《英语演讲与辩论》期末考试复习重点

《英语演讲与辩论复习重点》
一、三种演讲的定义
Introductory speech: The speech is written in manuscript form and is designed to fulfill two purposes.The first is to give you a brief, initial exposure to speaking before an audience.The second is to provide a piece of original prose that can be used to help diagnose your strengths and weakness as a writer.
Informative speech:is the one in which the speaker provide the audience with new and/or useful information about a significant topic. Persuasive speech: This is a speech designed to persuade the audience for or against a question or policy.
二、演讲稿三大板块
1、Introduction
①Relate topic to the audience
②Present the topic to the audience
③Attract attention
④Build credibility
⑤Present main points
2、Conclusion——sum up
3、Body
Informative speech
1)Visual aids
Kinds of visual aid
a.Objects and models
b.Photographs and drawings
c.Graphs
d.Charts
e.Videos
f.The speaker
g.PowerPoint
Tips for preparing visual aids
a.Keep visual aids simple
b.Make sure visual aids are large enough
e fonts that are easy to read
e color effectively
2)Organization pattern
a.Chronological order 时间顺序
b.Spacial order 空间顺序
c.Topical order 话题顺序
Persuasive speech
1)Question of fact
话题顺序
2)Question of value
3)Question of policy（passive agreement & immediate action)
a.Problem-solution pattern order 问题出路法
b. Problem-cause-solution order 问题成因出路法
c. Comparative advantages order 优惠对比法(pros&cons ）
d. Motivated sequence 动机序列法
(seek immediate action and more detailed ）
Five steps of motivated sequence
i. Attention
ii. Need ‘
iii. Satisfaction
iv. Visualization
v. Action
三、Supporting material 的运用 （分析题会用到）
Problems:
1. Foreign languages,foreign laws,customs and regulations
2. Exchange rates varies
3. Numerous cultural differences
4. First-hand accurate information is comparatively hard to obtain. 简单例证 1. Examples 延展例证 假设
⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧
Brief example
Extended example Hypothetical example
2. Statistics
.
a. Use representative statistics
b. Identify the sources of statistics
c. Use statistics from reliable sources
d. Round off complicated statistics
e. Explain statistics
f. Use visual aids to clarify statistics
3. Testimony a. Decide whether to quote or paraphrase
b. Quote or paraphrase accurately
c. Use testimony from qualified sources
⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧Single statistics Multiple statistics ⎪⎩⎪⎨
⎧Expert Peel
e.Identify the people you quote or paraphrase
四、简答
1、Intercultural competence
2、Mental dialogue
3、使用visual aids 的好处`
4、为什么确定specific purpose特别重要
5、为什么道德标准很重要
五、Methods of persuasion
1.Building credibility
1)Factors of credibility
petence
b.Character
2)Enhancing your credibility
a.Explain your competence
b.Establish common ground with your audience
c.Deliver your speeches fluently.expressively and with conviction
ing evidence
e specific evidence
e novel evidence(新颖的）
d.Make clear the point of your evidence
3.Reasoning(is a process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of
evidence）
1)Reasoning from specific instance
(from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion）（归纳）
a.Avoid generalizing too hastily
b.Make sure the instances you present are fair, unbiased and
representative.
c.Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony.
2)Reasoning from principle
( from a general principle to a specific conclusion)（演绎）
注意：
Causal reasoning
Analogical reasoning
Fallacies
a.Red herring 转移话题（熏青鱼）
（A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion)
b.Ad Hominem 人身攻击
(A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute)
c.Bandwagon 主流思想谬误
(A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular,it is therefore good,correct or desirable)
d.Slippery slope 斜坡谬误（不合理地使用连串的因果关系）(A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented)
4.Appealing to emotions
(When persuasion is the end, passion also must be engaged)
1)Using emotional language
2)Developing vivid examples
3)Speaking with sincerity and conviction
4)Make sure it is appropriate and ethical。