2014年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（3）
雅思阅读(综合)模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
雅思阅读（综合）模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ModuleReading Module (60 minutes)The way the brain buysSupermarkets take great care over the way the goods they sell are arranged. This is because they know a lot about how to persuade people to buy things.When you enter a supermarket, it takes some time for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance of a supermarket is known as the ‘decompression zone’. People need to slow down and take stock of the surroundings, even if they are regulars. Supermarkets do not expect to sell much here, so it tends to be used more for promotion. So the large items piled up here are designed to suggest that there are bargains further inside the store, and shoppers are not necessarily expected to buy them. Walmart, the world’s biggest retailer, famously employs ‘greeters’ at the entrance to its stores. A friendly welcome is said to cut shoplifting. It is harder to steal from nice people.Immediately to the left in many supermarkets is a ‘chill zone’, where customers can enjoy browsing magazines, books and DVDs. This is intended to tempt unplanned purchases and slow customers down. But people who just want to do their shopping quickly will keep walking ahead, and the first thing they come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. However, for shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But psychology is at work here: selecting these items makes people feel good, so they feel less guilty about reaching for less healthy food later on.Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariably placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunity to tempt customers to buy things which are not on their shopping list. This is why pharmacies are also generally at the back. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost ‘dwell time’: the length of time people spend in a store.Having walked to the end of the fruit-and-vegetable aisle, shoppers arrive at counters of prepared food, the fishmonger, the butcher and the deli. Then there is the in-store bakery, which can be smelt before it is seen. Even small supermarkets now use in-store bakeries. Mostly these bake pre-prepared items and frozen ingredients which have been delivered to the supermarket previously, and their numbers have increased, even though central bakeries that deliver to a number of stores are much more efficient. They do it for the smell of freshly baked bread, which arouses people’s appetites and thus encourages them to purchase not just bread but also other food, including ready meals.Retailers and producers talk a lot about the ‘moment of truth’. This is not a philosophical idea, but the point when people standing in the aisle decide to buy something and reach to get it. At the instant coffee section, for example, branded products from the big producers are arranged at eye level while cheaper ones arelower down, along with the supermarket’s own-label products.But shelf positioning is fiercely fought over, not just by those trying to sell goods, but also by those arguing over how best to manipulate shoppers. While many stores reckon eye level is the top spot, some think a little higher is better. Others think goods displayed at the end of aisles sell the most because they have the greatest visibility. To be on the right-hand side of an eye-level selection is often considered the very best place, because most people are right-handed and most people’s eyes drift rightwards. Some supermarkets reserve that for their most expensive own-label goods.Scott Bearse, a retail expert with Deloitte Consulting in Boston, Massachusetts, has led projects observing and questioning tens of thousands of customers about how they feel about shopping. People say they leave shops empty-handed more often because they are ‘unable to decide’than because prices are too high, says Mr Bearse. Getting customers to try something is one of the best ways of getting them to buy, adds Mr Bearse. Deloitte found that customers who use fitting rooms in order to try on clothes buy the product they are considering at a rate of 85% compared with 58% for those that do not do so.Often a customer struggling to decide which of two items is best ends up not buying either. In order to avoid a situation where a customer decides not to buy either product, a third ‘decoy’ item, which is not quite as good as the other two, is placed beside them to make the choice easier and more pleasurable. Happier customers are more likely to buy.Questions 1-4Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.1．正确答案：promotion解析：Supermarkets do not expect to sell much here, so it tends to be used more for promotion.(首段第四句)2．正确答案：unplanned purchases解析：This is intended to tempt unplanned purchases and slow customers down.(第二段第二句)3．正确答案：fruit and vegetables解析：But people who just want to do their shopping quickly will keep walking ahead, and the first thing they come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. (第二段第三句)4．正确答案：popular items解析：But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them.(第三段第三句)Questions 5-7Complete the flow chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.5．正确答案：frozen ingredients解析：Mostly these bake pre-prepared items and frozen ingredients which have been delivered to the supermarket previously,... (第四段第四句)6．正确答案：appetites解析：They do it for the smell of freshly baked bread, which arouses people’s appetites and thus... (第四段末句)7．正确答案：ready meals解析：... thus encourages them to purchase not just bread but also other food, including ready meals. (第四段末句)In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific parts of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can’t be done.This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.Questions 1 and 2Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.8．Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks toA．cause a change in how scientists understand brain chemistry.B．understand how good decisions are made in the brain.C．understand how the brain is linked to achievement in competitive fields.D．trace the specific firing patterns of neurons in different areas of the brain.正确答案：C解析：... led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. (第一段第三句)9．According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive becauseA．they create unusual brain circuits.B．their brains function differently.C．their personalities are distinctive.D．they make decisions easily.正确答案：B解析：... but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. (第二段首句)Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times. ‘You design the model to make that time,’says Mason. ‘A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying —and many have tried. Some years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’times. Now everyone uses them.Questions 1 and 2Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.10．What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in a sport event?正确答案：(a) competition model解析：Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’... (第一段第二句)11．By how much did some cyclists’ performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?正确答案：two per cent // 2%解析：At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. (第二段最后一句)。
(完整word版)2014年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2),推荐文档
Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the TreatyA. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief， continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-Europeaninstitution-building in 2007. Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter.B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia)， but in 2006 the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade， briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag， 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007， though the recovery may be ebbing by then.C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years，European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty： the Maastricht treaty in 1992， the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997， the Treaty of Nice in 2001. And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution，laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted， not immobilised， by this setback.D. In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty —the Treaty of Rome， its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously， restating their commitment to “ever closer union”and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself， and in normal circumstances，the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless， a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto it) they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a new treaty. All that will be necessary will be to incorporate the 50th-anniversary declaration into a new treaty containing a number of institutionaland other reforms extracted from the failed attempt at constitution-building and —hey presto—a new quasi-constitution will be ready.E. According to the German government—which holds the EU’s agenda-setting presidency during the first half of 2007—there will be a new draft of a slimmed-down constitution ready by the middle of the year， perhaps to put to voters， perhaps not. There would then be a couple of years in which it will be discussed， approved by parliaments and， perhaps， put to voters if that is deemed unavoidable. Then，according to bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin， blithely ignoring the possibility of public rejection， the whole thing will be signed， sealed and a new constitution delivered in 2009-10. Europe will be nicely back on schedule. Its four-to-five-year cycle of integration will have missed only one beat.F. The resurrection of the European constitution will be made more likely in 2007 because of what is happening in national capitals. The European Union is not really an autonomous organisation. If it functions， it is because the leaders of the big continental countries want it to， reckoning that an active European policy will help them get done what they want to do in their own countries.G. That did not happen in 2005-06. Defensive， cynical and self-destructive，the leaders of the three largest euro-zone countries—France， Italy and Germany —were stumbling towards their unlamented ends. They saw no reason to pursue any sort of European policy and the EU， as a result， barely functioned. But by the middle of 2007 all three will have gone， and this fact alone will transform the European political landscape.H. The upshot is that the politics of the three large continental countries，bureaucratic momentum and the economics of recovery will all be aligned to give a push towards integration in 2007. That does not mean the momentum will be irresistible or even popular. The British government， for one， will almost certainly not want to go with the flow， beginning yet another chapter in the long history of confrontation between Britain and the rest of Europe. More important，the voters will want a say. They rejected the constitution in 2005. It would befoolish to assume they will accept it after 2007 just as a result of an artful bit of tinkering.Questions 1-6 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1？Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statemenht reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this1.After years’ introspection and mistrust， continental European governments will resurrect their enthusiasm for more integration in 2007.2. The European consitution was officially approved in 2005 in spite of the oppositon of French and Dutch voters.3. The Treaty of Rome ， which is considered as the fundamental charter of the European Union， was signed in 1957.4.It is very unlikely that European countries will sign the declaration at the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome.5.French government will hold the EU’s presidency and lay down the agenda during the first half of 2008.6.For a long time in hisotry， there has been confrontation between Britain and the rest of European countries.Questions 7-10 Complet the following sentencces.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answer in Boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7. Every four or five years， European countries tend to make a rapid progress towards ___________________by signing a new treaty.8. The European constitution is supposed to ______________________for yet more integration of European Union member countries.9. The bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin rashly ignore the possibility of __________________and think the new consitution will be delivered in 2009-10.10. The politics of the three large continental countries， __________________ and the economic recovery will join together to urge the integration in 2007.Questions 11-14 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.11. Which of the following statemnts is true of Euopean economic development.A. The economy of Europe developed much faster than that of Asia before 2006.B. The growth of European economy was slightly slower than that of America in 2006.C. The development of European economy are likely to slow down by 2007.D. The recovery of European economy may be considerably accelerated by 2007.12. The word “immobilised” in the last line of Section C means ___________.A. stopped completely.B. pushed strongly.C. motivated wholely.D. impeded totally.13. Which of the following statements about the treaties in European countries is NOT TRUE.A. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992.B. The Treaty of Amsterdan was signed in 1997.C. The Treaty of Nice was signed in 2001.D. The Treaty of Rome was signed in 2007.14. The European constitution failed to be ratified in 2005--2006， becauseA. The leaders of France， Italy and Germany were defensive， cynical and self-destructuve..B. The voters in two countries of the Union --France and Holland rejected the constitution.C. The leaders of the EU thought that it was unneccessary to pursue any European policy.D. France， Italy and Germany are the three largest and most influential euro-zone countries.Notes to the Reading Passage1. pan-Enropeanpan-：前缀：全，总，泛pan-African 全/泛非洲的(运动)pan-Enropean全/泛欧的(机构建设)2. outstrip超越，胜过，超过，优于Material development outstripped human development”“物质的发展超过了人类的进步”3. ebb回落跌落；衰退或消减The tide is on the ebb.正在退潮。
2014.12.6年雅思阅读真题及答案
2. 考试概述：
本次考试题型涉及判断题(T\F\NG)、段落细节配对、填表题、句子填空题，人名理论配对(Matching)、单选和多选(Single&Multiple choice)。
3. 文章简介
passage 1：Wallpaper，关于墙纸的发展
passage 2：Twins，双胞胎
passage 3：Graffiti，纽约城中的涂鸦
4. 篇章分析
passage 1：
文章内容
科技类文章，按照时间顺序展开，详细描述了墙纸的各个发展阶段。
题型分布
判断题 7题
表格填空 6题
备考建议
第一篇文章题型要注意判断题，没热身开的同学很可能会被这个题型打乱。这种历史发展类文章一般都是按照时间顺序展开论述的，具体可以参考C9T1P1练习。
小编Байду номын сангаас
passage 2：
文章内容
Twins在多大程度上受到基因的影响，牵涉到饮食习惯、遗传疾病、性格取向。文中涉及到各个大学在不同国家和地区做的相关研究。
题型分布
段落信息配对5题
句子填空2题
多选 2组，每组选3个
备考建议
本篇文章题型有相当的难度，同时有段落细节匹配和两组多选，如果阅读功底不是特别扎实的同学，建议把段落信息配对题留到最后做。
这篇文章的题型全部属于细节题相对前一篇而言容易许多如果能够在经受住前一篇的折磨后依然坚持下来的话肯定会有一种柳暗花明又一村的感觉
2014.12.6年雅思阅读真题及答案
2014年12月6日的雅思阅读考试已经结束了，下文是由雅思专栏为您提供的2014年12月6日雅思考试阅读真题，供您参考!
(完整word版)2014年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(1),推荐文档
Sleep medication linked to bizarre behaviourNew evidence has linked a commonly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours， including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences， including sleepwalking， amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders， they caution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.Midnight snackIn one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting the front door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved，” according to the report.The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005.The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalking episodes linked to the drug in other countries， including reports of people sleep-driving while on the medication. In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.Hypnotic effectsThere is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours. The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain become less active during deep sleep， the body can still move， making sleepwalking a possibility.The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug companies to take a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.“When people do something in which they’re not in full control it’s always a danger，” says Vera Sharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection， a US network that advocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.Tried and tested“The more reports that come out about the potential side effects of the drug，the more research needs to be done to understand if these are real side effects，”says sleep researcher Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado in Boulder， US.Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects， points out Richard Millman at Brown Medical School， director of the SleepDisorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals in Providence， Rhode Island， US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained： some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern” for people taking the drug. “It’s a possible rare adverse event，” says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann， adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” but instead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1. Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.2. The woman’s obesity problem wasn’t resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of a flight bound for the other side of the Atlantic.5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn’t cause addiction.6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an office worker.Question 7-9 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia？A. 68B. 104C. 182D. 2408. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem？A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.D. Side effects include nightmares， hallucinations and sleepwalking.9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem was well established？A. Kenneth WrightB. Melissa FeltmannC. Richard MillmanD. Vera SharavQuestions 10-13 Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain？11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients？12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacy groups？13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem to unusual side effects？Answer keys and explanations：1. TrueSee para.3 from the beginning： Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.2. FalseSee para.1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved”…3. Not GivenSee para.2 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005. (The time the drug was approved in the UK was not mentioned.)4. TrueSee para.3 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.5. FalseSee para.2 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.6. Not GivenSee para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained：some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. (No patients as office workers are mentioned in the passage.)7. CSee para.4 from the beginning： A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strange sleepwalking by people taking the medication.8. BSee the sentence in para.2 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects” (The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.) and the sentence in para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested” (Doctors “not the product information” stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.)9. BSee para.5 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann … says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”.10. 674，500 (times)See para.3 from the beginning： Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.11. (a) benzodiazepine-like (hypnotic)See para.1 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic (类苯二氮催眠药)that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid.12. risky consequencesSee para.3 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： Patient advocacy groups …stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.13. Food & Drug (Administration)See para.4 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.。
剑桥雅思14test3阅读解析
剑桥雅思14test3阅读解析
摘要：
1.剑桥雅思14test3 阅读passage1 原文翻译：智力的概念
2.剑桥雅思14test3 阅读passage2 答案解析
3.剑桥雅思14test3 阅读passage3 原文翻译及答案解析
正文：
剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析
剑桥雅思14test3 阅读passage1 原文翻译：智力的概念
本文着重介绍了智力内隐理论及智力与社会关系的内隐理论。
文章结构主要内容如下：
a 部分：智力的概念
b 部分：智力的内隐理论
c 部分：智力与社会关系的内隐理论
剑桥雅思14test3 阅读passage2 答案解析
Passage 2 主要讨论了人们在日常生活中如何做出决策。
文章通过一个实验来说明，人们在面临决策时，通常会根据过去的经验和现有的信息来判断。
文章结构如下：
a 部分：决策的重要性
b 部分：决策的影响因素
c 部分：实验说明
剑桥雅思14test3 阅读passage3 原文翻译及答案解析
Passage 3 探讨了全球化对教育和培训行业的影响。
文章指出，全球化带
来了更多的机遇和挑战，教育和培训行业需要不断适应变化的环境。
文章结构如下：
a 部分：全球化的定义和影响
b 部分：教育和培训行业的变化
c 部分：未来的挑战和机遇
通过以上对剑桥雅思14test3 阅读解析的内容，考生可以更好地理解文章内容，提高阅读能力。
2014年雅思考试模拟试题及答案
Reading Passage 1 ECOTOURISM IN RUR A L MEXICO It’s not hard to advocate ecotourism——loosely defined as a form of travel that protects an area of the natural world while enabling the local people to preserve their culture and meet their daily needs.The hard part is making it work. Mexico，with many natural，still largely unspoiled areas and a land system based on community ownership，seems a likely ecotourism paradise.But its record of tourism development tells a different story. Now，thanks to the efforts of two consultants in Mexico City，the country may have figured out a way to benefit from the ecotourism market that is growing rapidly worldwide.Juan Carlos Ibarra and Antonio Suarez，co-owners of Balam Consultants，have succeeded where many other people have failed，helping local communities develop the ability to operate ecotourism ventures. Ibarra and Suarez began their current line of work in the early 1990s，helping the residents of the community of San Nicolas，outside Mexico City，develop and market recreational facilities that would attract tourists. Ibarra and Suarez spent more than 600 hours teaching people in the community business，marketing，and public relations skills.The result of this project was the San Nicolas Park，which now offers facilities for hiking and mountain biking on 2,304 hectares of land that otherwise would have been lost to illegal logging and urban sprawl.The project’s success is well regarded by professionals from around the world and is the most-visited ecotourism site in Mexico. The product of their efforts “shows what can be done.Its main value is that it enables those who will benefit or suffer most from ecotourism to take the decisions.” says Ron Mader of the website Americas Ecotourism.“The wonder of the work done by Ibarra and Suarez，”Mader says，“is that they make it look very simple.” An advantage for Mexico in the field of ecotourism development is land reforms implemented after the end of the Mexican Revolution in 1917.Property previously owned by the wealthy elite was redistributed to peasant communities in the form of communally owned village lands known as comunidades. Today，more than 23,000 communal groups Own and 1ive on 75 percent of Mexico’s land.Most of the country s splendid snowcapped volcanoes，lush jungles and white sand beaches are also communal property.This means that when tourists come to visit the country’s natural attractions，the local property owners should benefit. But some heavily promoted resorts，such as Cancun and Bahias de Huatulco，have been built On village lands that were taken by the government and sold to corporations. Although some local people are hired to work at these resorts，many do not have the appropriate skills or the knowledge of how these corporations work，said Ibarra. As a result，most of the well-paying jobs are filled by people from urban areas who have a better understanding of business Ibarra and Suarez are trying to stop this trend by working with the comunidades to develop community-based ecotourism projects.The two consultants have been conducting workshops on the subject in communities across the country. “In recent years，as the ecotourism boom reached Mexico，many companies started promoting trips to the wilderness areas of the country,” said Ibarra.“In the beginning，the owners of the lands in which ecotourism was being developed were not involved at all.Now，slowly but surely，rural populations have begun to perceive ecotourism as an economic alternative.” Commercially speaking，however，the residents of rural communities usually have no experience in running and marketing a business.Even if they have developed a well run project，visitors won’t come unless there is also effective marketing.After all，it is a business and they need to bring in customers. Ibarra and Suarez say teaching people in local communities how to run an ecotourism operation is easy.The hard part is helping rural inhabitants overcome a culturally ingrained notion that they are stupid and incapable of running such a business themselves. For every hour devoted to the instruction of business skills，the consultants spend four hours helping local residents build self-esteem and confidence.They are convinced that a project’s success depends on the involvement of the local landowners. Ron Mader views Ibarra and Suarez as pioneers in building successful ecotourism in Mexico.Their work.hesays，is“outstanding——not only because they have assisted in development of hiking and biking trails，but because they have demonstrated a profound respect for the communities Questions 1——5 Complete the summary below.Choose ONE ORTWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1—5 on your answer sheet. It is valuable but difficult to make (1)................work.Despite Mexico’s natural and legal advantages，the country does not have a good hi story of (2)...............However，two consultants，Ibarro and Suarez are now training (3)................in Mexico in the development of environmentally sound projects Their first project resulted in the establishment of a large (4)................near San Nicolas，used for outdoor recreation.The work done by Ibarro and Suarez has been praised because it allows (5)................to be made by the people most affected. Questions 6—14 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 7 In boxes 6—14 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 6. Most of Mexico’s beaches and jungles are communally owned. 7. The Mexican government has profited from the development of tourist resorts. 8. The number of local people working in tourism is decreasing. 9. Ibarra and Suarez want to encourage people who already understand business methods to work on ecotourism projects. 10. Recently，companies have been offering trips to see wild animals in Mexico. 11. People in the Mexican countryside often lack confidence in their own business skills. 12. The first thing that the consultants do in a community is to explain the benefits of ecotourism. 13 Ibarra and Suarez focus mainly on business skills training. 14 Ron Mader admires the attitude of Ibarra and Suarez to the rural 1andowners of Mexico. Reading Passage 2 High-tech Refrigeration 1 Refrigerators are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them. 2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down. 3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. 4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers. 5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law,which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second. 6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight. 7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it. 8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramani a n , o f N e x t r e m e T h e r m a l S o l u t i o n s i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a , c l a i m s t o h a v e m a d e t h e r m o e l e c t r i c r e f r i g e r a t o r s t h a t c a n s i t o n t h e b a c k o f c o m p u t e r c h i p s a n d c o o l h o t s p o t s b y 1 0 ! . A l i S h a k o u r i , o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , S a n t a C r u z , s a y s h i s a r e e v e n s m a l l e r - - s o s m a l l t h a t t h e y c a n g o i n s i d e t h e c h i p . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 2 " > 0 0 9 T h e l a s t w o r d i n c o m p u t e r c o o l i n g , t h o u g h , m a y g o t o a s y s t e m e v e n l e s s t e c h y t h a n a h e a t p u m p - - a m i n i a t u r e v e r s i o n o f a c a r r a d i a t o r . L a s t y e a r A p p l e l a u n c h e d a p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r t h a t i s c o o l e d b y l i q u i d t h a t i s p u m p e d t h r o u g h l i t t l e c h a n n e l s i n t h e p r o c e s s o r , a n d t h e n c e t o a r a d i a t o r , w h e r e i t g i v e s u p i t s h e a t t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e . T o i m p r o v e o n t h i s , I B M ' s r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y i n Z u r i c h i s e x p e r i m e n t i n g w i t h t i n y j e t s t h a t s t i r t h e l i q u i d u p a n d t h u s m a k e s u r e a l l o f i t e v e n t u a l l y t o u c h e s t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e c h a n n e l - - t h e p a r t w h e r e t h e h e a t e x c h a n g e t a k e s p l a c e . I n t h e f u t u r e , t h e r e f o r e , a c o m b i n a t i o n o f m i c r o c h a n n e l s a n d e i t h e r t h e r m o e l e c t r i c s o r p a r a e l e c t r i c s m i g h t c o o l c o m p u t e r s . T h e o l d , a s i t w e r e , h a n d i n h a n d w i t h t h e n e w . (8 3 0 w o r d s ) 0 0 Q u e s t i o n s 1 5 - 1 9 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 3 " > 0 0 C o m p l e t e e a c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a te m e n t s w i t h t h e s c i e n t i s t o r c o m p a n y n a m ef r o m t h e b o x b e l o w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 4 " > 0 0 W r i t e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l e t t e r s A - F i n b o x e s 1 5 - 1 9 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 5 " > 0 0 A . A p p l e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 6 " > 0 0 B . I B M / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 7 " > 0 0 C . I n t e l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 8 " > 0 0 D . A l e x M i s c h e n k o / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 9 " > 0 0 E . A l i S h a k o u r i / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 0 " > 0 0 F . R a m a V e n k a t a s u b r a m a n i a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 1 " > 0 0 1 5 . . . . a n d h i s r e s e a r c hg r o u p u s e p a r a e l e c t r i c f i l m a v a i l a b l e f r o m th e m a r k e t t o p r o d u c e c o o li n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 2 " > 0 0 1 6 . . . . s o l d m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s r u n n i n g a t 6 0 m c y c l e s a s e c o n d i n 1 9 9 3 . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 3 " > 0 0 1 7 . . . . s a y s t h a t h e h a s m a d e r e f r i g e r a t o r s w h i c h c a n c o o l t h e h o t s p o t s o f c o m p u t e r c h i p s b y 1 0 ! . / p > p b d s f id = " 1 2 4 " > 0 0 1 8 . . . . c l a i m s t o h a ve m a d e a r ef r ig e r a t o r s m a l l e n o u gh t o b e b ui l t i n t o a c o m p u te r c h i p . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 2 5 " > 0 0 1 9 . . . . a t t e m p t s t o p r o d u c e b e t t e r c o o l i ng i n p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r s b y s t i r r i n g u p l i q u i d w i th ti n yj e t s t o m ak e s u r e m a x i m u m h e a t e x c h a n g e . 0 Q u e s t i o n s 2 0 - 2 3 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 6 " > 0 0 D o t h e f ol l o w i n g s t a t em en t s a g r e e w i t h t h e i n fo r m a t i o n g i v e n i n t h e r e a d i n gp a s s a g e ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 7 " > 0 0 I n b o x e s 2 0 - 2 3 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t w r i t e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 8 " > 0 0 T R U E i f t h e s t a t e m e n t i s t r u e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a s s a g e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 9 " > 0 0 F A L S E i f t h e s t a t e m e n t i s f a l s e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a s s a g e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 0 " > 0 0 N O T G I V E N i f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i s n o t g i v e n i n t h e p a s s a g e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 1 " > 0 0 2 0 . P a r a e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l s c a n g e n e r a t e a c u r r e n t w h e n e l e c t r o d e s a r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 2 " > 0 0 2 1 . D r . M i s c h e n k o h a s s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d h i s l a b o r a t o r y d i s c o v e r y t o m a n u f a c t u r i n g m o r e e f f i c i e n t r e f e r i g e r a t o r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 3 " > 0 0 2 2 . D o u b l i n g t h e f r eq u e n c y o f l o g i c a l o p er a t i o ns i n s i d e a m i c r o p r o c e s s o r d o u b l e st h e h e a t ou t p u t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 34 " > 0 0 2 3 . I B M w i l l a c h i e v e b e t t e r c o m p u t e r c o o l i n g b y c o m b i n i n g m i c r o c h a n n e l s w i t h p a ra e l e c t r i c s . / p > pb d s f i d = " 1 3 5 " > 0 0 Q u e s t i o n s 2 4 - 2 7 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 6 " > 0 0 C o m p l e t e t h e n o t e s b e l o w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 7 " > 0 0 C h o o s e o n e s u i t a b l e w o r d f r o m t h e R e a d i n g P a s s a g e a b o v e f o r e ac h a n s w e r . / p > p bd s f i d = " 1 3 8 " > 0 0 W r i te y o u r a n s w e r s i n b o x e s 2 4 - 2 7 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 3 9 " > 0 0 T r a d i t i o n a l r e f r ig e r a t o r s u s e . . . 2 4 . . . p u m p s t o d r o p t e m p e r a t u r e . A t p r e s e n t , s c i e n t i s t s a r e s e a r chi n g f o r o t h e r m e t h o d s t o p r o d u c e r e f r i g e r a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n c o m p u t e r m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s . . . . 2 5 . . . m a t e r i a l s h a v e b e e n t r i e d t o g e n e r a t e t e m p e r a t u r e d r o p s f i v e t i m e s b i g g e r t h a n a n y p r e v i o u s l y r e c o r d e d . . . . 2 6 . . . e f f e c t h a s a l s ob e e n a d o p t e d b y m a n y r e s e a rc h e r s t o c o o l h o t s p o t s i n c o m p u t e r s . A m i n i a t u r e v e r s i o n o f ac a r . . . 2 7 . . . m a y a l s o b e a s y s t e m t o r e a l i z e ide a l c o m p u t e r c o o l i n g i n t h ef u t u r e . 0 0 R e a d i n gP a s s a g e 3 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > 0 0 T h e H i s t o r y o f E a r l y C i n e m a / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 0 0 T h e h i s t o r y o f t h e c i n e m a i n i t s f i r s t t h i r t y y e a r s i s o n e o f m a j o r a n d , t o t h i s d a y , u n p a r a l l e l e d e x p a n s i o n a n d g r o w t h . B e g i n n i n g a s s o m e t h i n g u n u s u a l i n a h a n d f u l o f b i g c i t i e s - N e w Y o r k , L o n d o n , P a r i s a n d B e r l i n - t h e n e w m e d i u m q u i c k l y f o u n d i t s w a y a c r o s s t h e w o r l d , a t t r a c t i n g l a r g e r a n d l a r g e r a u d i e n c e s w h e r e v e r i t w a s s h o w n a n d r e p l a c i n g o t h e r f o r m s o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t a s i t d i d s o . A s a u d i e n c e s g r e w , s o d i d t h e p l a c e s w h e r e f i l m s w e r e s h o w n , f i n i s h i n g u p w i t h t h e ' g r e a t p i c t u r e p a l a c e s ' o f t h e 1 9 2 0 s , w h i c h r i v a l l e d , a n d o c c a s i o n a l l y s u p e r s e d e d , t h e a t r e s a n d o p e r a - h o u s e s i n t e r m s o f o p u l e n c e a n d s p l e n d o u r . M e a n w h i l e , f i l m s t h e m s e l v e s d e v e l o p e d f r o m b e i n g s h o r t ' a t t r a c t i o n s ' o n l y a c o u p l e o f m i n u t e s l o n g , t o t h e f u l l -l e n g t h f e a t u r e t h a t h a s d o m i n a t e d t h e w o r l d ' s s c r e e n s u p t o t h e p r e s e n t d a y . / p >。
2014.12.20..雅思阅读考题机经分析
雅思阅读机经分析南京环球雅思教研中心-田倩 考试日期：2014年12月20日Reading Passage 1 （旧）Title: 澳洲史前人 Mungo ManQuestion types:人名理论配对 8判断 6文章大意 主要讲了澳洲史前人的研究。
过往机经参考：V091011 远古人类的住宿环境V121020 欧洲祖先的生存环境段落配标题，配对，填空，选择题（考查主旨）讲过去欧洲祖先的生活环境，极地的民族用火，用动物皮什么的，有一个cave, 科技的演化，火，在5个不同地方的区别。
部分答案人名理论配对:1.他在寻找古老的湖泊，这名Mungo 女子是被火葬的。
A2.持怀疑态度的教授对一些华师的DNA 进行了可靠的分析。
E3.教授测定的人的年龄要比62000年前年轻得多的结果。
A4.确定Mungo 人的年龄，争议了澳大利亚人的起源。
B5.在澳洲，研究小组谁先恢复生物的证据，发现了尼安德特人。
C6.年代的支持者认为澳大利亚巨型动物的灭绝是由于古代人类狩猎造成的。
D7.多区域的解释已经被提出，而不是坚持认为单一的起源。
B8.史前人类活动导致气候变化而不是巨型动物的灭绝。
A是非无判断：1.Mungo 湖仍然为考古学家提供了图解说明人类活动的证据。
TRUE2.在Mungo湖发现Mungo人使用的武器。
NOT GIVEN3.Mungo人是复杂的文化世界上已知最古老的证据之一，如埋葬仪式。
TRUE4.Mungo男人和女人的骨架被发现是在同一年。
FALSE5.科学家之间的争议是最古老智人的起源。
TRUE6.澳大利亚教授使用古老的研究方法对“走出非洲”支持者的批判。
NOT GIVEN另外，烤鸭们可参考《我预测你高分》上的机经还原文章。
难度分析历史探索类文章，难度不高，避免粗心。
判断题是雅思阅读的重头戏，但注意有时个别题目会因粗心心急定位不到和定位不准，注意明显定位词可优先定位；人名理论配对题进来较为高频，且暂时取代了填词类的考题出现在passage1,注意定位的精准和语言理解的精确性。
2014.12.4雅思真题回忆与答案解析
2014.12.4雅思考题回忆及答案解析摘要：昨天是雅思考试的日子，很多人都很好奇有哪些题目被考中或者是又有哪些新题出现了，小马过河全日制频道给大家整理了2014.12.4雅思考题回忆的全部内容，一起来看一下吧。
2014.12.4雅思考题回忆小马过河全日制频道给大家做了详细的整理，同学们千万不要错过了，这对12月6日的考试有一定的帮助。
2014.12.4雅思考题回忆/vip/ielts/20141205/324447.html?seo=wenku2014年12月4日雅思听力回忆(网友版)听力是：art fairnotice for ship leaveassignment for solving traffic jamtea tree oil2014年12月4日雅思阅读回忆(网友版)解读2014.12.4雅思阅读考题：/vip/ielts/20141205/324447.html?seo=wenku1、南非某个种族的人的历史2、Engineering and arts3、在新西兰对儿童进行的健康检查。
2014年12月4日雅思写作回忆(网友版)解读2014.12.4雅思写作考题：/vip/ielts/20141205/324447.html?seo=wenku雅思写作A类小作文线图General Motors, Ford, Honda, Toyota制造汽车所用时间。
大作文:some people say that its better to teach language students in small classes, others think the number of people does not matter. discuss and give your own opinion.2014年12月4日雅思口语回忆(网友版)1、中国农业大学room5 印度还是亚裔怪阿姨全程无表情语速快声音小英腔part 1 姓名/家乡/专业/季节/颜色各种琐碎不知是不是因为说得太少part2 最近看过的书觉得还没说够两分钟就被打断了part3 小孩大人分别喜欢什么类型的书。
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Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number oftransistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two， and then four， subunits， in order to spread the thermal load， also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon， the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials， this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely， but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice， this trick is hard to pull off， and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or， at least， than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless，Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz， says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor， and thence to a radiator， where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old， as it were， hand in hand with the new.Questions 1-5 Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect？A. Tweaking the processors？heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present，scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration， especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3： ...Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5： The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company， Intel，in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.See Paragraph 8： Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9： To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2： ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges？8. FALSESee Paragraph 5： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9： In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.See Paragraph 6： Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ？has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems？also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1： Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3： Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9： The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。