的，叶片可调的advisable适当的aeration 通风，通气aerobic 需氧的，有氧的aesthetics 美学Afghanistan 阿富汗agency 机构，力量agent n. 因素agent 动因，力量aggravate 使恶化，加重aggregate 骨料air-delivery system 输气系统alga n. 海藻；藻类algal a. 藻类的alignment 定线allowable stress 允许应力allowance允许，限额，考虑alluvial valleys 冲积峡谷，冲积流域alter 改变，变化alumina 矾土analytical findings 分析成果anchor 苗定，固定anneal 韧化，热处理annual dollar volume 年费用annum 一年anticipate 预测，预计anticipate 预期，在...之前appreciably 明显的，可观的approval 赞成，批准aquatic水生的，水生植物aqueduct 沟渠，输水道aquifer 地下水，地下含水层as far as conveniently 尽量比较远as yet 到目前为止as（so）far as…is concerned 就…而论asphalt沥青，柏油assembly 集合，装配，议会assess 估价，确定，查定assess 估值assessment 评价，评估asset 财富，（pl）资产assumption 假设astronomer 天文学家asymmetry 不对称at right angles 成直角atmostpheric refraction 大气折光attack 侵袭，腐蚀，投入augment v. 增大，扩大auxiliary 辅助的，备用的availability 可得性，可用性available 可利用的available discharge 可用流量，有效流量available head 可用水头avalanche 山崩，崩塌，涌至avocado n. 鳄梨awarding contract 签订合同B.C. 公元前Babbitt 乌金backhoe 反向铲backsight 后视bagwork 装袋工作，沙包balancing cut and fill 挖填平衡bare cost 裸值barragebarrage 拦河坝，挡水建筑物barricade 路障，挡墙basalt 玄武岩basin irrigation 格田淹没batching 配料，计量be （directly/inversely）…to 与…成正/反比be about to do sth. 即将做，不就就要做be defined as (被)定义为be essential to 对、、是必须的be expressed as (被)表达为be in urgent need 急需be indicative of 表现出be laden with 装满be lost in the mists of prehistory 史前渐被遗忘be of consequence 有意义be of the order of 大约，约为be sufficient for 足以满足be sufficient to 足够做bearing 轴承beaver 水獭皮，埋头苦干bedrock 基岩beef 牛肉bench mark（B.M) 水准点berm 小平台bicarbonate 重碳酸盐bid 出价，尝试bidder 出价人，投标人blade 叶片blanket 铺盖block 堵塞，断路，阻挡block 块体blotting 吸去，涂去bluff 陡壁bonus n. 附带的优点boost 提高border 边沿，边界border irrigation 畦灌borrow 借，采料场botton dump 底卸式boulder 漂砾boundary condition 边界条件brackish有盐味的，碱化的breaking stress 破坏应力British Standards(BS) 英国标准broadly speaking 概括地说bronze 青铜bucket 戽斗，轮叶buckling 屈曲buckling 弯曲build up 加固bulkhead隔板，围堰bulldozer 推土机，压路机bureau 局，科butrescible 会腐败的，容易腐烂的buttress 支持物，支柱，加强ca.=circa 大约cableway 索道，缆道cage 骨架call for bid 招标cam 凸轮camber 预留部分camp 帐篷，工房canal lining渠道衬砌，运河衬砌cantilever 支撑木canyon 峡谷capillary 毛细作用，毛细现象capital cost 造价，投资费用Capital recovery cost 资金偿还贷care must be exercised 必须满意carrot胡萝卜，屑carry-over 夹带，转移，滚进carry-over storage 年调节库容casing 蜗壳cast iron 铸铁cast steel 铸铜catchment 集水，集水处，流域，集水量category 种类，类别，部门cavitation 空蚀Celsius a.,n. 摄氏（温度）cementing粘结，胶结center-pivot a. 自转的centers 中心距centrifugal force 离心力centroid 距心，重心cereals 谷物，粮食作物charting 制图chief engineer 总工程师chisel 雕，凿chlorine n. 氯气choke 淤塞，阻塞塞满chord 弦chute 斜槽circumference 轮周，周围civil works 土建，土木工程cleaniness 清洁clearing 砍伐，空旷地climatological a. 气候的clogging n. 阻塞；闭合close-growing a. 密集生长的coarse-textured a. 粗组织结构的cobble 圆石coefficient 系数，折算率cofferdam 围堰，防水堰cohesive粘聚的，粘结的coil 线圈，绕级，感应圈coincidence 符合，一致，同时发生collectively 总起来说，共同的combustion 燃烧commence 开始，倡导commencement 开始，开端commensurable 可公度的commensurable to 相当的commensurable with 相应的commercial 商业上的commissioner 专员community 居住区，地区compact 浇筑，压缩compact 压实comparable 比较的compile 编辑，搜集compound interest 复利compound interest factor 复利因子compound 化合物compressed-air plant 压缩空气装置compressive strength 抗压强度conclusion 结论，推论concrete bag work 装袋干拌混凝土concrete bucket 混凝土吊罐concurrent同时发生的condense 凝结conduit 管道，水道confer with 与...商量conjugate 共轭的connate 同源的，同生的consequently 从而，因此conservation 保护conservation 保守的，不变的conservationist n. (自然资源)保护论者consolidation 固结，凝固constancy 不变性，固定性constant 常数constructe 构成，形成consult 商量consume 消耗，消费consumptive a. 消费的，消耗的contamination 污染，弄脏content 内容，容量contour 沿等高线修筑contract 订立合同，承包contractor 承包者，包工头conventional 惯用的，传统的conversion 转化，变换，换算convert to 转化成conveyor 输送机core 心墙core 心墙corporation 公司corps of Engineers 工程师协会correlation 关联，相关性，互相关系corrugation n. 田间浅沟；波状沟cosmic 宇宙的，广大无边的costly 昂贵的，重价的cover up 包裹，隐藏，掩盖cracking 破裂creep 渗水，漏电crisis 危机，紧急关头criterion 标准，依据critical period of demand 需水临界期cross section 截面cross-section 横断面crown 冠crown cantilever analysis 拱冠悬臂梁分析crumb n. 碎屑crush 轧碎crushing 挤压，压碎crushing strength 破坏强度cultivate vt. 耕种；开垦；种植culvert 涵洞，暗渠，电缆管道culvert n. 涵洞，阴沟curb 路沿石，路牙cure 养护curved dam 弧形坝customary 通常的，习惯的cut 切割，剪辑，分割cut back 减少；降低cutoff 截水墙，排水管，防渗幕cylinder 圆柱体cylinder 圆柱汽缸Dalton’s low 道尔顿定律dashed line 虚线datum 基准面debris 碎片decimal fraction （十进制）小数decline 下降，下落deductive 推论的deficit 欠缺，不足deflection 挠度degradation 降低degradation 降解，减低degree of compaction 压实度delay 抑制，减速，推迟，deliberate考虑，讨论，谨慎的，故意的delta n. 三角洲deluge 洪水，大水灾，大雨，暴雨deployment配置，部署，利用deposit 沉积物deposition 沉积，沉淀物depression降低desalt 除去、、盐分detention basin 蓄洪区，拦洪区devastate 使...荒废devastating floods 毁灭性的洪水device 方法，手段devise 想出，设计diastrophic 地壳运动的differential leveling 水准测量dike 堤，坝dilute 稀释，冲淡dilution n. 稀释，冲淡direct tension 轴向受位disburse 支付，付出dischange capacity 泄水能力discharge卸下，排放disk 转轮，圆盘disk 转轮，圆盘disposal works 排水枢纽distinct 与其他不同，定量的distinguish between 区别、、和、、distribution reservoir 配水水库divert 使转向，分水do what he can 力所能及的downgrade 下坡downhill 下坡draft tube 尾水管dragline 绳斗电铲，拉铲挖土机dragline牵引索drainage basin 流域drainage blanket 排水铺盖drainage gallery 排水廊道drainage modulus排水模数dredge挖泥机drift 飘动，漂浮drill 钻drive into 敲入drought 干旱季节，旱灾durable 耐久的，坚牢的duration 短期的dynamic action 动力作用earth’s curvature 地球曲率earthfills 填上earthwork土方ecological 生态学的ecologist n. 生态学家elevation 高程，海拔eliminate 消除elongated a. 细长的，延长的embankment 土堤emergency spillway 非常溢洪道emergency 紧急，应急emitter n. 滴头；放射机empirical 经验性的，凭经验的encourage 促使encrustation n. 结晶；结壳enhancement 增加，提高enhance增加，提高enmity 不和，纠纷，敌对enterprise 企业，计划entry n. 进入，入口envelope curve 包络线equity 公平，无固定利息的股票equity-capital 新企业投资equivalent to 相当于erection 建设，安装，竖立erection 建筑erode 侵蚀，冲刷erodibility n.侵蚀；冲刷erodible a. 易受腐蚀，侵蚀，冲刷erosion 侵蚀，腐蚀，侵害escape 涌出，逸出establish 建立，设立，制定，规定evapotranspirtion n. 腾发（量）eventually 终于，最后evidence 明显，根据evoke 唤起，博得。
农业水利工程---专业术语及英文【范本模板】
专业术语解释与说明答案1.节水灌溉是根据作物需水规律及当地供水条件，为了有效地利用降水和灌溉水获取农业的最佳经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益而采取的多种灌溉措施，如喷灌、滴灌、膜上灌等.2。
3.衡量水分反应或转移能量的高低在植物生理学上,水势定义为每偏摩尔体积水的化学势。
也就是说，水溶液的化学势（μW ）与同温、同压、同一系统中纯水的化学势(μW °)之差(△μW )，除以水的偏摩尔本积（w V )所得的商，称水势4.外渗使液泡失水而体积缩小，包在外面的原生质也随之收缩，由于细胞之间有吸附力，当原生质收缩时,细胞壁也随之收缩，如细胞继续失水，因原生质的收缩比细胞壁收缩性大,结果使原生质与细胞分离，这种现象称质壁分离。
5.压力势是指细胞的原生质体吸水膨胀,对细胞壁产生一种作用力，细胞壁对原生质产生反作用力，即压力，压力势是细胞壁压力的存在而增加的水势，压力势是正值.6.植物根系的生理活动使液流从根部上升的压力，根压把根部的水分压到地上部，土壤中的水分便不断补充到根部，这就形在了吸水过程，这是根部形成的力量引起的主动吸水。
7.有受伤的植物如处于土壤水分充足，天气潮湿的环境中，叶片尖端或边缘也有液体外泌的现象8。
从植物茎的基部把茎切断,由于根压作用，切口不久即流出液滴9.蒸腾作用是指水分以气态状态，通过植物的叶片，从体内散失到体外的现象10. 植物在一定时间内单位叶面积蒸腾的水量。
一般有蒸腾水量表示g .dm -2.h—1 11。
植物每消耗1000g 水时所形成的干物质质量(g).12.植物造制1g 干物质所需水分（g)，蒸腾系数越大，水分利用效率越低，蒸腾系数是蒸腾比率倒数。
13.水从土壤经作物而到大气保持着连续状态，并构成一个完整的系统，称SPAC 系统.14.对不良环境的适应性和抵抗力，称为植物的抗性生理。
植物的抗性生理就是研究不良环境对植物生命活动的影响以及植物对不良环境的抗御能力15。
(2021年整理)水利专业名词(中英文对照)
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水利专业名词(中英) A安全储备 safety reserve安全系数 safety factor安全性 safety岸边溢洪道 river-bank spillway岸边绕渗 by-pass seepage around bank slope 岸墙 abutment wall岸塔式进水口 bank—tower intakeB坝的上游面坡度 upstream slpoe of dam坝的下游面 downstream face of dam坝顶 dam crest坝顶长度 crest length坝顶超高 freeboard of dam crest坝高 dam height坝顶高程 crest elevation坝顶宽度 crest width坝段 monolith坝基处理 foundation treatment坝基排水 drain in dam foundation坝基渗漏 leakage of dam foundation坝肩 dam abutment坝壳 dam shell坝坡 dam slope坝坡排水 drain on slope坝体混凝土分区 grade zone of concrete in dam坝体排水系统 drainage system in dam坝型选择 selection of dam type坝址选择 selection of dam site坝趾 dam toe坝踵 dam heel坝轴线 dam axis本构模型 constitutive model鼻坎 bucket比尺 scale比降 gradient闭门力 closing force边墩 side pier边界层 boundary layer边墙 side wall边缘应力 boundary stress变形观测 deformation observation变中心角变半径拱坝 variable angle and radius arch dam 标准贯入试验击数 number of standard penetration test 冰压力 ice pressure薄壁堰 sharp—crested weir薄拱坝 thin-arch dam不均匀沉降裂缝 differential settlement crack不平整度 irregularityC材料力学法 method of strength of materials材料性能分项系数 partial factor for property of material 侧槽溢洪道 side channel spillway侧轮 side roller侧收缩系数 coefficient of side contraction测缝计 joint meter插入式连接 insert type connection差动式鼻坎 differential bucket掺气 aeration掺气槽 aeration slot掺气减蚀 cavitation control by aeration厂房顶溢流 spill over power house沉降 settlement沉井基础 sunk shaft foundation沉沙池 sediment basin沉沙建筑物 sedimentary structure沉沙条渠 sedimentary channel沉陷缝 settlement joint沉陷观测 settlement observation衬砌的边值问题 boundary value problem of lining衬砌计算 lining calculation衬砌自重 dead-weight of lining承载能力 bearing capacity承载能力极限状态 limit state of bearing capacity 持住力 holding force齿墙 cut—off wall冲击波 shock wave冲沙闸 flush sluice冲刷坑 scour hole重现期 return period抽排措施 pump drainage measure抽水蓄能电站厂房 pump-storage power house出口段 outlet section初步设计阶段 preliminary design stage初参数解法 preliminary parameter solution 初生空化数 incipient cavitation number初应力法 initial stress method船闸 navigation lock垂直升船机 vertical ship lift纯拱法 independent arch method次要建筑物 secondary structure刺墙 key-wall粗粒土 coarse-grained soil错缝 staggered jointD大坝安全评价 assessment of dam safety大坝安全监控 monitor of dam safety大坝老化 dam aging大头坝 massive—head dam单层衬砌 monolayer lining单级船闸 lift lock单线船闸 single line lock挡潮闸 tide sluice挡水建筑物 retaining structure导流洞 diversion tunnel导墙 guide wall倒虹吸管 inverted siphon倒悬度 overhang等半径拱坝 constant radius arch dam等中心角变半径拱坝 constant angle and variable radius arch dam 底流消能 energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底缘 bottom edge地基变形 foundation deformation地基变形模量 deformation modulus of foundation地基处理 foundation treatment地下厂房 underground power house地下厂房变压器洞transformer tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房出线洞 bus-bar tunnel of underground power house地下厂房交通洞 access tunnel of underground power house地下厂房通风洞 ventilation tunnel of underground power house 地下厂房尾水洞 tailwater tunnel of underground power house 地下轮廓线 under outline of structure地下水 groundwater地形条件 topographical condition地形图比例尺 scale of topographical map地应力 ground stress地震 earthquake地震烈度 earthquake intensity地质条件 geological condition垫层 cushion垫座 plinth吊耳 lift eye调度 dispatch跌坎 drop—step跌流消能 drop energy dissipation跌水 drop迭代法 iteration method叠梁 stoplog丁坝 spur dike定向爆破堆石坝 directed blasting rockfill dam动强度 dynamic strength动水压力 hydrodynamic pressure洞内孔板消能 energy dissipation by orifice plate in tunnel洞内漩流消能 energy dissipation with swirling flow in tunnel 洞身段 tunnel body section洞室群 cavern group洞轴线 tunnel axis陡坡 steep slope渡槽短管型进水口 intake with pressure short pipe断层 fault堆石坝 rockfill dam对数螺旋线拱坝log spiral arch dam多级船闸 multi-stage lock多线船闸 multi-line lock多心圆拱坝 multi—centered arch dam多用途隧洞 multi-use tunnelE二道坝 secondary damF发电洞 power tunnel筏道 logway反弧段 bucket反滤层 filter防冲槽 erosion control trench防洪 flood preventi，flood control防洪限制水位 restricted stage for flood prevention防浪墙 parapet防渗墙 anti-seepage wall防渗体 anti—seepage body放空底孔 unwatering bottom outlet非常溢洪道 emergency spillway非线性有限元 non-linear finite element method非溢流重力坝 nonoverflow gravity dam分岔 fork分洪闸 flood diversion sluice分项系数 partial factor分项系数极限状态设计法 limit state design method of partial factor 封拱 arch closure封拱温度 closure temperature浮筒式升船机ship lift with floats浮箱闸门 floating camel gate浮运水闸 floating sluice辅助消能工 appurtenant energy dissipationG刚体极限平衡法 rigid limit equilibrium method刚性支护 rigid support钢筋混凝土衬砌 reinforced concrete lining钢筋计 reinforcement meter钢闸门 steel gate高边坡 high side slope高流速泄水隧洞 discharge tunnel with high velocity工程管理 project management工程规划 project plan工程量 quantity of work工程设计 engineering design工程施工 engineering construction工作桥 service bridge工作闸门 main gate拱坝坝肩岩体稳定 stability of rock mass near abutment of arch dam 拱坝布置 layout of arch dam拱坝上滑稳定分析 up—sliding stability analysis of arch dam拱坝体形 shape of arch dam拱端 arch abutment拱冠 arch crown拱冠梁法 crown cantilever method拱冠梁剖面 profile of crown cantilever拱内圈 intrados拱外圈 extrados固结 consolidation固结灌浆 consolidation grouting管涌 piping灌溉 irrigation规范 code，specification过坝建筑物 structures for passing dam过滤层 transition layer过渡区 transition zone过木机 log conveyer过木建筑物 log pass structures过鱼建筑物 fish-pass structuresH海漫 flexible涵洞 culvert河道冲刷 river bed scour荷载 load荷载组合 load combination横缝 transverse joint横拉闸门 horizontal rolling /sliding gate 洪水标准 flood standard虹吸溢洪道 siphon spillway厚高比 thickness to hight ratio弧形闸门 radial gate护岸工程 bank—protection works护坡 slope protection护坦 apron戽琉消能 bucke-type energy dissipation滑坡 land slip滑楔法 sliding wedge method环境评价 environment assessment换土垫层 cushion of replaced soil回填灌浆 backfill grouting混凝土 concrete混凝土衬砌 concrete lining混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall混凝土面板 concrete face slab混凝土面板堆石坝 concrete-faced rockfill dam 混凝土重力坝 concrete gravity damJ基本荷载组合 basic load combination基本剖面 basic profile基面排水 base level drainage激光准直发 method of laser alignment极限平衡法 limit equilibrium method极限状态 limit state坚固系数 soundness coefficient剪切模量 shear modulus剪切应力 shear stress检查 inspection检修闸门 bulkhead简单条分法 simple slices method建筑材料 construction material渐变段 transition键槽 key/key—way浆砌石重力坝 cement—stone masonry gravity dam 交叉建筑物 crossing structure交通桥 access bridge校核洪水位 water level of check floo校核流量 check flood discharge接触冲刷 contact washing接触流土 soil flow on contact surface节制闸 controlling sluice结构可靠度 reliability of structure结构力学法 structural mechanics method结构系数 structural coefficient截流环 cutoff collar截水槽 cutoff trench进口段 inlet进口曲线 inlet curve进水喇叭口 inlet bellmouth进水闸 inlet sluice浸润面 saturated area浸润线 saturated line经济评价 economic assessment井式溢洪道 shaft spillway均质土坝 homogeneous earth damK开敞式溢洪道 open channel spillway开裂机理 crack mechanism勘测 exploration survey坎上水深 water depth on sill抗冲刷性 scour resistance抗冻性 frost resistance抗滑稳定安全系数 safety coefficient of stability against sliding 抗剪断公式 shear—break strength formula抗剪强度 shear strength抗裂性 crack resistance抗磨 abrasion—resistance抗侵蚀性 erosion-resistance抗震分析 analysis of earthquake resistance颗粒级配曲线 grain size distribution curve可靠度指标 reliability index可行性研究设计阶段 design stage of feasibility study空腹重力坝 hollow gravity dam空腹拱坝 hollow arch dam空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage控制堰 control weir枯水期 low water period库区 reservoir area宽顶堰 broad crested weir宽缝重力坝 slotted gravity dam宽高比 width to height ratio扩散段 expanding section扩散角 divergent angleL拦沙坎 sediment control sill拦污栅 trash rack廊道 gallery浪压力 wave pressure棱体排水 prism drainage理论分析 theory analysis力法方程 canonical equation of force method 连续式鼻坎 plain bucket联合消能 combined energy dissipation梁式渡槽 beam-type flume量水建筑物 water-measure structure裂缝 crack临界水力坡降 critical hydraulic gradient临时缝 temporary joint流量 discharge流速 flow velocity流态 flow pattern流土 soil flow流网 flow net流向 flow direction露顶式闸门 emersed gateM马蹄形断面 horseshoe section脉动压力 fluctuating pressure锚杆支护 anchor support门叶 gate flap迷宫堰 labyrinth weir面流消能 energy dissipation of surface regime 模型试验 model test摩擦公式 friction factor formula摩擦系数 coefficient of friction目标函数 objective functionN内部应力 internal stress内摩擦角 internal friction angle内水压力 internal water pressure挠度观测 deflection observation粘性土 cohesive soil碾压混凝土重力坝 roller compacted concrete gravity dam 凝聚力 cohesion扭曲式鼻坎 distorted type bucketP排沙底孔 flush bottom outlet排沙漏斗 flush funnel排沙隧洞 flush tunnel排水 drainage排水孔 drain hole排水设施 drainage facilities抛物线拱坝 parabolic arch dam喷混凝土支护shotcrete support喷锚支护 spray concrete and deadman strut漂木道 log chute平板坝 flat slab buttress dam平衡重式升船机vertical ship lift with counter weight 平面闸门 plain gate平压管 equalizing pipe坡率 slope ratio破碎带 crush zone铺盖 blanketQ启门力 lifting force砌石拱坝 stone masonry arch dam潜坝 submerged dam潜孔式闸门 submerged gate倾斜仪 clinometer曲线形沉沙池 curved sedimentary basin渠首 canal head渠道 canal渠系建筑物 canal system structure取水建筑物 water intake structureR人工材料心墙坝earth-rock dam with manufactured central core 人字闸门 mitre gate任意料区 miscellaneous aggregate zone溶洞 solution cavern柔度系数 flexibility coefficient褥垫式排水 horizontal blanket drainage软弱夹层 weak intercalationS三角网法 triangulation method三角形单元 triangular element三心圆拱坝 three center arch dam三轴试验 triaxial test上游 upstream设计洪水位 design flood level设计基准期 design reference period设计阶段 design stage设计阶段划分 dividing of design stage 设计流量 design discharge设计状况系数 design state coefficient 设计准则 design criteria伸缩缝 contraction joint渗流比降 seepage gradient渗流变形 seepage deformation渗流分析 seepage analysis渗流量 seepage discharge渗流体积力 mass force of seepage渗流系数 permeability coefficient 生态环境 ecological environment生态平衡 ecological balance失效概率 probability of failure施工导流 construction diversion施工缝 construction joint施工管理 construction management施工条件 construction condition施工图阶段 construction drawing stage实体重力坝 solid gravity dam实用剖面 practical profile实用堰 practical weir事故闸门 emergency gate视准线法 collimation method收缩段 constringent section枢纽布置 layout of hydraulic complex输水建筑物 water conveyance structure竖式排水 vertical drainage数值分析 numerical analysis双层衬砌 double—layer lining双曲拱坝 double curvature arch dam水电站地下厂房 underground power house水电站建筑物 hydroelectric station structure 水垫塘 cushion basin水工建筑物 hydraulic structure水工隧洞 hydraulic tunnel水环境 water environment水库吹程 fetch水库浸没 reservoir submersion水库渗漏 reservoir leakage水库坍岸 reservoir bank caving水库淹没 reservoir inundation水力劈裂 hydraulic fracture水利工程 hydraulic engineering，water project 水利工程设计 design of hydroproject水利工程枢纽分等 rank of hydraulic complex水利枢纽 hydraulic complex水面线 water level line水能 hydraulic energy水平位移 horizontal displacement水体污染 water pollution水土流失 water and soil loss水位急降 instantaneous reservoir drawdown水压力 hydraulic pressu水闸 sluice水质 water quality水资源 water resources顺坝 longitudinal dike四边形单元 quadrangular element塑性破坏 failure by plastic flow塑性变形 plastic deformation塑性区 plastic range锁坝 closure dike锁定器 dog deviceTT型墩 T—type pier塌落拱法 roof collapse arch method塔式进水口 tower intake台阶式溢流坝面 step—type overflow face弹塑性理论 elastoplastic theory弹性基础梁 beam on elastic foundation弹性抗力 elastic resistance弹性中心 elastic centre弹性理论 theory of elasticity特殊荷载组合 special load combination体形优化设计 shape optimizing design挑距 jet trajectory distance挑流消能 ski-jump energy dissipation挑射角 exit angle of jet调压室 surge tank贴坡排水 surface drainage on dam slope通航建筑物 navigation structure通气孔 air hole土工复合材料 geosynthetic土工膜 geomembrane土工织物 geotexile土石坝 earth—rock dam土压力 earth pressure土质材料斜墙坝 earth-rock dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝 earth-rock dam with central soil core驼峰堰 hump weir椭圆曲线 elliptical curveWWES型剖面堰 WES curve profile weir外水压力 external water pressure弯矩平衡 moment equilibrium围岩 surrounding rock围岩强度 strength of surrounding rock 围岩稳定分析围岩压力 surrounding rock pressu帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting维修 maintenance尾水渠 tailwater canal温度缝 temperature joint温度计 thermometer温度应变 temperature strain温度应力 temperature stress温降 temperature drop温升 temperature rise污水处理 sewage treatment无坝取水 undamed intake无粘性土 cohesionless soil无压泄水孔 free-flow outletX下游 downstream现场检查 field inspection橡胶坝 rubber dam消力池 stilling basin消能防冲设计 design of energy dissipation and erosion control 消能工 energy dissipator校核洪水位 water level of check flood校核流量 check flood discharge斜缝 inclined joint斜墙 inclined core泄洪洞 flood discharge tunnel泄洪雾化 flood discharge atomization泄水重力坝 overflow gravity dam胸墙 breast wall悬臂梁 cantiever beam汛期 flood perioY压力计 pressure meter压缩曲线 compressive curve淹没系数 coefficient of submergence扬压力 uplift养护 cure液化 liquifaction溢洪道 spillway溢流面 overflow face溢流前缘 length of overflow crest溢流堰顶 overflow crest溢流重力坝 overflow gravity dam翼墙 wing wall翼墙式连接 wing wall type connection引航道 approach channel引水渠 diversion canal引张线法 tense wire method应力分析 stress analysis应力集中 stress concentration应力应变观测 stress-strain observation应力重分布 stress redistribution永久缝 permanent joint优化设计 optimizing design有坝取水 barrage intake有效库容 effective storage预压加固 soil improvement by preloading 预应力衬砌 prestressed lining原型 prototype约束条件 constraint condition允许水力坡降allowable hydraulic gradientZ增量法 increment method闸底板 floor of slui闸墩 pier闸孔 sluice opening闸孔跨距 span of sluice opening闸门槽 gate slot闸室 chamber of sluice闸首 lock head闸址 sluice site正槽溢洪道 chute spillw正常使用极限状态 limit state of normal operation 正应力 normal stress正常溢洪道 main spillw支墩坝 buttress dam止水 watertight seal止水装置 sealing device趾板 toe slab趾墩 toe pier滞回圈 hysteresis loop主应力 principal stress纵缝 longitudinal joint阻尼比 damped ratio作用 action作用水头 working pressure head最优含水率 optimum moisture content。
英语专业名词(水利方面)
英语专业名词(水利方面)hydrosphere水体water body水科学water science水文学hydrology陆地水文学land hydrology应用水文学applied hydrology工程水文学engineering hydrology地表水surface water地下水groundwater水汽water vapour水文要素hydrologic elements降水precipitation雨季rainy season雪snow积雪snow cover初雪first snow终雪latest snow融雪snowmelt冰雹hail截留interception填洼depression detention地面滞留surface detention陆面蒸发evaporation of land水面蒸发evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾）transpiration蒸发能力evaporation capability下渗（入渗）infiltration稳渗steady infiltration下渗能力infiltration capability河川径流river runoff降雨径流rainfall runoff暴雨径流storm runoff融雪径流snowmelt runoff枯季径流dry season runoff基流base flow洪水flood阴塞高压blocking high低空急流low－level jet低涡vortex反气旋（高压）anticyclone气旋（低压）cyclone热带气旋tropic cyclone热带低压tropic depression热带风暴tropic storm强热带风暴severe tropic storm 台风typhoon气团air mass锋（锋面）front天气weather气象meteorology气候climate气候区划climatic regionalization 气候带climatic zone气候变化climatic change小气候microclimate热带tropic zone副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone 比湿specific humidity风wind风向wind direction风速wind speed蒲福风级Beaufort wind scale露dew露点dew point雾fog霜frost霜点frost point初霜first frost终霜latest frost霜冻frostbite无霜期frost－free period流域watershed (basin)流域面积（集水面积）drainage area闭合流域enclosed basin不闭合流域non－enclosed basin闭流区（内流区）bling drainage area分水线（分水岭）divide流域特征basin characteristics流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics 河道复流（河道再生）resurgence常年河perennial stream间歇河intermittent stream悬河（地上河）elevated stream夺流河（断头河）captured river盈水河gaining stream亏水河losing stream暴洪河流flashy stream地下暗河（地下河）underground river 界河boundary river国际河流international river废河道（古河道）dead river岸bank左岸left bank右岸right bank凹岸concave bank凸岸convex bank岸壁land wall水边线（岸线）water line堤防levee河长river length河弯river bend弯曲率tortuosity航道navigable channel河段reach上游upstream潜洲submerged bar深潭deep pool水利学hydraulics明渠水力学open channel hydraulics水静力学hydrostatics水动力学hydrodynamics明渠水流open channel flow恒定流steady flow非恒定流unsteady flow均匀流（等速流）uniform flow非均匀流（变速流）non－uniform flow 急流supercritical flow缓流subcritical flow异重流density current临界流critical flow临界水深critical depth临界流速critical velocity临界流量critical discharge水头head位置水头（位能）elevation head 低强水头（压能）pressure head 流速水头（动能）velocity head 雷诺数Reymold number韦伯数Weber number水力因素hydraulic factor湿周wetted perimeter水力半径hydraulic radius宽深比width－depth ratio中泓线midstream of channel深泓线Thatweg落差fall瀑布waterfall波浪wave驻波standing wave移动波translation wave河流动力学river dynamics河流泥沙river sediment泥沙特征property of sediment土壤侵蚀soil erosion水力侵蚀water erosion山洪侵蚀torrential erosion流域侵蚀basin erosion流域产沙量watershed sediment yield 溶解性总固体total dissolved solids 离子含量ion concentration离子总量total ion concentration离子流量ion discharge矿化度mineral content盐度salinityPH值ph value碱度alkalinity酸度acidity酸雨acid rain电导率electric conductivity混浊度（浊度）turbidity总需氧量total oxygen demand溶解氧dissolved oxygen需氧量oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量chemical oxygen demand硬度hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度）non－carbonate hardness 硬水hard water浮冰floating ice锚冰anchor ice封冻期freeze－up period封冻（封河）freeze－up平封flat freeze－up立封upright freeze－up冰盖ice cover连底冻grounded ice cover冰丘ice mound封冻冰缘ice edge of freeze－up清沟lead初生清沟primary lead再生清沟secondary lead冰花路毡sludge road felt冰上覆雪snow cover over ice冰脊ice ridge冰缝crack悬冰suspended ice cover冰堆ice pack冰塞ice jam冰上结冰aufeis解冻期break－up period冰变色color change of ice cover冰上有水accumulation of melt water 月中天lunar transit引潮力tidal generation force天文潮astronomic tide气象潮metorologic tide潮汐周期tidal cycle半日潮semidiurnal tide全日潮diurnal tide混合潮mixed tide大潮spring tide小潮neap tide中潮moderate tide太阴月lunar day潮期duration of tide涨潮历时duration of tidal rise落潮历时duration of tidal fall潮流tidal current涨潮流flood tidal current落潮流ebb tidal current憩流slack tide潮流速tidal velocity往复流reversing current旋转流rotary current潮流期duration of tidal current涨潮流历时duration of flood current地下水径流groundwater runoff地下水流速velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图water－table contour map 含水层aquifer含水岩系water－content rock series含水岩组water－content rock formation含水岩性water－content rock property含水介质water－hearing medium均匀介质homogeneous medium非均匀介质inhomogeneous medium含水层边界aquifer boundary透水边界permeable boundary隔水边界confining boundary弱透水边界acquitted boundary透水层permeable bed隔水层confining bed弱透水层acquitter水文地质参数hydrogeological parameters渗透系数permeability coefficient导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度water－holding capacity土壤水分常数soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数wilting coefficient田间持水量field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法zero flux plane method潜水phreatic water降水入渗补给precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge凝结水补给condensation recharge侧向补给lateral recharge越流补给leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位phreatic water level潜水埋深buried depth of phreatic water level潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer内流湖endorheic lake淡水湖fresh lake咸水湖salt lake盐湖saline lake季节性湖泊seasonal lake富营养湖泊eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊poornutrient lake湖流lake current梯度流gradient current漂流current of friction湖浪lake wave湖泊波漾（假湖）lake seiche湖泊增减水lake wind denivellation湖泊资源lake resources湖泊率lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake 湖泊换水周期lake residence period湖盆lake basin湖面高程elevation of water level in lake 岛屿率insulosity湖泊分层lake layering正温层direct thermal stratification逆温层inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数morphometric parameter of lake 高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽）main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽）medium level mire 沼泽水文mire hydrology沼泽水量平衡water balanceof mire沼泽水mire water沼泽蒸发mire evaporation沼泽径流mire runoff沼泽表面流surface flow of mire沼泽表层流surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性moistureproperty of mire沼泽持水性water retention of mire沼泽透水性perviousness of mire沼泽率mire ratio冰川glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川）mountain glacier谷冰川valley glacier宽尾冰川broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川cirque glacier悬冰川hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川）penetrating glacier冰原ice field冰川平衡线equilibrium line of glacier委托观测entrust gauging水文仪器hydrologic instrument直读仪器direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument遥测仪器remote telemetry unit传感器sensor固态存贮器solid storage计数器counter记录器recorder显示器display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures 相应水位equivalent stage水文测站hydrometric station基本站basic station辅助站auxiliary station专用站special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station水文气象站hydrometeorology station巡测站tour gauging station水文站gauging station雨量站网rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网stage gauging network泥沙站网sediment gauging network水质站网water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network 站网规划hydrologic network planning水文分区hydrologic regionalization站网布设network layout站网分析network analysis站网检验network examination站网优化network optimization站网调整network adjustment站网密度network density现实密度real density可用密度usable density容许最稀站网minimum network设站年限station required age水文信息hydrologic information水文效益hydrologic benefit基面datum临时水准点temporary benchmark测验断面measuring cross－section基本水尺断面basic gauge cross－section流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section 浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道hydrometric cableway悬索缆道suspended cableway悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway机动缆道motorized cableway手动缆道hand－operating cableway主索main cable循环索loop cable起重索suspension cable水文缆车hydrometric cable car吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat缆道测验仪cableway measuring device水文测船hydrometric boat水文测桥hydrometric bridge桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry 雨量器raingauge承水器raingauge receiver量杯measuring glass渠积雨量器accumulative raingauge雨量计rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计long－term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线snow gauge雨雪量计rain and snow recorder蒸发量evaporation蒸发量观测evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation 遮挡率screen ratio蒸发器evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿）small evaporation panE－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器floating evaporation pan蒸发计evaporimeter遇测蒸发计telemetering evaporimeter钩形水尺hook gauge最高水位水尺crest stage gauge校核水尺check gauge基本水尺断面basic gauge辅助水尺断面auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面slope gauge临时水尺temporary gauge水位计stage gauge自记水位计stage recorder浮子式水位计float－type stage recorder压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计telemetering stage recorder接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计telecontrol stage recorder自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井stilling well水深depth测得水深measured depth有效水深effective depth相对水深relative depth断面平均水深mean depth at a cross－section干绳改正air line correction湿绳改正wet line correction测点流速velocity measurement测速垂线surface velocity水面流速velocity at a point测点流速maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速point velocity coefficient中泓流速surface velocity coefficient流速分布velocity distribution流速梯度velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution 水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流downstream flow逆流upstream flow流速脉动velocity pulsation中泓流速midstream流向测量flow－direction measurement体积法cubature流速仪current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪cup－type current－meter旋桨式流速仪propeller－type current－meter电波流速仪electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current－meter 多普勒流速仪Doppler current－meter参证流速仪reference current－meter流量计flow meter文杜里水流计Venturi flow meter毕托管Pitot tube流速仪检定current－meter calibration检定槽calibration tank检定车calibration carriage浮标float水面浮标surface float小浮标small float双浮标double float浮杆float－rod堰顶高程elevation of weir crest堰顶水头weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure 闸门开启高度gate opening行近河槽approach channel行近流速approach velocity堰流weir flow流态flow regime自由流free flow淹没流submerged flow半淹没流half－submerged flow孔流sluice flow射流jet flow淹没比submergence ratio淹没系数submergence coefficient流速系数velocity coefficient流量系数discharge coefficient稀释法测流dilution method for discharge measurement 示踪剂tracer标准溶液standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution稀释比dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法sampling method坑测法pit method沙波法dune tracking method床沙测验bed material measurement照相法photographic method打印法stamp pad method床沙采样器bed material sampler悬移质采样器suspended sediment sampler瞬时式采样器instantaneous sampler积时式采样器time－integrating sampler瓶式采样器bottled sampler皮囊式采样器collapsible sample泵式采样器pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter 光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter 振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter 推移质采样器bed load sampler网式采样器basket－type sampler吸管pipet光电颗分仪photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计）hydrometer泥沙沉降sediment settling沉降速度settling velocity平均沉速mean settling velocity絮凝flocculation反凝剂defloeculant粒径particle diameter中数粒径median particle diameter平均粒径mean particle diameter等容粒径nominal diameter投影粒径projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径sieve diameter沉降粒径settling diameter粒径组fraction of particle size颗粒级配grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线grain－size distribution curve单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in a vertical对照断面check cross－section控制断面control cross－section消减断面attenuation cross－section水样保存water－sample preservation检出率detected ratio超标率over－limit ratio痕迹量trace未检出nonreadout回收率recovery ratio溶解气体采样器dissolved gases sampler冰情观测ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement 冰情目测visual observation of ice regime冰情符号ice code冰情图ice－regime charta初冰日期first－ice date封冰日期freeze－up date解冻日期break－up date终冰日期end ice date封冻历时freeze－up duration水浸冰厚thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽open－water width冰流量ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method有效潮差significant tidal range负波高negative wave height水库水文测验hygrometry of reservoir入库水量reservoir inflow出库水量reservoir outflow水库供水reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir水库蓄水量reservoir storage水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率rate of reservoir storage change坝上水位stage behind dam库区水位stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法method of topographic survey断面法method of cross－section survey淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition淤积三角洲sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas 实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area交换水量exchange water沙量调查silt－quantity investigation水质调查water quality investigation调查区investigation zone水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology 代表流域representative basin实验流域experimental basin相似流域similar basin径流实验研究experimental research in runoff径流场runoff plot人工降雨装置artificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation 蒸发池evaporation tank土壤蒸发器soil evaporator蒸散器evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪lysimeter地下水均衡场groundwater balance plot合理性检查rational examination电算整编processing by computer水文年鉴water year－book测站考证station examination站年station year平均值mean value极值extreme value加权平均法weighted mean method断流水位stage of zero flow河干river of zero flow水文过程线hydrograph水文综合过程线synthetic hydrograph等值线isopleth分布曲线distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value 径流总量total runoff径流模数runoff modulus径流系数runoff coefficient洪峰flood peak洪水流量peak discharge洪水总量flood volume输沙量sediment runoff输沙模数modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系stage－discharge relation连时序法chronological method绳套曲线loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法tidal factor relation method定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method合轴相关法coaxial correlation method一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系single－valuedprocessing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长extension of relation curve流率表rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration自由度degree of freedom真值true value测量值（实测值）measured value最或然值most probable value误差error绝对误差absolute error相对误差relative error插机误差（偶然误差）random error系统误差systematic error允许误差permissible error平均误差mean error最大误差（极限误差）maximum error伪误差（粗差）spurious方差variance标准差standard deviation相对标准差relative standard deviation离差（偏差）deviation闭合差closure error平差adjustment精确度（总精度）accuracy精密度precision准确度correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error 数据库data base分布式数据库distributed type data base集中式数据库concentrated type data base网络式数据库network type data base层次数据库laminarization data base关系数据库relation data base数据模型data model关系数据模型relation data model层次数据模型laminarization data model网状数据模型network data model数据量data bulk结点node数据处理data processing数据存贮data storage数据检索data retrieval数据输入data input数据输出data output数据库文件data base file水文数据库hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报tidal prediction泥沙预报sediment forecasting旱情预报soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期forecast lead time短期水文预报short－term hydrologic forecasting中长期水文预报medium and long－term hydrologic forecasting超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting预报误差forecast error作业预报operational forecasting预报方案forecast scheme评定标准accuracy standard方案合格率qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数deterministic coefficient汛seasonal flood春汛spring flood伏汛summer flood秋汛autumn flood汛期flood season防汛flood defence报汛站flood－reporting station报汛站网flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station 汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network 洪水警报flood warning点雨量point rainfall面雨量areal rainfall泰森多边形Thiessen polygon等雨量线法isohyetal method产流runoff yield蓄满产流runoff yield at natural storage超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration产流面积area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流）direct runoff地面流（坡面流）surface flow of mire壤中流prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve 初损initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration 地下汇流groundwater flow concentration汇流曲线flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线basin flow concentration curve坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间basin flow concentration time洪峰滞时peak time lag流域滞时basin time lag等流滞时isochrone单位线unit hydrograph经验单位线empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph坡地单位线slope unit hydrograph河网单位线river network unit hydrographS－曲线S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph退水曲线recession curve水文模型hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型scale model比拟模型analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model分散式模型distributed model集总式模型lumped model线性水温模型linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型time－variant hydrologic model流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构model structure模型参数model parameter模型误差model error模型率定model calibration模型检验model verification水文模拟hydrologic simulation遥测终端机telemetry terminal meter中继机relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率probability of word error接受率receiving probability数据收集平台data collection platform水文计算（水文分析计算）hydrologic computation设计站design station设计流域design watershed代表站representative station参证站bench－mark station典型年（代表年）typicyear水文系列hydrologic series同步系列synchronous series系列代表性series representativeness柱状图histogram诺谟图monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation belowreservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood感潮河段水力计算hydraulic calculation for tidal reach水文统计hydrologic statistics总体population样本sample样本容量sample size随机变量random variable随机系列random series累计频率（频率）cumulative frequency经验频率empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve皮尔逊分布Pearson distribution对数正态分布log normal distribution频率分析frequency analysis随机模拟stochastic simulation时间序列time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项trend term周期项cycle term随机项stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析）harmonic analysis潜分析spectrum analysis噪声noise回归分析（相关分析）regression analysis相关系数correlation coefficient自回归分析autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水design flood溢洪道设计洪水spillway design flood分期设计洪水stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period 校核洪水check flood实测洪水observed flood调查洪水investigated flood古洪水paleoflood坝址洪水dam－site flood入库洪水reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method 降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年内分配annual distribution of runoff径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期high－water period平水期normal－water period枯水期（枯季）low－flow period丰水年wet year平水年（中水年）normal year枯水年dry year特枯水年extraordinary dry year连续丰水年continuous wet years连续枯水年continuous dry years水文年鉴water year设计暴雨design storm设计雨型design storm pattern暴雨路径storm track暴雨时程分配time distribution of storm暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线storm parametric isoline map 点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient 点面关系point－area relationship定点定面关系fixedpoint－fixed area relationship可能最大露点probable maximum dew point暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction流域形状改正watershed shape correction水汽改正moisture correction入流障碍改正inflow obstacle correction综合改正synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法isopercental method可能最大洪水probable maximum flood涝surface water logging渍subsurface waterlogging排涝surface waterlogging control排渍subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划waterlogging control planning排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量design drainage discharge of subsurfacewaterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage水资源危机water resources crisis水荒water famine水能资源（水力资源）waterpower resources河流水能资源waterpower resources of river潮汐水能资源tidal power resources可开发的水能资源developable waterpower resources 水资源评价water resources assessment水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价water quantity assessment水质评价water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment地下水资源评价groundwater resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment 水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount地下水资源量groundwater resources amount可利用量utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield可供水量available water supply径流调节runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节reregulating reservoir水库群调节multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法）chronological series method概率法（数理统计法）probability method随机模拟法stochastic simulation method调节周期regulating period目标函数objective function约束方程constraint equation状态变量state variable决策变量decision variable数学规划mathematic programming线性规划linear programming非线性规划nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling水库群调度multi－reservoir scheduling水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast抽水蓄能pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统aquatic ecosystem化学径流chemical runoff环境用水environmental water环境水文学environmental hydrology环境水力学environmental hydraulics环境水化学environmental hydrochemistry地下水超量开采groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌）artificial recharge地下水降落漏斗groundwater depression cone化学水污染chemical water pollution无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染thermal pollution生物水污染water pollution by organism富营养化eutrophication赤潮red tide次生水污染secondary water pollution地下水污染groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution污染物pollutant污染物迁移transport of pollutant机械迁移physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源artificial pollution source天然污染源natural pollution source污染源调查investigation of pollution sources污染源控制pollution source control水质参数water quality parameters水质模型water quality model水温模型water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality水环境效益water environmental effect水污染环境效应environmental effect of water pollution水环境影响评价water environmental impact assessment水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control水源保护区protection zone of water source水质管理water quality management水污染源管理water pollution source management蒸发evaporation径流runoff水位stage流速velocity流量discharge含沙量sediment concentration输沙率sediment discharge水温模型water temperature冰凌ice run水质water quality下垫面underlying surface水文情势hydrologic regime水文效应hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环）hydrologic cycle水量平衡water balance热量平衡heat balance盐量平衡salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content 大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport 水汽输送通量atmospheric water vapour flux雨rain降雨面积rainfall area降雨分布rainfall distribution暴雨洪水storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯）ice flood冰雪洪水ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水rain and snowmelt flood山洪flash flood溃坝洪水dam－break flood大气环流atmospheric circulation天气形势（环流形势）weather situation天气过程weather process天气系统weather system行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system 天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system 中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather 风暴潮storm surge风暴中心storm center西风槽westerly trough东风波easterly wave低压槽trough高压脊ridge副热带高压subtropic high温带extratropic zone寒带frigid zone。
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专业术语解释与说明答案1.节水灌溉是根据作物需水规律及当地供水条件，为了有效地利用降水和灌溉水获取农业的最佳经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益而采取的多种灌溉措施，如喷灌、滴灌、膜上灌等。
2.3.衡量水分反应或转移能量的高低在植物生理学上，水势定义为每偏摩尔体积水的化学势。
也就是说，水溶液的化学势(μW )与同温、同压、同一系统中纯水的化学势(μW °)之差(△μW )，除以水的偏摩尔本积(w V )所得的商，称水势4.外渗使液泡失水而体积缩小，包在外面的原生质也随之收缩，由于细胞之间有吸附力，当原生质收缩时，细胞壁也随之收缩，如细胞继续失水，因原生质的收缩比细胞壁收缩性大，结果使原生质与细胞分离，这种现象称质壁分离。
5.压力势是指细胞的原生质体吸水膨胀，对细胞壁产生一种作用力，细胞壁对原生质产生反作用力，即压力，压力势是细胞壁压力的存在而增加的水势，压力势是正值。
6.植物根系的生理活动使液流从根部上升的压力，根压把根部的水分压到地上部，土壤中的水分便不断补充到根部，这就形在了吸水过程，这是根部形成的力量引起的主动吸水。
7.有受伤的植物如处于土壤水分充足，天气潮湿的环境中，叶片尖端或边缘也有液体外泌的现象8.从植物茎的基部把茎切断，由于根压作用，切口不久即流出液滴9.蒸腾作用是指水分以气态状态，通过植物的叶片，从体内散失到体外的现象10. 植物在一定时间内单位叶面积蒸腾的水量。
一般有蒸腾水量表示g .11. 植物每消耗1000g 水时所形成的干物质质量(g)。
12.植物造制1g 干物质所需水分(g)，蒸腾系数越大，水分利用效率越低，蒸腾系数是蒸腾比率倒数。
13.水从土壤经作物而到大气保持着连续状态，并构成一个完整的系统，称SPAC 系统。
14.对不良环境的适应性和抵抗力，称为植物的抗性生理。
植物的抗性生理就是研究不良环境对植物生命活动的影响以及植物对不良环境的抗御能力15.对植物产生伤害的环境称为逆境，又称胁迫16. CO 2+H 2O CH 2O(碳水化合物)+O 2↑每年同化2×1011t 碳 (浮游生物60陆生植物) 相当3×1021J 能量是世界能消耗的10倍。
+6O 2→6CO 2+H 2O18.距离胶粒较远而可以自由流动的水分，称自由水19.靠近胶粒而被胶粒吸附束缚不易自由流动的水分，称束缚水20. 叶片蒸腾时，气孔下腔附近的叶肉细胞因蒸腾失水而水势下降，所以从旁边的细胞取得水分，同样旁边细胞又从另一个细胞取得水分，如此下去便从叶脉中的导管吸水，通茎的导管到根的导管，最后从土壤吸收水分。
这种吸水完全是蒸腾失水而产生的蒸腾的拉力所引起的，是叶片蒸腾形成的力量传到根部而引起的被动吸水。
21.作物就其广义的概念来讲，它包括对人类有利用价值，为人类所栽培的各种植物，狭义的概念来讲，所谓作物，主要是指农作物粮食、棉油、麻、糖、烟等22.植物常受到的有害环境之一是缺水，当植物耗水大于根系吸水时，就使植物体内组织水分亏缺。
过度的水分亏缺的现象，称为干旱23.以投入与产出的微观经济学的观点出发，描述物作产量(干物质或籽粒产量)与其主要影响因素(或投入资源)之间的数学关系称为生产函数24.作物产量与水分因子之间的数学关系称水分生产函数。
()a ETa W f Y θ//=25.由各生育阶段(i)的相对腾发量或相对缺水量作自变量，用各阶段连乘的数学式构成阶段效应对产量(相对产量)总的影响数学模型，称为乘法模型，最常应用的是Jensen 模型26.由各生育阶段(i)的相对腾发量或相对缺水量作自变量，用各自分别影响相加的数学式构成对产量(相对产量)总影响的数学模型，称加法模型，最常用的是Blank 模型27.喷灌即喷洒灌溉，用压力管道输水，再由喷头将水喷洒到空中，形成细小雨滴，均匀地洒落在地面，湿润土壤并满足作物需水要求的一种灌水方式28.喷灌系统是把水源，喷灌设备和田间工程有机地结合起来，使他成为为一个相对独立的整体，以达到将灌溉用水均匀地喷灌到农田，来满足农作物生长对水分的要求29.指一个喷灌时段内某一点面积上的在某一时间内的喷灌强度的平均值。
30.单位时间内喷洒降落在田间的水深，称为喷灌强度。
喷灌强度在概念上与降雨强度一致，喷灌强度的单位常用：毫米/小时 mm/h 。
31. 喷灌均匀度是指喷灌水量在喷洒面积上分布的均匀程度32.喷灌均匀系数是一个表示一定面积上水量分布均匀程度的指标33.水滴打击强度是指单位受水面积获得水滴撞击能量的大小，包括作物和地表土壤，具体说就是1mm 水深的水滴落在田面上的动能。
34. 喷灌工作制度是指喷灌工程运行中，喷头在固定位置的喷灌时间，同时工作的喷头数以及喷头轮灌组的划分等内容35. xN x N m N m N F +-+--++⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=116121112 36.喷灌制度包括：(1) 灌溉定额，(2) 灌水定额，(3) 灌水次数，(4) 灌水周期等37.灌水定额指一次灌水时，单位面积上的灌水量。
38.雾化指标（又称H/d 值） 指喷头工作压力（mm 水柱）与主喷咀直径（mm ）之比。
39.指喷头进水口处的水流压力，单位 Kpa 。
通常喷嘴压力为喷头工作压力减去喷头内水流的水头损失。
40.喷头的组合形式包括支管布置方向、喷头组合方式及喷头沿支管的间距，支管和支管的间距等41. 喷头的组合间距是指喷头沿支管的间距和两条相邻支管间的间距，称喷头间距（a ）和支管间距（b ）。
42. 设计灌水周期指两次灌水的时间的间隔，以天数表示。
设计灌水周期可用下式确定： ηaE m T = 43. 参照作物是指土壤水分充分、地面完全覆盖、生长正常、高矮整齐的开阔(地块长宽大于200m)的矮草地(草高8-15cm)，以苜蓿草为代表作物，计算ET 044.微灌是按作物生长发育所需水分和养分，利用专门设备或自然水头加压，再通过低压管道系统末级毛管上的孔口或灌水器，将有压水流变成细小的水流或水滴，直接送到作物根区附近，均匀、适量地施于作物根层所在部分土壤的灌水方法45.涌泉灌是通过安装在毛管上的涌泉器形成的小股水流，以涌泉的方式进入土壤的一种灌水方式46.滴灌即滴水灌溉，是利用塑料管和直径10mm 毛管上的滴头或滴灌带等灌水器的出水孔使细小水流或滴状水进入土壤的一种灌水形式。
47. 微灌的灌水器安装在毛管上或通过连接小管与毛管连接。
有滴头、微喷头、涌水器和滴灌带等多种形式。
48.微喷灌又称微型喷洒灌溉，利用塑料管道输水，通过很小的喷头(微喷头)将水喷洒在土壤或作物表面进行局部灌溉。
49.轮灌是将支管分成若干组，由干管轮流向支管供水，每组支管内部同时向毛管供水50.续灌是对系统内全部管道同时供水，灌区内全部作物同时灌水的一种工作制度51. 低压管道灌溉工程是以管道输水进行地面灌溉的工程，由于管道系统工作压力一般不超过200kPa ，故称低压管道输水灌溉工程，简称管道灌溉工程。
52.涌流灌或间歇灌，它是间歇性地按一定的周期向沟畦供水，使水流推进到沟畦末端的一种节水型地面灌溉新技术53.放水时间(ton)与周期时间T 之比称循环率T T r on /=54. 完成波涌灌全过程所需放水和停水过程的次数又称周期数。
55.渗灌即地下灌溉，它是利用地下管道将灌溉水输入埋设地田间地下一定深度的渗水管或鼠洞内，借助土壤毛管作用湿润土壤的灌溉方法。
农田水利1.1.0.1 农田水利irrigation and drainage为防治干旱、渍、涝和盐碱灾害，对农田实施灌溉、排水等人工措施的总称。
灌溉irrigation按照作物生长的需要，利用水利工程设施将水送到田间，以补充农田水分的人工措施。
农田排水farmland drainage将农田中过多的地面水、土壤水和地下水排除，改善土壤的水、肥、气、热关系，以利 于作物生长的人工措施。
机电排灌pumping drainage and irrigation利用水泵抽水对农田进行排水或灌溉的措施。
农田水利基本建设capital construction of farmland water conservancy ；capitalconstruction of irrigation and drainage为建设旱涝保收、高产稳产基本农田所采取的工程技术措施。
旱涝碱综合治理comprehensive harness of drought ，waterlogging ，salinizationand alkalization为防治旱、涝、渍、碱等灾害，改善农业生态环境所采取的水利、农业、林业、生物和化学等综合措施。
小流域综合治理comprehensive harness of small basin为保持小流域的水土，减轻自然灾害，改善农业生态环境，合理开发和保护水、土资源而采取的工程和生物等措施。
水利土壤环境soil environment and water conservancy project施行水利措施，使农业土壤性状发生变化的现象。
农业水利区划zoning of agricultural water conservancy为合理开发利用区域水土资源，按照各地区的自然条件、农业生产条件及水利条件划分不同区域进行综合开发治理的规划工作。
开荒水利irrigation and drainage of uncultivated land reclamation在开发荒地资源中，为改善荒地土壤水分状况和生态环境而采取的水利工程措施和水管理工作。
旱涝保收田farmland to ensure stable yields in drought and waterlogging按一定设计标准建造水利设施以保证遇到旱涝灾害仍能高产稳产的农田。
圩区水利water conservancy in polder area在圩区内进行的防洪、除涝、灌溉、航运、灭螺等工程建设及管理工作。
围海造田poldering修建水利工程和采取生物措施将海滩或浅海水域围起，改造成为农田的工作。
防病改水improvement of water quality for prevention and control of endemic diseases为改善饮用水条件，减轻或防治与水源有关的地方病所采取的水利措施。
灌溉1.2.0.1 灌溉水源water resources for irrigation可用于灌溉的地表水、地下水和经过处理并达到利用标准的污水的总称。
井灌well irrigation利用提水设备提取井水灌溉农田的措施。
灌溉回归水irrigation return flow灌溉水由田间、渠道排出或渗入地下并汇集到沟、渠、河道和地下含水层中，成为可再利用的水源。