跨文化传播终极版复习资料
跨文化传播学重点
跨文化传播学重点1.文化的主要特征：（1）。
稳定性特点相同、相似或相近的文化，组成了一个体系，虽然不断吸收新的养分，但整体特色不会轻易改变，具有一定的稳定性。
（2）。
共享性凡文化都是一个群体或社会里的全体成员共同享有、共同遵守的，如语言、风俗、习惯、社会规范、行为模式以及社会价值观念等，都是该社会全体成员共同承认和遵循的。
个别人的怪癖和偏好不为社会承认，不会成为文化。
（3）。
流动性文化一经产生就会被他人模仿，他人可以通过学习获得并传递下去，从而出现文化流动。
流动有两种形式：纵向流动和横向流动。
纵向流动指人类将文化一代代地流传下去，所以任何一种文化都是日积月累、连续不断的动态过程；同时每一代人在继承中舍弃传统文化中过时的部分，同时增加新的时代内容，因而也是不断扬弃的过程。
横向流动指文化在不同地域、民族之间的传播，不同地域、民族之间的交流极大地促进了各民族社会的发展。
2.传播的基本要素:基本要素：传播者、受传者、讯息、媒介、反馈3.不同文化应对人际冲突的方法也是多种多样的，大致可以划分为如下五种取向:第一；回避。
许多文化认为，冲突是应当尽量回避的，回避冲突的能力是成熟的表现，回避的方式可以是提出别的话题已转换对方的注意，或者干脆保持沉默，避开锋芒。
如西班牙人。
第二；调节。
这种取向侧重于发现，满足对方的需要而不是突出自己的需要，以避免冲突。
如津巴布韦人在发表意见之前，总是希望知道对方想听什么，以避免直接表达意见分歧，并可以依靠对方的想法来调节自己的观点。
第三；竞争。
这种取向是把冲突视为生活的必然，将竞争看为一种积极进取的品质，认为其能够有助于实现自己的愿望而不必受对方需要的左右。
比较典型的就是希腊和以色列文化，公开辩论，口角争执是希腊人的生方式，以色列人直接鼓励对抗。
——很多研究认为，这种取向可能是对二战前犹太人的调节取向的一种反叛。
第四；妥协。
这种取向期望以妥协换取折中的结果，以最大程度的满足自己乃至双方的愿望。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料Unit 1&2Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2I- Keywords（1）Sender/Source: A sendcr/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发岀者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）（2）Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息扌呂弓I 起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）（3）Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（编码：编码指信息发岀者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）⑷ Channel/NIedium：It is the method used to deliver a message・（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）（5）Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message・（信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。
）（6）Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols iie/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨⽂化交际复习资料U1Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration迁移；移民；移动, and the spread of technology.Global village: all the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communication, especially the internet.Melting pot: a social cultural assimilation同化作⽤of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Cultural Diversity: refers to the mix cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (P8-9)The concept of culture:a learned set of shared interpretations解释about beliefs, values and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts: the material and spiritual精神的，⼼灵的products people produce.Behavior: what they doConcepts;beliefs,values,world views…what they think⽂化冰⼭（Cultural iceberg）P7Characteristics of cultural:Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.Cultural is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It drives from one?s social communication, not one?s genes. Enculturation(⽂化习得):All the activi ties of learning one?s culture are called enculturation.Culture is dynamic (P6): Culture is subject to change. It?s dynamic动态；动⼒rather than static静态的, constantly不断地；时常地changing and evolving进化；展开under the impact of events and through contract with other cultures.Acculturation(⽂化适应):The process which one adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnocentric(⽂化中⼼主义):Ethnocentric is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Communication: meaning to share with or to make commotion, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural presumptions假定推定and symbol systems distinct enough to alter the communication event. (P9-10)Components of communication:Source: the source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message: the term message identifies the encoded thoughts.Channel: the term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.Noise: the term noise technically refers to anything that distorts曲解the message the source encodes. Receiver: the receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding: the receiver is actually involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received. Receiver response: it refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback: it refers to that portion of the receiver responds of the resource has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context: Generally context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.Characters of communication:Communication is dynamic, symbolic, irreversible可逆的, systematic, transactional, and contextual. Unit 2-4 verbal communicationPragmatics⽤学；语⽤论: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics语义学；语义论: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation符号；表⽰；意义；指⽰: the literal of meaning or definition of a word—theexplicit明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述,particular特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的,defined meaning. Connotation暗⽰，隐含意义: the suggestive meaning of a word —all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion增加物of the unspoken significance意义；重要性；意思behind the literal meaning.Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism委婉语: the act of substituting取代a mild温和的, indirect间接的, or vague模糊的term for one considered harsh严厉的, blunt⽣硬的, or offensive.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (P22-23)Addressing by names Name order:Surname + given name/He Xiangu Given name + surname (AE)/Linda Smith Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time.(P23)In Chinese seniority(资历) is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited by husband and wife, very closely friends, juniors by elders or superiors. Addressing by relationshipChinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to shoe politeness and respect. (P23)The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, American tends to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, professionAnother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office or profession to indi cate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24 Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.Unit 5 nonverbal communicationChronemics: The study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved in many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use to space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage: involving sounds but not words and lying verbal and nonverbal communication.Monochromic & Polychromic (P97)Monochromic time means paying attention to doing only one thing at a time.Monochromic time is structured and often rigid. Everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruption.Polychromic tim e means being involved in many things at once.People and cultures that run on polychromic time multitask well. These people focus on maintaining personal relationships more than completing tasks.Unit 6 cross-gender communicationHow is gender different from sex? (P120) Gender and sex are not synonymousSex: Biological; permanent; individual propertyGender: socially constructed; varied over time and across cultures; social and relational quality.What has influenced the gender socialization? (P121)There are two primary influences on gender socialization: Family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction between children.U 7 (P138) High-context culture Low-context culture Unit 9 P186A planetary cultur e: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with eastern science and relationlism. Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective and behavioral characteristics is not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological and parameters of his or her own culture. (P186) What are the Chinese/American cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it?s good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relationship of man to nature, they think mankind can live harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being and becoming attitude and activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefit of the group.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases.Individualism vs. Collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity vs. Femininity 每单元练习ABCD(Unit 5 E.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English. )复习例题1.American parents would ask their children?s opinion in family decision-making because__C__.A.American parents like being told by their children what to do.B.American children have much power in the family.C.American parents take their children as an equal.D.American parents are unable to make decisions themselves.2. What is the best expression of the following you can use when you meet an American friend at the airport? B (P26)A.You must tired.B.Did you have a good trip.B.It is raining, isn?t it?C.Thank you for coming.3. What is a proper response of the following to “Thank you .”? D P57A.It is my duty to do so.B.It doesn?t matter at all.C.I quite understand i t.D.Don?t mention it.4. Which of the following is not one of the characteristic of culture? C P5-11A. It is shared.B. It is learned.C. It is static.D. It is ethnocentric.5. When a British friend is sick, you?d better say “___” to your friend to show your concern.BA.Drink plenty of water. B I do hope you?ll be feeling better soon.C Put on more clothes.D Take medicine on time.6. What is the Chinese equivalent of “landscaper engineer”? D P13A.导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.园林⼯⼈7. What does “call your carriage for you” mean? CA. Ask you for a favorB. Ask you to buy a carriageC. Ask you to go awayD. Ask you to join a party8. Which of the following does not have the sa me function that “副” fulfills in Chinese?D P73A. AssociateB. DeputyC. LieutenantD. Underline9. Which of the following is not included in kinesics? C P95A.PostureB. StanceC. Body distanceD. gesture10. Individualism has the following features except______. AA. strong family tiesB. Self-relianceC. FreedomD. Respect for individual rights11. M-time culture has the following features except______. D P97A. Cutting time into bitsB. Taking deadlines seriouslyC. Scheduling one thing at a timeD. More human-centered12. ____ __culture are typical P-time cultures. A P97A. Latin AmericanB. Northern AmericanC. Western EuropeanD. Northern European13. In American culture, silence may be interpreted as______.D P110A. AssertivenessB. ThoughtfulnessC. EnthusiasmD. Apathy14. Which of the following is not a feature of masculine talk?B P123A. Using talk to assert oneself and one?s ideasB. Being tentative so that others feel free to add their ideasC. Using talk to establish one?s status and powerD. Avoiding personal disclosures15. Which is the following is of the invisible part of cultural iceberg? A P7A. religious beliefsB. gesturesC. eating habitsD. Style of dress16. According to the cultural orientations put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, which of the following does not describe the Chinese cultural values? BA.Chinese culture holds that human nature is good but corruptible.B.They have a Linear time concept and are future-oriented.C.They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity.D.They are quite collective and focus on the benefits of the group.17. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greetings except______. C P25A.How are you gett ing on?B.How are things?C.Where have you been?D.How?s life?18. What is a proper topic when you are talking with an American? D P26(不确定)A.the price of an itemB. ReligionC. Marital statusD. Hobbies19. Which is the following is of the visible part of the cultural iceberg? B P7A. Religious beliefsB. LiteratureC. ValuesD. Worldviews20. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of communication? CA. It is symbolicB. It is contextualC. It is staticD. It is systematic21. Which of the following is not one of the social functions of compliments? C P50A. greeting peopleB. starting a conversationC. criticizing peopleD. overcoming embarrassment22. Which of the following is not a feature of sex? B P120A. It is biologicalB.It is dynamicC.It is permanentD.It has an individual property23. What is the Chinese equivalent of sanitation engineer? D P13A. 导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.清洁⼯24. What does the “a lady of the town mean”? C P67(不确定)A. A fashionable girlB. A graceful ladyC. A prostitudeD. An urban girl25. What is the acceptable addressing of “Tom Smith ” in American cuture?D P24A. Teacher SmithB. Mr.TomC. Director TomD.Professor Tom26. The word “dragon” is a word?A P70-71 ( 不确定)A. with different associated meanings in ChineseB. without a counterpart in ChineseC. with the same primary meaning in ChineseD. with many more terms in Chinese27. When making an appointment with an American friend, which of the following expressions is the most appropriate one?D P29A. I?m coming to see you this afternoonB. you must stay at home waiting for me this afternoonC. could you come directly to my house this afternoonD. I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you sometime28. What is the Chinese equivalent of “reckless disregard for the truth”? DA. 躁动不安B.为⾮作⽍C.实事求是D.信⼝雌黄29. Which of the following is not one of the features of gender? C P119-120A. It?s socially-constrictedB. It?s dynamicC. It?s permanentD. It has a relational quality30. Which culture tends to envelop each other in breath when talking? A P101A. Arabian cultureB. American cultureC. British cultureD. Chinese culture31. Which of the following is not included in chronemics? C P95A. punctualityB. time orientationC. silenceD. promptness32. Collectivism emphasizes the following values except BA. strong family tiesB. self-relianceC. harmonyD. group-orientation33. in Japanese culture, silence may be interpreted as evidence of C P110A. passivityB. apathyC. wisdomD. hesitation34. According to the cultural orientations put Forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, American culture values have the following features except? CA. American culture holds that human nature evil but perfectibleB. They have a linear time concept and are future-orientedC. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activiityD. They are quite individualistic35. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greeting except They have a linear time concept and are future-oriented CA. How are you getting on?B. How are things?C. Where are you going?D. How?s life?Cultural Puzzles （3道）1. Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching and quite a few of them avoided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang, for help. One day, she came to the Director and told him that she would like to talk to him about her problem. The director looked at his timetable and asked if they could meet at ten o?clock on Thursday morning and she agreed.P87This is a typical cultural clash between the Chinese and Westerners, which was caused by their difference regarding_____C .A.Clollectivism vs. IndividualismB. Past-orientation vs. Future-orientationC.P-time vs. M-time Ｄ．High-context vs. Low-context2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.The Chinese onlooker?s laugh may convey the following meaning except____C .A. Don?t take it so seriously.B. It?s nothing.C. You are really clumsy.D. Such things can happen to any of us.3. A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sight-seeing is thirsty business, we did not trust the water, and delighted in the excellent beer which we politely offered Heping. Heping refused, we said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched.Q: Why did Heping rufuse the beer on the first offer?A：Because he was being modest and polite.Case Introduction（2道）1. Eric’s different situations in opening the shop in China:He had relatively little difficulty in locating his first shop after several weeks of paperwork, and he was open for business sonner than he had thought possible. The local bureaucrats with whom he dealt had seemed favorably impressed.As Eric began applying for the necessary permits with the local government agencies he was met with responses such as “we …ve never encountered this request”, or” this Procedure requires additional information”.2. Eric’s different attitude:Eric was optimistic about the prospect of his business. His business was quite successful in first few months. People were eager to buy his “unique” product.After several rounds of trying to understand the official rules, Eric beacame increasingly frustrated. After all he had been able to acquire the permits to open shop. Moreover, his attempts to secure additional supply channels were as yet unfruitful. It seemed that all suppliers were “already at full capacity”, or “unsure of future resources”.Case Analysis1.“Doing” orientation: seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He had heard much about the red tape involved in doing business in China but felt he could handle it.2.Collectivisim:A.great readiness to cooperation with in-group membersEg: Chinese are unsure of future resources, and local businessman was announcing the opening of several shops around town.B.collectivists tend to give a higher priority to relationshipsEg: The owners of local businessman had worked through the same government agencies.4. Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increase productivitywhile collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to chieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.5. Decision making in a collective culture may be a slower process than in an individualist culture, butthe implementation of the dicision may it be a change in policy.Eg: This procedure requires additional information.Q&A：1.How is Eric?s home culture influence his behavior and his business strategy?A.“Doing” orientatio n—seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He was optimistic./ He heard much about the red tape, but he still felt he could handle it.B.Individualism—coopertate with people who are not members of one?s group plus group membersEg: He had indicated his desire to use local workers and even train local managers.C.Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increaseproductivity while collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to achieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.2.What should Eric do to meet his business goals?●He should have an in-depth knowledge of China?s red tape and adapt it gradually.●He should increase the chance of cooperation with Chinese businessmen to coexist peace●When in Rome, do as the Romans do. He can use some Chinese etiquette to expand his network in Chinese society.。
跨文化交际复习资料(推荐文档)
跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。
2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。
观念的整合性和动态的可变性。
3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。
跨文化传播提纲
跨文化传播提纲跨文化传播是指通过文化界限进行传播活动，以实现在不同文化背景下的目标。
在当今全球化的时代，跨文化交流和传播活动变得越来越重要。
过去，大多数社会和传播活动都是在自己的文化圈内进行的，没有太多的外部文化影响。
但随着世界各地的社会文化交流日益加强，跨文化传播的重要性就显而易见了。
只有通过跨文化传播，才能更好地把握当前复杂的社会变化，促进不同文化间的理解与和谐。
二、跨文化传播的特点跨文化传播尤为复杂，它需要考虑语言、文化和思维方式上的差异。
以下是其特点：（1）多样性。
跨文化传播不仅要考虑传播渠道，还要考虑不同文化群体的价值观，以正确诠释和表达信息。
（2）多学科性。
跨文化传播还要涉及传播学、心理学、社会学等多学科领域。
（3）持久性。
跨文化传播与传统文化传播相比，具有更长久的影响，因为它们包含了更多的文化元素。
三、跨文化传播的必要性随着社会的不断发展，跨文化传播的必要性变得越来越明显。
它可以帮助我们更有效地在不同文化背景之间进行沟通与协作，促进多元文化的互动与发展。
正确从事跨文化传播，有助于推动文化多样性、增进相互了解、促进文化繁荣，以及促进人类的发展。
四、跨文化传播的挑战虽然跨文化传播有着无穷的发展前景，但也面临着不少挑战。
首先，不同文化之间的差异日益增大，推动跨文化传播的困难也在增加。
，跨文化交流有可能导致文化冲撞，破坏当地文化。
有时候，跨文化传播也可能带来负面影响，如利益滥用或不公平竞争。
五、跨文化传播的方法跨文化传播以最有效的方式，促进不同文化之间的交流和发展。
为此，必须采取不同的方法，以满足文化差异所带来的传播需求。
以下是一些跨文化传播的方法：（1）调查研究。
在进行跨文化传播之前，应该进行调查研究，以了解收件人的文化背景及喜好。
（2）文化适应。
传播者需灵活运用方法，可适当修改文化原有的样式、形式和内容，以更好地满足不同文化群体的需求。
（3）融合性传播。
融合传播是指合理地融合多种文化元素，形成一种新的传播风格。
文化传播学复习资料
文化传播学复习资料一、文化传播学的定义和研究范围文化传播学是研究人类文化的传承、发展、交流和演变的学科。
它关注文化如何通过各种渠道和媒介在不同的个体、群体和社会之间传播。
其研究范围广泛，包括语言、宗教、艺术、习俗、价值观等文化元素的传播；大众传媒如报纸、电视、网络等在文化传播中的作用；跨文化交流中文化差异和文化冲突的解决；以及文化传播与社会变迁的相互关系等。
二、文化传播的主要模式1、线性传播模式这种模式认为传播是从信息源通过渠道传递到接收者的单向过程。
例如，早期的广播和电视传播就具有较强的线性特征。
2、循环传播模式强调传播是一个信息在发送者和接收者之间不断循环和反馈的过程，双方在传播中都具有主动性。
3、网状传播模式随着互联网的发展，信息传播呈现出多向、复杂的网状结构，每个节点都可以是信息的发送者和接收者。
三、文化传播的媒介1、传统媒介（1）书籍和报刊书籍是传承文化知识的重要载体，报刊则能够及时传递新闻和观点。
（2）广播和电视通过声音和图像的传播，影响广泛的受众。
2、新媒介（1）互联网包括网站、社交媒体、视频平台等，具有信息传播迅速、互动性强的特点。
（2）移动终端如手机和平板电脑，使人们随时随地获取和传播文化信息。
四、文化传播中的受众1、受众的类型可以分为主动受众和被动受众。
主动受众积极参与信息的选择和解读，被动受众则相对被动地接受传播的内容。
2、受众的心理和行为受众的兴趣、需求、价值观等会影响他们对文化传播内容的接受和反应。
五、跨文化传播1、文化差异包括语言、价值观、习俗、社会规范等方面的差异。
2、跨文化传播中的障碍如语言障碍、文化误解、刻板印象等。
3、促进跨文化交流的策略培养跨文化意识、加强语言学习、增进相互理解等。
六、文化传播与社会变迁1、文化传播对社会变迁的推动作用新的思想、观念和技术通过传播促使社会发生变革。
2、社会变迁对文化传播的影响社会的发展会改变传播的方式和内容。
七、文化传播学的研究方法1、定性研究方法如访谈、观察、文本分析等，深入理解文化传播现象的内涵和意义。
跨文化传播学重点
1.文化的主要特征：（1）。
稳定性特点相同、相似或相近的文化，组成了一个体系，虽然不断吸收新的养分，但整体特色不会轻易改变，具有一定的稳定性。
（2）。
共享性凡文化都是一个群体或社会里的全体成员共同享有、共同遵守的，如语言、风俗、习惯、社会规范、行为模式以及社会价值观念等，都是该社会全体成员共同承认和遵循的。
个别人的怪癖和偏好不为社会承认，不会成为文化。
（3）。
流动性文化一经产生就会被他人模仿，他人可以通过学习获得并传递下去，从而出现文化流动。
流动有两种形式：纵向流动和横向流动。
纵向流动指人类将文化一代代地流传下去，所以任何一种文化都是日积月累、连续不断的动态过程；同时每一代人在继承中舍弃传统文化中过时的部分，同时增加新的时代内容，因而也是不断扬弃的过程。
横向流动指文化在不同地域、民族之间的传播，不同地域、民族之间的交流极大地促进了各民族社会的发展。
2.传播的基本要素:基本要素：传播者、受传者、讯息、媒介、反馈3.不同文化应对人际冲突的方法也是多种多样的，大致可以划分为如下五种取向:第一；回避。
许多文化认为，冲突是应当尽量回避的，回避冲突的能力是成熟的表现，回避的方式可以是提出别的话题已转换对方的注意，或者干脆保持沉默，避开锋芒。
如西班牙人。
第二；调节。
这种取向侧重于发现，满足对方的需要而不是突出自己的需要，以避免冲突。
如津巴布韦人在发表意见之前，总是希望知道对方想听什么，以避免直接表达意见分歧，并可以依靠对方的想法来调节自己的观点。
第三；竞争。
这种取向是把冲突视为生活的必然，将竞争看为一种积极进取的品质，认为其能够有助于实现自己的愿望而不必受对方需要的左右。
比较典型的就是希腊和以色列文化，公开辩论，口角争执是希腊人的生方式，以色列人直接鼓励对抗。
——很多研究认为，这种取向可能是对二战前犹太人的调节取向的一种反叛。
第四；妥协。
这种取向期望以妥协换取折中的结果，以最大程度的满足自己乃至双方的愿望。
美国人比较会运用这种方式，即我得到了想要的，同时你也会觉得不是无功而返。
跨文化交际期末复习资料重点笔记.docx
Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Objective Culture: history, religion, literature, language, food, etiquette, law, and customs.Subjective Culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be -the concept of time, spaces, friendship, love, family, communication pattern, etc.Characteristics：Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric・Doing Culture: It is meant to be a contrast to learning "about" culture underscores the idea that communicating across cultures is a process of making meaning, of people understanding one another so they can get to know one another, build relationships, and solve problems togethe匸It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice.Communication: Human communication is the process through which individuals - in relationships, groups, organizations and societies -respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another.Characteristics: Dynamic and interactiveIntercultural Communication: Generally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds^such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese AmericansThe form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication -people from different racesb. Interethnic communications -the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intercultural communication -communication between members of the same culture,in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships. (gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female )Comiminication Competence (ICC competence)The cognitive component -how much one know about communication.The affective component -one's motivation to approach or avoid communication The behavior component -the skills one has to interact competently.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.Pattern of Thought: The way people in a culture think influences the way they interpret strangers' messages.World views: The grid (decentralized・ This pattern does not have a fixed center)The radiating star (highly centralized. In this pattern important things are at the center and everything else radiates out from the center)The inside/ outside pattern (圈子)female maleprivate publichome market, mosque, coffee housethe outside is plain, not welcoming, even forbidding. The walls are thick to protect whatis inside.highly centralized pattern: important people sit in the front middle; decentralizedpattern: people sit equally.Stereotyping: People generalize to make sense of his experience. The result of the process of over generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information.The classification of stereotypes1.Negative stereotype of other cultures: Prejudice (severe prejudice)2.Positive stereotype of one's own culture: Cultural superiority Characteristics:universal, unavoidable, stable, variable, ethnocentrismHigh context communication & Low context communicationHC culture (察言观色)：Relies mainly on the physical context or the relationship for information, with little explicitly encoded.LC culture: provide most of the information in the explicit code itself.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.High contact and low contact culture:In high contact cultures people want to get close enough to one another and to objects to sense them in these ways.People in these countries stand closer, touchmore, engage in more eye contact and speak more loudly than people do in lower-contact cultures.In a low contact cultures, people rely more on sight, and especially sight at a fardistance. People are most likely to stand a certain distance away to get the wholepicture, without actually feeling or sensing the other personas body heat or subtlesmell. So in low contact culture as America, one is taught not to breathe on people.However, this visual space seems unfriendly and indifferent to those from highcontact cultures, which favor tactile space.When a person from a high contact culture goes to a low contact culture, he or she is likely to feel that people are cold, lack human warmth, and are indifferent and pay no attention to them.low-contact: Asia ; moderate-contact: Australia, Northern Europe, United States high-contact: South America, Mediterranean, the Arab worldLarge and smell Power Distancespower distance is an attempt to measure cultural attitudes about inequality in social relationships.In high power distance cultures, position in a hierarchy is considered to be natural and important. People are expected to show only positive emotions to others withhigh status and to display negative emotions to those with low status; tend to decrease gaze in the presence of powerful people.Low Power Distance Culture: Minimize and eliminate the differences in power and status; more emotional display, increase the amount of gaze. People believe that the differences in power between boss and workers should be reduced and not mphasized.Individualism VS CollectivismThe individualism index measures the extent to which the interests of the individual are considered to be more important than the interests of the group・ People from individualist cultures are more likely to act on principles that apply to everyone, principles that are universal and apply to associates and strangers alike.Collectivists are not unprincipled, but when making decisions they tend to give a higher priority to relationships than individualists do. They expect people who are involved in a group relationship to have duties and obligations to one another.Masculinity (Toughness) VS Femininity (Tenderness)Masculinity means everyone in society embraces values that have traditionally been associated with men, that is assertiveness, competitiveness and toughness. On the feminine side of the scale we find societies in which people generally embrace values that have traditionally been labeled as feminine, that is modesty, cooperation and tenderness. Strong and weak Uncertainty AvoidanceThe Uncertainty Avoidance Index seeks to measure the extent to which people in a particular society are able to tolerate the unknowns of life. In high uncertainty avoidance countries people experience more stress and a sense of urgency as they go through their daily routines. Relationships are guided by strict rules. People from low uncertainly avoidance countries do not have a strong need to control things, people, and events by clearly defining and categorizing them. Relationships are guided by strict rules.Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural CommunicationGenerally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communicationa.Interracial communication -people from different racesb.Interethnic communications -the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c.I ntracultural communication -communication between members of the same culture,in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships, (gay,disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female)Language&CulturePeople pay attention to basic language in cross-culture communication because of the essential role these codes play in communication and they are part of object culture. The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background, e.g. the word "dog. In eastern culture, dogs are dirty, brutal and stupid. But in western culture, dogs are lovely, loyal and obedient. They are faithful friends and compassionate animals.Language reflects culture. Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the peopled attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc. For example, American businessmen often encode their meanings in metaphors and images from these sports.Chinese traditional sport culture emphasizes the harmony between human beings andoneness between man and nature. It is morality, benevolence, entertainment and longevity. But western sports culture is competition and sportsmanship.Culture shock: Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture ・U-Curuemodel:Excitement^Confusion->Frustration^Effectiveness-^ Appreciation。
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跨文化传播终极版一、选择题：1.道德评价的两种形式：（1）自我评价。
这是道德的心理调节机制，是个人对自己行为和动机的道德价值、意义进行的鉴定，表现为荣辱感、正义感、义务感、良心感，等等；（2）公共评价。
是社会对于人们动机与行为的道德价值、意义的鉴定，表现为一种隐形或无形的精神影响，结果往往形成一定的社会舆论（）——是一定数量的人们对某种社会行为的道德价值所给予的倾向性评判意见。
这些评判意见是许多人相互取舍、相互传递，最后形成一种精神压力的过程。
道德的社会舆论一旦形成，会造成一定的孤立情境与心理压力，即“人言可畏，千夫所指，无病而死”。
2.社会互动主要包括五个要素：（1）行动者（2）社会目标（3）社会环境（4）社会规范（5）社会接触社会化是个体用来获得其所属群体的规范、价值观、信仰、态度和语言特征的社会互动过程。
3..社会化的几个阶段：◎基本社会化。
在儿童时期通过家庭学习生活知识，培养语言能力和认知能力，掌握行为规范，建立感情联系，发展道德及价值判断的标准；◎预期社会化。
主要指在学校里进行的社会化，学习将要承担的社会角色，为进入社会做好各种准备；◎发展社会化。
主要指成年之后的社会化，是在实现了基本社会化的基础上进行的。
随着环境和自身的变化，个体要接受新的期待和要求，承担新的义务、角色和责任；◎再社会化。
当个体的生活环境或担任的社会角色发生急剧变化时，个体的生活习惯、行为准则、价值观念等需要做出重大调整，并开始新的学习。
譬如，人们在迁居异国他乡时，需要学习当地的语言，适应当地的习俗和生活方式。
4..影响感知的主要因素•生理•环境•语言•文化5.西方文化中四种主要的思维方式（1）唯名论式推理（），也称归纳推理法；判例法（2）一般推理（），也称演绎推理，是由一般到特殊的推理方式；制定法（3）直觉推理（），重视直觉，强调整体与部分之间的有机联系；（4）辩证推理（），也称辩证逻辑方法，是由黑格尔创立、马克思发展的逻辑方法，要求分析和综合相结合，归纳与演绎相结合，逻辑的方法和历史的方法相结合。
6.中西传统中思维方式的差异第一，中国人偏好形象思维，英美人偏好抽象思维。
•形象思维（）是对记忆表象（大致等同于“想像”）进行分析综合、加工改造，从而形成新的表象的心理过程。
•抽象思维（）是运用概念进行判断、推理的思维活动，以分析、综合、抽象、概括、比较、分类、系统化、具体化作为思维的过程。
这种思维需要遵循逻辑规律，所以又称逻辑思维（）。
第二，中国人偏好综合思维，西方人偏好分析思维。
•综合思维强调了对自然界、人类社会的整体性、统一性的认识，是一种重视普遍联系的“整体观”。
•分析思维是指在思想上将一个完整的对象分解为各个组成成分，或者将它的各种属性、方面、联系等区分开来。
•黑格尔评述《易经》：“在中国人的思维中，具有最深邃、最普遍的东西与极其外在的、完全偶然的东西的对比，最外在的、最偶然的东西往往能与最内在的东西结合”。
第三，中国人注重“统一”，西方人注重“对立”。
7.态度由（认知）、（情感）和（意动）三部分组成。
态度改变其本质是（个人的继续社会化）。
8.文化适应因此而表现出大致四个基本阶段：（1）蜜月阶段（2）危机/沮丧（或敌意）阶段（3）恢复调整阶段（4）适应阶段9.文化适应的六种理论•传播涵化理论（）；•★互动涵化模式（）；核心观点：东道国与移民群体之间的关系，是国家整合政策影响下的双方涵化取向共同作用的结果之一。
•★焦虑—不确定性管理理论（）；•同化、偏离与疏远理论（，，）；•网络与涵化理论（）★文化图式理论（）10.根据“约哈里窗口”，传播双方对彼此信息的了解有四种情况，也可以分为四个区域：开放区（）、盲区（）、封闭区（）和未知区（），分别表示个体在“开放”、“盲点”、“封闭”和“未知”四种传播状态下，人际互动与信息分别所处的地带和状况。
11.传播能力的五个构成•解释能力（）。
人能对互动时所处的情境或条件，给以命名，进行组织和解释，选择出重要的信息；•目标能力（）。
一个没有计划的传播者是盲目的，所以必须设置目标，提早或预期可能发生的结果；•角色能力（）。
角色是社会的产物，人可通过社会角色实现或保持自己的社会身份。
无论在任何传播情境中，人既要学会保持独特的自我，也要学会尊重他人。
如果人不能辩认和控制角色及其互动、合作等传播行为，将直接影响人对信息的选择；•自我能力（）。
选择和表现一个你想要的自我形象，包括知道那一个自我是谁；他想成为一个什么样的人；他能将这样一个自我向他人表现出来的能力；•信息能力（）。
人能够选择使用让他人明白，让他人了解和领悟的词语或非词语信息，同时，也能对他人所选择的信息给以回应，进行意义交流的能力。
如果没有这种基本能力，传播就无从发生。
12.跨文化传播能力基本构成要素（1）对不同文化的修辞敏感性•修辞:一种自觉的语言调整行为，即为了提高语言的表达效果而对语言材料进行修饰、加工。
•在跨文化交往中，由于语境因素严重地制约着语言行为的组织和建构，所以，修辞敏感性强调的是修辞与语境之间的关联，要求人们对于不同文化的边界保持敏感，能区分什么是自己的文化，什么是不同的文化，并能自我调整，以适应不同的文化。
进一步地，要求传播者能够使用适当的语言和非语言行为，向对方表示尊重和积极的关注，做出顺应语境、利用语境甚至改造语境。
•在社会交往中，修辞敏感性强的人往往能对对方对自己行为的反应做出准确的预测，这种预测是以个人掌握的关于文化的知识和敏锐的洞察力为基础的。
（2）采取描述性、非评价性立场的能力。
传播者应以描述别人的行为为主，同时采取非评价性的立场，特别是在早期交往中，不应以自己的文化标准为依据去对他人的行为评头品足，以避免错误的评价。
这是一种认知能力，表现了传播者的心智和素质，涉及到人际交往中三个相互关联、依次递进的认知程序：描述（）、解释（）和评价（）。
•描述是指对人们观察到的行为进行客观地描述，不允许对客观行为进行评价或赋予意义；•解释是对观察到的行为进行加工和赋予意义，关键是对任何行为的描述都可能产生不同的解释；•评价是对解释赋予积极或消极意义。
（3）适度的移情能力。
（4）灵活应付不同场景的角色行为能力。
•任务角色能力，指主动征求信息和事实、完成任务以及评价他人意见的能力等；•关系角色能力，指与对方达到和谐一致，协调冲突和妥协让步的能力等；•个人角色能力，指能拒绝别人的观点，能控制他人以及展示自己个性的能力等。
（5）拓展心灵与减少偏见的认同灵活性与认同协商能力当人们感到外来群体的文化认同威胁到自己所在群体的文化认同时，自我认同取向就会趋于封闭并采取防卫姿态。
这样一来，人们期望在众多的文化认同中凸现自己文化认同的愿望，就导致了偏爱内群体（）的倾向，其结果就是：对外群体成员的歧视，以及阻碍对新文化的开放性接受。
针对这种现象，具备开放、灵活的认同能力，显然有助于拓展心灵的开放性与减少偏见。
13.对话式传播的要求•相互开放•非操纵性•承认独特性•相互承认•彼此接近•不做评价14.跨文化谈判者必须把握好两个层次的知识•事实性知识（），是关于某一特定文化的事实，大致可以通过书本来获得；•解释性知识（）。
这显然是一种观察和理解文化差异的能力，涉及到多方面的因素，要靠时间、经验和体会才能获得。
15.大众传播对文化的影响：（1）文化融合：文化融合是指两种或两种以上不同文化彼此借鉴、吸收、认同并最终融为一体的过程。
大众传播是促进文化融合的重要机制。
（2）文化增殖：文化增殖是一种文化放大现象。
在文化融合和通过的过程中，原有的文化补充了新的血液，并在原有的基础只上又产生新的价值或意义来（3）文化分层：信息的传播有拉大不同群体之间文化层次的作用。
有学者发现，当一个社会体系中信息流增长时，社会中那些具有较高社会经济地位、并受过良好教育的群体，在接受和吸收信息方面要比社会地位低、受教育水平较低的社会群体强。
（4）文化变迁：文化变迁是指文化特质和文化模式发生转变，特别是结构性转变的过程。
二、名词解释：1.道德的“金规则”查尔斯·泰勒（）指出，至少有三种“轴心式”的基本道德规范是每一种文化都具有的：（1）尊重他人和对他人的义务;（2）对生命意义的充分理解;（3）人的自我尊严。
孔汉思（）等伦理学家大力张扬的道德的“金规则”（），是人类共同的、长期有效的“不可取消的和无条件的（道德）规则”，也是现代人类建立全球伦理的共同道德资源。
仁爱、博爱、慈悲2.社会互动：社会学的重要概念，指的是两个以上的个体、群体或社层之间相互作用、相互影响的活动。
3.感知：感知是指人通过感觉器官对外部信息进行选择、组织和解释的过程，是人类认识外部环境乃至客观世界的最为基本的认知形式。
在跨文化研究的视域之下，感知还是人们建立世界观的首要机制，世界观也为人们的感知提供了一定的基础。
4..社会认同：社会自我的“组织化”社会认同与群体相关，是某个群体在社会化和文化适应的过程中形成的一致认同，强调了“人们之间的相似性，以及群体成员相信他们之间具有的某些共同的、相似的东西”。
社会认同包括内在和外在两个方面：（1）内在的方面是指群体认同（），即群体所属成员在主观上具有的群体归属感；（2）外在的方面是指社会分类（），即社会对某一社会成员的群体归类和划分。
5.定势：在跨文化研究的视野中，定势主要被看作是人们对其他文化群体特征的期望、信念或过度概括，这种态度建立在群体同质性原则的基础之上，具有夸大群体差异而忽略个体差异的特点。
6.文化休克：在文化与传播研究中，文化休克主要是指人们在经历不熟悉的文化、生活方式或态度而引起的困惑和不适，强调了异文化给人们带来的心理反应和冲击，主要表现为由于未满足期望的逐渐积累而产生的迷失感和挫折感，通常会同时表现在生理和心理层面。
7.文化适应：是不同文化相互作用过程中的一种动态调整过程，涉及学习某种文化的整体行为，能够帮助个体乃至文化群体从特定文化中获取能力以及重新定位，从而在变动环境中获得生存的能力和空间。
8.人际传播重要分析手段：（1）约哈里窗口★20世纪50年代，美国心理学家勒夫特（）和英格拉姆（）提出了一个透视人际互动过程及传播环境的模式，被学界称为“约哈里窗口”（）。
半个世纪以来，“约哈里窗口”一直被视为人际传播的重要分析手段，也有助于理解跨文化交往中的人际传播能力。
9.“克兰兹伯格第一定律”：技术既无好坏，亦非中立”。
10.“数字鸿沟”：指的是由于地域、教育、经济和种族差异，不同群体在掌握和运用电脑、网络等数字化技术及分享信息资源方面存在的差异，其实质就是一种因信息落差引起的知识分隔和贫富分化，亦可称为“信息富有者和信息贫困者之间的鸿沟”。
11.“虚拟殖民主义”的提出网络中出现的殖民主义将互联网作为压迫的工具，后发展国家正在被迫接受西方的知识和技术，但互联网并非中立，其内部隐藏着设计者的偏好，西方的理念、知识和传播行为在很大程度上决定着互联网的结构、体系和文化。