行政生态学2(Administrative ecology 2)

行政生态学2（Administrative ecology 2）行政生态学2(Administrative ecology 2)Administrative ecology is to use ecological theory and methods of public administration research results, the basic theory and methods of the relationship and interaction between the subject and its borrowing ecology environment, to study the relationship between administrative system and social environment, through a simulation ecosystem to study the ecological administrative system of [i]. A very important concept of administrative ecology is the administrative ecological environment. Administrative ecological environment is also borrowed from the concept of ecology, from the administrative and ecological environment to explore the relationship between administrative law, that a country's administrative management and its ecological environment is closely related. From the objective social environment and the relationship between administrative management, first of all, the main body of administrative management exists in a certain environment. The behavior of civil servants is not only affected by internal physiological and psychological factors, but also affected by external social environment and natural environment. The administrative organization is a subsystem of the larger social system, which presents a series of objective requirements and supports or restrictions to theadministrative organizations, and the administrative organizations provide services for the environment. Secondly, the administrative goallies in the requirements of environmental improvement and the possible conditions provided by the environment, at the same time it reflects the government's active transformation of the environment. Practice has proved that recognizing the environment, is the premise of correct understanding of administrative nature,functions, principles, methods, behavior and government institutions of self construction and the operation of the law, but also an important prerequisite for administrative reform, improve administrative efficiency. Administrative ecological environment including social economic structure, cultural background, historical tradition, ideology, social system, population structure, natural geography, the impact of these factors on the administration is enormous, even is irresistible. Among them, the political ecological environment, economic ecological environment and cultural ecological environment play a major role in administrative management. [ii].A sudden crisis of SARS not only to the daily administration of the government brings a great challenge, but also a profound impact on the whole society such as economy, culture and people's normal social life: people who travel less hot weather, many people wearing masks, Zuogongjiaoche people less, many people ride a bike this is not the only one. These factors, in turn, will affect the administrative behavior of the government. In this crisis, the Chinese government has made many important decisions striking against SARS, analysis from the perspectiveof administrative ecology, affect the ecological environment factors of these decisions are mainly in the following three aspects: First, political factors, including international political factors and domestic political factors. Any government should adhere to a principle in the face of crisis: in the face of economic interests and the safety of people's lives, the latter should always be higher than the former. This is also the theoretical knowledge that any civilized society should have.The Chinese government in April 20th, the original five days announced an epidemic to published once a day, and the WHO's practices, truthfully report the epidemic around all over the world, won the praise of experts and WHO, to establish a good image in the eyes of the world Chinese. China have a saying: how I do not know their. So it is with the government. Only a government with good faith can win the trust of the people and be supported by the people so as to establish its prestige and achieve long-term development. Objectively speaking, the decision made by the Chinese government has a lot to do with the international political environment and the domestic political environment. Here, we mainly talk about the international environment. After the SARS crisis, due to various reasons, "at the early stage of the outbreak, we were not aware of the seriousness of the epidemic.". There are defects in the public health system, the organizational command is not unified, and the information channels are not smooth,...... Our prevention and control work has been a bit passive for some time." (Vice Premier and Ministerof health Wu Yi spoke at the Geneva World Conference on health), the disease spread to Hongkong and Taiwan, Singapore, especially in Canada and the United States, it has aroused wide attention of theinternational community, the WHO was invited to intervene, governments and foreign companies have canceled the Beijing conference and tourism, And asked their citizens, foreign students and non essential embassy personnel to return home and so on, all this has finally turned the SARS issue into a disguised international sanctions". Foreign media such as France, Britain, Canada, the United States media criticism China government did not handle the SARSepidemic situation, foreign political leaders have to cancel or postpone the visit to China, all of which are not likely to have a certain degree not our government decision-making influence. And the positive reaction of the international community after the decisive decision taken by the Chinese government has provided a certain degree of affirmation for our country to continue to implement this decision. As Stephen, Morgan Stanley's chief economist at Roach Stanley, theworld's leading investor, sees in the report entitled "China's vigilance", "China's leaders have come up against the crisis.", Reflects their new and independent leadership skills. After the SARS crisis, China will become more mature and powerful".Secondly, economic factors, including international economic factors and domestic economic factors. Among them, the international economic factors, including the impact of SARS on the international economy andSARS, the impact of international investment on China's economy two. We are here mainly talking about the latter. After the outbreak of the Sars crisis, some international organizations and some countries regard China as a epidemic area, and investors' confidence in investment has declined. Some investment projects and original projects have been postponed. This is to have some side effects to attract foreign investment in China, one of the hardest hit by the SARS Guangdong, Beijing, is a global electronic, optical, automotive, clothing supply center, which willaffect the overseas manufacturers and investors in China's confidence. According to foreign reports, some European and American manufacturers are pondering whether to disperse procurement and OEM manufacturing to central and South America to reducetheir dependence on Chinese manufacturing. Some experts pointed out that the impact of SARS on China's foreign investment is even greater than the Asian financial crisis and 9.11[iii]. These are the adverse effects of SARS on China's economy in terms of international investment. From the domestic economic factors, first of all, SARS has a greatimpact on China's tourism industry; secondly, China's aviation industry is also facing challenges. Many flights were forced to be cancelled and the number of passengers dropped, which would affect the revenues of our airline industry. Third, the impact of SARS on China's tourism industry has spread to restaurants, retail and other service industries. Fourth, from an indirect point of view, atypical pneumonia has brought about a heavy psychological burden, which has affected our country's foreigntrade and foreign trade. In general, a relationship with the flowindustry impact is relatively large, such as traffic, including aviation, railway, automobile, including tourism, catering, entertainment,including exhibition, these effects will be relatively large, whileother industries are relatively small, some industries, such as medicine, including the medical service. This may have some role in promoting. According to the State Council Development Research Center of theMinistry of macroeconomic research expert analysis, the impact of the epidemic on the annual GDP of 0.5 to 1.2 percentage points [iv]. The effect of SARS on the most serious China economy, or in terms of employment, according to CCTV quoted a government researchers said, affected by atypical pneumonia (SARS) epidemic, unemployment China more than 8 million people, compared to the end of 2002 increased by nearly 1 times. These are the adverse effects of SARS on China's economy. Of course, to see these adverse effects at the same time, should also see China's economy because of its favorable factorscharacteristics to resist the adverse effects, including small proportion of tourism revenue accounted for only 0.2% of GDP in our country, is not enough to have a substantial impact on China's economy; China GDP accounted for more than half the manufacturing industry the manufacturing industry, is not affected by SARS, automobile manufacturing, chip and other industries are good; because most agricultural products sold nearby, accounted for 1/7 of agricultural GDP may from the impact of SARS; the Chinese economic network were notdamaged; although the real estate industry is likely to decline, butfive percent of GDP for the construction industry has not been a recession signal etc.. Moreover, the SARS outbreak Chinese when theworld authoritative economic research institutions and the media and groups of Chinese economy generally optimistic that "SARS interferenceis limited to the second quarter," Chinese economy has not lost luster, the SARS crisis will soon die "," SARS hinder not high growth "China economy, on the one hand Chinese is because of the huge market capacity and cheap labor force and increasingly improve the investment environment to attract foreign capital strength, on the other hand, because of the special test in the fight against SARS, the government Chinese the doings won the world's trust and respect, as chairman of the Executive Committee of the American Chamber of commerce Steve? Van Andel said:" the attitude and quickly, complete response for the government of this field China epidemic showed There was no parallel in history.,trade partners, will help employers and investors to establish a letter Heart, and all this will make China's economy continue to maintain the momentum of growth." In the process of China government in the fight against SARS, also issued a series ofpolicies to stimulate the economy, Chinese financial performance, many initiatives are linked together, at one time, effectively ensurethe central in the very period of "grasping (one hand grasping the prevention and treatment of SARS, economic development strategy)". Including very attractive to civil aviation, tourism, commerce, catering,taxi and other shoufeidianyiqing influence industry, will take the reduction of administrative fees and appropriate tax incentives and other measures to give the necessary policy support, which ease the plight of recovery for these industries, employment would play a very active role. On the whole,The overall impact of SARS on China's economy is the decisive factor for our government to make and implement these measures. It is also a positive result of the two-way interaction between the economic environment and government actions.Finally, the quality of citizenship factors. As the service object of government activities, citizen quality plays a vital role in government activities. In turn, the government activities also have a negative effect on the quality of citizens. Through this SARS incident, this point is very obvious. Objectively speaking, in the SARS crisis, the ability of our citizens to deal with emergencies has been greatly tested. Social consciousness, scientific literacy, legal sense and self organizing ability...... These constitute the basic elements of the quality of modern citizens, in the face of SARS hit a special moment, have been tested and challenged. There is no scientific knowledge, ignorance of SARS may lead to excessive fear, and may thus lead to a group of incorrect discrimination; if there is no need for self organizationability, the local epidemic situation, may cause widespread panic and confusion. Some time ago appeared in parts of the "buy" vinegar andsalt have adequate supply of daily necessities, and some traders took the opportunity to price gouging practice, is not a good sign. There have been recent cases of avoidance of family members of doctors and nurses, or the irrationality of passengers who do not allow buses to stop near hospitals. Even in some areas also appeared large-scale epidemic areas to flee epidemic and invalid traffic incident. Although a few things, but it is necessary to draw attention to. These phenomena reflect the public awareness of our society needs to be improved. As a civilized society of citizens should be aware that every citizen is a member of the society, have the responsibility and obligation to safeguard public safety, public affairs should be treated in a cooperative manner, maintaining public security and public order of society, to public affairs, public security, public order can have a non cooperative attitude, go ahead. The individual citizen should not only ask the society to give him public security, but he will threaten or destroy public security intentionally or unintentionally. The current SARS epidemic is a challenge to the whole society, and is closelyrelated to every citizen. It depends on the enhancement of public awareness and active participation in [v]. In the face of some unsatisfactory places in the society, the government should strengthen public awareness, strengthen social control in a timely and effective manner, and shoulder the responsibility of safeguarding public security and public affairs. In particular, in order to adapt to the social needs of the information age and the masses' informed demands, the governmentshould improve the transparency of information in respect of public affairs,respect the people's right to know and release SARS in a timely manner. The illegal behavior of others in society, such as blocking traffic, the government should take decisive measures to stop or even punish. From the Chinese government in the recent performance, could have done this, including the introduction of "public health emergency regulations", the epidemic reporting and information disclosure problems, made specific provisions on liability, false, concealed or other duties ineffective, punishment is severe: the main person in charge governments at all levels shall be subject to administrative sanctions, orwithdrawal or reduction; more serious, should undertake the criminal responsibility "[vi] in accordance with the law; and for the governmentin violation of the provisions of the price, especially to hoarding and profiteering up prices, disrupt the market order of the illegal operators, the relevant departments will be based on the State Food and Drug Administration and other five ministries Bureau in April 21st issued" on the strengthening of the prevention and treatment of atypical pneumonia and drug supervision and management work of the emergency notice ", according to law, shall be given a heavier punishment for intentional; Whoever spreads the infectious disease pathogens, endangers public security, causes serious injury or death, or causes heavy losses to public or private property, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years, life imprisonment or deathpenalty. This is China's Supreme People's court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate announced in May 14th on the handling of several issues concerning the application of law impairing the prevention and control of outbreaks of infectious diseases and other disasters Criminal Cases Interpretation of the provisions of the. According to this provision, the prevention and cure of SARS issued false advertising will violate the criminal law, the dumping of waste emissions containing pathogens of infectious diseases caused by the sudden spread of infectious diseases can be sentenced to 3 to 7 years, by preventing "SARS" price gouging by criminal law penalties against SARS in production and sales of counterfeit products will be subject to heavy penalties, make up the spread of epidemic situation of infectious diseases the most terrible information may be sentenced to 5 years of [vii]. These government policies are standard measures, do some unfair phenomenon in our society because of various reasons including the quality of citizens, resulting in turn said, these measures to strengthen the government and the people's communication, to quell rumors, stable people, and regulate people's behaviors, the crisis of citizens settled as soon as possible panic and confusion, enhance the ability of citizens when faced with crisis reaction and coping ability, Should be talking about a very positive role.To sum up, because "the administrative ecological environment is the sum of the various conditions related to the administrative system", [viii], in order to analyze the government's behavior, we must closelyintegrate the various conditions related to the administrative system. The US of government actions taken by Chinese government in the SARS event and the administrative ecological environment in the political, economic and civic quality three factors analysis, a very close relation we can see the two. This suggests that we must in the formulation of public policy in consideration of environmental factors, the consideration of environmentalfactors comprehensively, public policy implementation will drag smaller, due to unfavorable factors caused by the loss will be a bit less, which will have a greater extent to the support of the people. On the other hand, if the environmental factor is not considered enough, even the environmental factor is not taken into consideration, the decision-maker can only shoulder all the negative consequences. In conclusion, to analyze the human crisis from the perspective of administrative ecology, can make us more profound understanding to the interactive relationship between administrative system andadministrative ecological environment, so as to make corresponding preparations from the system, material, spiritual and psychological, so that once the crisis occurs, you can quickly enter for state and do analysis to develop measures for environment and adjust the strategy in time, this is not only for our government's ability to govern a test, is an opportunity to improve and promote the optimization of the administrative system, we should seize this opportunity, in the process of struggle and crisis continue to evolve and improve, to fight this warwithout smoke the war. The pain is still undetermined pain, a series of measures in the government in the past the crisis is taken, to analyzethe reasons, results and advantages and disadvantages, will help us to take more effective measures to further improve the government's ability.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------[1] Cui Yuluan, female, College of law and politics of East China Normal University, political science graduate students--------------------------------------------------------------------------------[i] Tang Xinglin, Riggs's administration ecology theory, Journal of Shanghai Administration College, 2000, third, forty-fourth pages [ii] Yang Xin, administration ecology environment and modern city administration, special economic zone theory and practice, 1995, issue ninth, fiftieth pages[iii] Yu Hai, the impact of SARS on foreign trade is greater thanthe Asian financial crisis and 9.11, Xinhuanet, Beijing, June 2 [iv] Zhang Liqun Li Jianwei Lu Zhongyuan, "SARS may make the annual economic growth slowed down 0.5 - 1.2% -- on" SARS "on the economicimpact of the preliminary analysis and suggestion", "China economic times", June 3, 2003[v] people's network reporter Zhang Yulai, "prevention and treatmentof SARS: to have a sense of law, public awareness", people's network,May 7, 2003[vi], Lu Bing, "fight SARS: public health emergency response mechanism", "Southern Weekend", May 8, 2003[vii] Tian min, Li Shufeng, judicial interpretation of criminal cases of infectious diseases, Xinhua, May 15, 2003[viii] Wang Huning, administrative ecology analysis,thirty-first pages, Fudan University press, 1989 edition.。