lecture 1翻译概述
lecture 1
• （4）有时候中文字面的意思表达不充分，部分信息被省 略了或被隐藏起来了。翻译时要加以拓展。例如，特区是 个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是 对外政策的窗口。有人把它翻译为：The special zone is a window. It is a widow for introducing technology, management and knowledge. It is also a window for foreign policy. 这样的翻译外国人是无法理解的，我们必 须把那些被省略了或被隐藏起来的信息都翻译出来：The special economic zones are a window opening onto the outside world. They are a window through which to bring in from abroad sophisticated technology, advanced managerial expertise and up-to-date know-hows. They are also a window through which to disseminate China’s foreign policies.
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上述各种能力和意识的培养，可以通过不同的 具体途径来实现。
• （1）深刻认识翻译的重要性。翻译的对与错、好 与坏有时会产生绝然不同的效果。例如，把海南 岛的“天涯海角”翻译成了“the End of the World（世界末日）”（应为Land’s End / End of the Earth）。再如某航空公司广告中的承诺 “一小时内免费送机票上门”被译成了“We give you tickets free of charge within one hour.（一小 时内送免费机票上门。）”（应为We offer free delivery of your air tickets within one hour after your booking confirmation.）。
lecture_1__翻译概论
3) In terms of the media by which translation is done: oral, written and machine 从翻译的手段来分类，翻译可分为口译（oral interlingual translation）、笔译(written interlingual translation) 和机器翻译 (machine translation)； 4) In terms of the subject matter: 从翻译的题材来分类，翻译可分为专业文献翻译(translation of English for science and technology)、文学翻译(literary translation)和一般性翻译(practical writing translation)； 5）In terms of the manner: 从翻译的处理方式来分类，翻译可分为全译（full translation）、 摘译（partial translation）和编译（translation plus editing）。
E-C and C-E Translation Basics
英汉-汉英翻译基础
Lecture 1
Introduction to Translation
I. What is Translation?
1. A story of translation in Bible Long long ago, all the people speak the same language . When they transferred to the east, they found a plain and then lived there. They decided to build a tall tower, so that it can stretch to the heaven and they can live in the heaven. When Jesus saw this, he was afraid that if all the people speak the same language, they can do everything they want. So Jusus went down from the heaven and confused their languages so they couldn’t communicate with each other and they didn’t finish the Bable Tower. Since then, people lived in different places and spoke different languages. Hence comes the translation.
lecture的意思用法大全
lecture的意思用法大全lecture的意思n. 演讲,训斥，教训vi. 作演讲vt. 给…作演讲,教训(通常是长篇大论的)变形：过去式: lectured; 现在分词：lecturing; 过去分词：lectured;lecture用法lecture可以用作名词lecture主要指教育性或学术性“演讲”,引申可指“冗长的训斥或谴责”。
lecture是可数名词,其后接介词on或about ,意为“关于…的演讲”“就…做演讲”“因…训斥或谴责某人”。
lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture用作名词的用法例句She ran over her notes before giving the lecture.她讲课前把讲稿匆匆看了一遍。
His lecture covered various aspects of language.他的讲课涉及到语言诸方面的问题。
They could not follow the lecture.他们听不懂这次演讲。
lecture可以用作动词lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture也可用作及物动词,意思是“向…讲演,给…讲课”,接名词或代词作宾语。
lecture还可作“责备”“教训”“训斥”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。
“因…而受到训斥”可说lecture sb for n./v -ing。
lecture用作动词的用法例句It was a shame for me to be lectured in front of the whole class.当着整个班级的面被训斥了一顿，真让我感到羞辱。
He lectured to his students on modern writers.他给学生们讲了关于现代作家的一课。
Lecture 1 翻译与商务翻译
第1页课题Lecture 1 Introduction to translation andBusiness English translation授课时数2授课类型Lecture教学目的1.To let students know some basic knowledge of translation;2.To have a good command of feature of business English and criteria of itstranslation;教学重点1.Six features of business English;2.translation criteria of business English: faithfulness, idiomaticness andconsistency;教学难点Idiomaticness的准确含义；主要︵知识︶语言点1.You-attitude;2.Consideration;3.Idiomaticness,;4.Faithfulness;5.Consistency教学过程︵学时分配︶Period 1Step 1 IntroductionI. Objectives1.To translate business information and materials from English into Chineseand vice versa;2.To grasp translation skills focusing on business information;3.To emphasize the translation of business letters, advertising and contractsand so on.Ⅱ. Course Requirements1.Attendance;2.Written Assignments;3.In-class ExercisesⅢ. Summary of GradingAttendance 10 %Written Assignments: 20 %In-class Exercises: 10 %Final Written Examination 60 %Total: 100%Grading Procedure1．Attendance: You can lose points for things like being late often, notanswering questions, not working well with a group, or sleeping in class.附记或教学说明第2页教学过程︵学时分配︶2．Homework and class work: you may have a homework assignment to turn in, class activity to do.3．Final Exam：Your favorite part of the course! The final exam is a big part of your total grade. Don’t worry! I’m not here to make you suffer!We are on the same team! Let’s work together!I don’t expect you to like every part of the course, but I expect you to doyour best in the c ourse. It’s my job as a teacher to provide a goodlearning atmosphere. There are some times when we will have to spendextra time to translate in class, because this is a translating class.Ⅳ. Rules-Turn off cell phones.- Respect each other.- Do not cheat.Step 2 PresentationⅠBasic knowledge about translation1. Definition of Translationa. a linguistic activity to produce the meaning and style of the source textin another language;b. a trans-cultural communicative activity;Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (E. A. Nida)(翻译就是译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文格。
Lecture 1翻译概述
What is a good translation?
I am sure that it would change the situation if you are kind enough to lend support to me.
我相信如果你有足够的好心支持我的话，它将会 改变形势。 【译文】 我相信如果你非常好心能撑我一把的 话，情况就不一样了。
情书 绝交信 坚硬的岩石 艰难岁月 冷酷的笑 辛苦的工作 / 努力工作 严寒的冬天 对某人严厉 认真思考 让人难以回答的问题
Forms
oral translation written translation computer-aided / machine translation
2. Basic Differences between Chinese & English
2．The president stood there, hat in hand, begging ． congress(国会 for their votes. 国会) 国会
a.总统站在那里手里拿着礼帽，乞求国会投他的票。 a.总统站在那里手里拿着礼帽，乞求国会投他的票。 总统站在那里手里拿着礼帽 总统立在那里， 毕恭毕敬地请求国会议员投赞成票。 b. 总统立在那里 ， 毕恭毕敬地请求国会议员投赞成票 。
3. Criteria of translation Yan Fu’s three-character criterion of translation
“信” 信 Being faithful to the original（忠实于原文） “达” Being explicit and smooth（明白晓畅） “雅” Being elegant in diction (words)（措辞的优雅）
lecture 翻译
lecture 翻译基本解释●lecture：讲座，演讲，训诫●/ˈlektʃər/●n. 演讲，讲课，训诫●v. 演讲，讲课，训诫变化形式●n. 复数形式：lectures●v. 第三人称单数：lectures●过去式：lectured●过去分词：lectured●现在分词：lecturing具体用法●●n.:o演讲，讲课o同义词：speech, talk, address, presentation, discourse o反义词：silence, quiet, hush, muteness, stillnesso例句：●The professor gave a lecture on the history of art that lastedfor two hours, and it was both informative and engaging.●教授进行了一个关于艺术史的讲座，持续了两个小时，既有信息量又引人入胜。
●During the lecture, the students took notes diligently, tryingto capture every important detail the lecturer mentioned.●在讲座期间，学生们认真地做笔记，试图记录下讲师提到的每一个重要细节。
●The guest speaker delivered a lecture on climate change,emphasizing the urgent need for global cooperation.●客座演讲者就气候变化进行了演讲，强调了全球合作的紧迫性。
●After the lecture, there was a lively Q&A session wherestudents asked insightful questions.●讲座结束后，有一个活跃的问答环节，学生们提出了有见地的问题。
lecture 1 翻译介绍Introduction-lj
By Liu Jian from NBUT
Teaching Plan
• • • • • • • • • • Teaching Contents: An introduction to the course of translation Teaching Aims: To make students aware of the notion of “translation”. Teaching Focus: The nature of the translation Teaching Methods: Lecturing and discussion Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided
3. Understanding of translation from diverse perspectives
1) From the linguistic point of view: translation is, first of all, a transfer of language.（Form） （ ）
（3）Translation is reproducing the meaning of one language in another language so as to communicate with the people speaking different languages. Meanwhile people can exchange ideas, transmit culture awareness, stimulate social civilization, especially stimulate the development and prospect of the culture of the target language.
Lecture 1 英汉翻译概论
第三，步兵由于负载很重，就“完全不能遵守时间表”这 样表述有一定的问题。负载很重所导致的结果应该是“不 能够按照时间表的要求行动”才更合乎逻辑，或者简而言 之，“根本无法行动”。
接下来就是润饰阶段，在这一阶段，译者要 根据原文句子所表达的意义及其逻辑关系， 参照译文的惯用表达方式及逻辑思维模式对 译文一进行调整。这一阶段对于能否给出高 质量译文非常关键。具体说来，本阶段可以 采取以下步骤：
第一，“负载很重的”这一短语实际上是步兵完全不能够 遵守时间表的原因所在，因此将该短语置于“完全不能遵 守时间表”之前比较恰当，同时，在“负载很重”之前增 加“由于”一词表示原因，就比较顺畅的了。
按照这四个原则对“句坯”进行搭配调整之 后就可以使所得的句子成为定型的句子。
F. 最后一个步骤是润饰词语。润饰词语需遵循以下 原则：【1】统观全局，包括词、词组、句、语段 以及语篇，拙词、拗句是在对译文的全局性的审读 中才能发现。通读全句、全段乃至全篇，拙词拗句 往往能在衬托、比映中相形见绌，引起语感障碍而 得以改正。【2】遵循准确、地道、隽美、专业的 标准对词语进行润饰。“精确”功在达意，“地道” 功在行文，能够消除翻译腔，使行文符合目的语习 惯，更易于接受，“隽秀”功在风韵，“专业”能 使专业人士乐于接受你的译文。未经润饰的词语章 句有一些通病，如词不切意，文不顺理；用词粗糙 芜杂，造句生硬梗塞。这时就需要我们给以润饰， 将“句坯”“抛光”，在琢磨推敲中使译文达到准 确、地道、隽美、专业的要求。在英译汉中尤其要 特别注意汉语虚词的用法，去掉误用、拙用或赘用 的虚词。
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Christiane Nord
• ―Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.‖
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
― It is sometimes said that there is no
task more complex than translation --- a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only need to know their source language well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any
Peter Newmark
• Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. • (Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.
奈达定义的三个优点
• 明确地说明了要译的是什么（信息 message） • 暗示了由于语言文化上的差异，原文和 译文只能做到相对的对等（closest） • 考虑了译文的可接受性
Some Definitions by Modern Translation Theorists
Teaching Plan
翻译可作如下界定： 用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料 对等地再现另一种语言（出发语）的文本材料.
• 3) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
Catford
• Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in other language (TL).
The nature of translation
• • • A. When referred to a subject of curriculum, translation is a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to abide by. B. When referred to some specific pieces of translation, it is like an art, with each piece manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator; C. When referred to a process, in which something is translated, it is a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Besides it entails a lot of practice--particular craftsmanship and skills which are displayed by touches of different translators.
Definitions of translation
• 1) Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
• • • • • • • • • • • Teaching Contents: An introduction to the course of translation Teaching Aims: To make students aware of what the course is about. Teaching Focus: The nature of the translation and the way to learn translation Teaching Methods: Discussion (group work, then class work). Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures:
Definitions of translation
译文应完全复写出原作的思想。译文的风格和笔调 应与原语的性质相同。译文应像原文一样通顺流畅。 • 4) Translation is reproducing the meaning of one language in another language so as to communicate with the people speaking different languages. Meanwhile people can exchange ideas, transmit culture awareness, stimulate social civilization, especially stimulate the development and prospect of the culture of the target language. 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以 达到沟通思想情感、传播文化意识、促进社会文明，特别 是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
Step 1
Questions for discussion
1. What is translation? 2. What is the nature of translation? 3. How many categories do you think translation can be divided into, and what are they? 4. What are the characteristics of translation? Describe it in detail, please. 5. What are we going to learn in this course? 6. What is translation theory and what are translation techniques? What is the relationship between them? 7. Which is easier, translating or speaking and writing? 8. As a translator, what competence should you have? Can you describe it in detail? 9. How can we learn the course well?
Jean Sager
• ―Translation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communication.‖
吕俊
• ―翻译是一种跨文化的信息 交流与交换活动，其本质 是传播，是传播学中一个 有特殊性质的领域。”
沈苏儒
• ―翻译是把具有某一文化背景的 发送者用某种语言（文字）所表 达的内容尽可能充分地、有效地 传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、 具有另一种文化背景的接受者。”
张今
• ―翻译是两个语言社会(language community) 之间的交际过程和交际 工具，它的目的主要是促进本语言 社会的政治、经济和文化进步，它 的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世 界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无 损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言 中去。”