科技英语阅读与翻译2

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EST科技英语

⏹ 1 The classical Greek civilization knew of seven metals: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin,lead and mercury.⏹在古希腊文明社会里，人们已经知道使用金银铜铁锡铅和水银七种金属。

⏹ 2 Now we have a better understanding of Einstein’s special theory of relativity afterattending a series of lectures on the topic.⏹参加了一系列相关讲座后，我们加深了对爱因斯坦狭义相对论的理解.⏹ 3 The holographic image (全息照片）must be viewed by looking directly through the film.Consequently，the size of the film limits the size of the audience that may view it at one time.⏹全息图像一定要直接透过底片才能观看。

因此，底片的尺寸使同时观看的人数受到限制。

⏹ 4 Sodium hydroxide （氢氧化钠）is a strong base.⏹氢氧化钠是一种强碱。

⏹ 5 The half-lives of certain radioactive substances are very long.⏹某些放射性物质的半衰期很长。

⏹ 6. Friction is usually the main cause of wear.⏹摩擦是造成磨损的主要原因。

⏹7.A body will expand when heated and contract when cooled.⏹物体热胀冷缩。

⏹8. They got a heavy fine due to the breach of the contract.⏹由于违反了合同，他们受到了巨额罚款。

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译

Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。

对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。

特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。

科技英语阅读翻译

1all elements are composed of scattered units called atoms,which are the smallest particles than show the characteristics of the element. atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged elements ,and electrically neutral neutrons. protons and neutrons, which have almost the same mass,are clustered in the nucleus in the middle of the atom. electrons,which are tiny in comparison to the other units, move around the nucleus at high speed. atoms that have the same number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. those that have got or lost electrons,and therefor are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.所有的元素都称为原子的散射单元，这是比显示的元件的特性的最小的颗粒组成。

原子是微小单位的物质组成的带正电的质子，带负电荷的元件和电中性的中子。

质子和中子，它们具有几乎相同的质量，聚集在细胞核内的原子在中间。

的电子，这在其他单位相比是微小的，围绕原子核高速移动。

具有相同的电子和质子数的原子是电中性的。

科技英语阅读李健答案

科技英语阅读李健答案【篇一：科技英语阅读(李健版)翻译u3】物的适应性植物为了生存也必须像人类和动物一样适应周边的环境。

生存就意味着竞争，我们很难想象植物之间的竞争，但它往往又存在的。

首先，不同的植物之间会争夺阳光、空气、土壤和水。

其次，植物也会与那些吃它或者威胁到它生存环境的人类和动物竞争。

再次，植物所处的环境也可能也是有敌对性的或者不利于植物生长的。

怎样才能有足够的阳光、水分、空气和土壤？气温的冷热就是植物生长的主要因素吗？光对于植物来说是最基本的，尤其是对于绿色植物来说。

绿色植物在光下能制造养分——这是一种被称为光合作用的过程，而光也能影响水分蒸发的速率和花的形成。

温度也是必须考虑的因素。

对于大多数植物来说，所处的温度低于一度或者高于四十三度都将对其造成严重的损伤甚至死亡。

而温度也直接影响了种子的萌芽以及开花，当然温度也决定了它们的地理分布。

没有水植物也是无法生存的。

有些植物的生长过程需要大量的水分，因此潮湿的空气、大量的降水以及溪流湖泊和湿润的土壤对于植物都是重要的。

大多数植物需要有足够空气。

大气中所包含的一些必要的气体包括：氧气、二氧化碳、水蒸气和氮气。

空气移动所产生的风对于植物也有很大影响。

风有助于传播花粉、孢子和种子从而将它们播种在各种地方，但强风也有可能折断或者损害植物，尤其是大树。

而大风吹走了一些有养分的土壤，也会加快水分的蒸发甚至使植物缺水。

土壤对于陆生植物来说是必不可少的。

大部分植物生长在自然土壤里：其中包含着它的湿度、酸度、矿物成分、含氧量。

植物生长也会受到其他竞争生物的影响。

它必须能适应寄生菌、饥饿的鸟类、牛羊等食用叶子的动物，但植物也需要动物帮助传播花粉以及播洒种子。

有树叶和枝干的树以及灌木向我们展示了它们的适应性，这也告诉了我们植物是怎样获得最大量的光和空气的。

和那些山毛榉树、榆树、橡树、苹果树和栗子树一样，它们有一些芽最初是垂直生长的然而另一些却变成了水平生长。

为了能得到最多的阳光，一些垂直生长的枝芽会螺旋缠绕生长以至于不会遮挡到自己下边的叶子。

section2 1-4科技英语阅读与翻译

1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。

科技英语的翻译——02 专业词汇的构成

专业词汇的构成1.词汇的分类专业英语文献中的专业词汇（或科技词汇）一般分为三类：技术词、半技术词和非技术词（或普通词）。

技术词（technical word）指科技术语，用以记录和表达科学技术专门领域的现象、过程、特性、关系、状态、数量等，意义单纯，只有一种专业含义，如bandwidth, flip-flop, microprocessor, rectification。

半技术词（semi-technical words）是指跨学科出现的频率很高的词，在不同的专业领域含有不同的精确含义，如power, carrier等。

非技术词是指在非专业英语中很少使用，却严格属于非专业英语性质的词汇，如application, implementation, to yield 等。

非技术词和普通词（尤其是其中的功能词，如限定词、介词、连词等）词频最高，半技术词出现得最多，词汇覆盖面最大，而技术词词频最低，出现率最小。

２．词汇的构成科技英语词汇中有很大一部分符合构词法。

科技英语构词法主要包括：派生、复合、转化、拼缀、缩略等，下面分别予以介绍。

(1) 派生（derivation）法是通过在原有词或词根的基础上加前缀或（和）后缀而构成新词。

前缀通常用以修饰或改变词意，后缀显示词性。

科技英语中以这一方法构成的新词最多，可以说俯拾皆是，如antiparticle （反粒子），antineutron （反中子），antibody （抗体）；autocorrelation （自相关）等。

需要指出的是以V+er/or 构成的词，有许多是指某一仪器而不指人，如semicorrelator （自相关器），conductor （导体），holder （支架/托）等，这一点译者应留意。

表2.1-2.4分别列出电子与通信专业常用的前后缀及词根。

表2.1 常用前缀表2.2 表示数量关系的常用前缀表2.3 常用后缀表 2.4 常用词根(2) 复合(composition)法是由两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列，以构成新词，其词性可以是形容词、名词、代词、动词、副词等。

科技英语阅读与翻译资料句子翻译

Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。

For this reason,computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information,and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。

It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job.对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器。

The program,or part of it,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in place called memory.计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。

A computer can replace people in dull,routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了；但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。

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Exercise
Smoking is harmful to the health of people. World government should conduct serious campaigns against it. Restrictions on cigarette advertisements, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theaters, cinemas and restaurants, are most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing （抑制，束缚） smoking. 吸烟有害健康，世界各国政府应该开展认真的反对吸烟运动。限制香烟广告，每包香烟上加印吸烟有害健康的警告，以及禁止在诸如影剧院和餐饮等公共场所吸烟。这些都是许多国家用以支持不吸烟者和控制吸烟最常用的办法。
第1章科技英汉翻译基础
⑥经常使用长难句； Various machine parts can be washed very clean and will be as clean as new ones when they are treated by ultrasonic waves, no matter how dirty and irregularly shaped they may be. 各种机器零件无论多么脏，也不管形状多么不规则，当把它们用超声波处理后，都可以清洗得非常洁净，甚至会洁净得像新的一样。
Exercise
Now 26 cities have 5 million or more residents each and a combined population of 252 million. By the end of the decade, the number will escalate to 60, with an estimated total of almost 650 million people. Ray of hope: The world population now is growing by 1.8 percent a year; by 2000, the rate is expected to drop to 1.6 percent as individual women have fewer children in their lifetime. 目前有26个城市各有500万或更多的居民，人口总和为 2.52亿。而到这一个十年的末期，这样的城市数将增加到60个，估计人口总数将近 6.5亿。希望之光：世界人口现在每年以1.8%的速度增长；到2000年，这一速度可望降至1.6%，因为妇女们在她们的一生中生小孩的数目会少些。
Exercise
2011年世界人口年世界人口
《2010年世界人口状况报告》预测，到2050年，世界人口将超过90亿，人 The world’s exploding 全世界激增的人口对于已经口过亿的国家将增至17个，印度将取 population signals even 是拥挤的地区来说预示着将代中国成为世界人口第一大国。 more growing pains ahead 经历更多不断加剧的痛苦。报告说，目前全世界共有11个国 for already crowded areas. 家人口过亿。其中中国人口最多，达一项新的联合早报研究预言， A new United Nations study到13.54亿，其次为人口12.15亿的印到2000年时，在今天的世界 2000 forecasts that by the year 度。其他人口过亿的国家依次为美国、 44亿人口数上还将增添20亿。 2000, 2 billion persons will 印度尼西亚、巴西、巴基斯坦、孟加从世界规模来看，大城市的 be added to the 4.4 billion in 拉国、尼日利亚、俄罗斯、日本和墨数量将成倍增长。 the world today. Worldwide,西哥。目前，世界人口总数为69.09亿， the number of large cities 其中只有12.37亿人生活在较发达地区。 will multiply.
A Course in English-Chinese & Chinese-English Translation for EST
科技英汉与汉英翻译教程
Echo Sep. 24th 2011
第一部分：英汉翻译
第1章科技英汉翻译基础章 1．翻译概述 ★什么是翻译？把一种语言已经表达出来的一切用另一种语言准确、流畅地重新表达出来。翻译是在消化原文的基础上的一种再创作的过程。
第1章科技英汉翻译基础
②频繁使用非限定动词； e.g. Let us have a good look at Fig.2 showing how heat makes objects expand. 让我们仔细看一下图2，它说明热如何使物体膨胀。 A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction. 直流电是一种沿同一方向流动的电流。
否定转移
not…because（of）不是因为……才…… 这种结构中的 not否定的是后面 because引导的从句或 because of引起的介词短语。也就是说，not从 because（of）的前面转移到了主句或整个句子的谓语动词的前面。例如： He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so．他并不只是因为亚里士多德说过某事如何如何，就轻易相信它。 I didn't take a raincoat because it s raining．我不是因为下着雨才带雨衣的。
①大量使用名词化结构； e.g. Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 During the two and half-hour talk, the two sides exchanged views on the choice of terms of payment, but they made no mention of the mode of transportation. 在两个半小时的商谈中，双方就付款方式交换了意见，但却没提到运输方式。 There is a need for improvement in our experimental work. 我们的实验工作需要改进。
Exercise
But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. And cigarette price should be boosted. 同时,人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上。这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为此感到不安。应该做出巨大努力告诉青年人抽烟的危害性，特别是养成抽烟习惯的可怕后果，而且香烟价格应予以提高。
第1章科技英汉翻译基础
③广泛使用被动句； e.g. When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place. 当铁锈生成时，就发生了化学变化。 Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 应当注意机器的工作温度。
第1章科技英汉翻译基础
★翻译的种类/手段？口译、笔译、机器翻译 ★学习翻译需要解决的根本问题？掌握英、汉两种语言之间的差异，以及风俗习惯、文化传统等方面的差异。按照各自的语言特点和规律去理解和表达。英语：印欧语系；拼音文字；多用代词，主谓结构较紧，多用主从结构，等。汉语：汉藏语系；方块字；多重复实词，主谓搭配较松，多用并列结构。
第1章科技英汉翻译基础
⑧有时非常专业化的科技文章中会夹杂许多日常用语。 e.g. 常用句型： “It…that…” It is evident that… 显然…… It seems that… 看来…… It has been proved that … 已经证明…… It was not until … that … 直到……才……
第1章科技英汉翻译基础
⑦习惯使用复合句与缩略词； e.g. --- for example i.e. --- that is esp. --- especially maths --- mathematics lab --- laboratory ft --- foot /feet cpd --- compound full-enclosed 全封闭的 (双词构成) feed-back 反馈 on-and-off-the-road 路面越野两用的（多词合成） radiophotography 无线电传真（无连字符） colormeter 色度计
第1章科技英汉翻译基础
3．科技英语的特点客观、准确、严密其语言结构特点： ①大量使用名词化结构； ②频繁使用非限定动词； ③广泛使用被动句； ④后置定语很常见； ⑤用多种方式表达数字及否定； ⑥经常使用长难句； ⑦习惯使用复合句与缩略词； ⑧有时非常专业化的科技文章中会夹杂许多日常用语。