Edgar Allan Poe 爱伦坡 美国文学选读
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美国文学史Edgar Allan Poe
Murders in the Rue Morgue The Purloined Letter
• Horror (Gothic )
The Fall of the House of Usher The Tell-TaleHeart Tell-Tale Heart
Literary theory
• The Philosophy of Composition • The Poetic Principle
Style
Traditional, but not easy to read
Reception
“the jingle man”
Emerson
“an enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive state of development”
Reputation
• Master of the macabre • Forerunner of the detective story, science fiction, horror fiction, psychoanalytic criticism and symbolism • Aesthetic activist
Themes in Poe’s works
• Death—predominant theme in Poe’s writing
“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”
• Horror • Negative thoughts of science
Henry James
Tennyson Bernard Shaw
• Horror (Gothic )
The Fall of the House of Usher The Tell-TaleHeart Tell-Tale Heart
Literary theory
• The Philosophy of Composition • The Poetic Principle
Style
Traditional, but not easy to read
Reception
“the jingle man”
Emerson
“an enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive state of development”
Reputation
• Master of the macabre • Forerunner of the detective story, science fiction, horror fiction, psychoanalytic criticism and symbolism • Aesthetic activist
Themes in Poe’s works
• Death—predominant theme in Poe’s writing
“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.”
• Horror • Negative thoughts of science
Henry James
Tennyson Bernard Shaw
edgar allan poe美国诗人爱伦坡
☆ many original ideas, for example: ★He disliked didacticism and allegory, though he believed that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent just beneath the surface. ★Works with obvious meanings cease to be art. ★The writer should carefully calculate every sentiment and idea.
☆ the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone
☆ The most controversial and most misunderstood°
1. Life
☆ born Edgar Poe in Boston, MA, on January 19, 1809; the second son of of actress Elizabeth Poe and actor David Poe, Jr.
☆ a cadet in West Point in 1830; a dismissal in 1831
☆ secretly married Virginia, his cousin, in 1835
☆ died October 1849 mysteriously; "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance” ; Some said his final words are: “Lord help my poor soul”.
☆ the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone
☆ The most controversial and most misunderstood°
1. Life
☆ born Edgar Poe in Boston, MA, on January 19, 1809; the second son of of actress Elizabeth Poe and actor David Poe, Jr.
☆ a cadet in West Point in 1830; a dismissal in 1831
☆ secretly married Virginia, his cousin, in 1835
☆ died October 1849 mysteriously; "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance” ; Some said his final words are: “Lord help my poor soul”.
美国文学欣赏Edgar_Allan_Poe
• Not accepted before French symbolists like Charles Pierre Baudelaire (1821-1867) and Mallarmé.
In America
• Emerson: “the jingle man” (noisy)
• Mark Twain: His prose is unreadable.
Life Experience
a miserable childhood
entered the University but didn’t finish went to West Point but was dismissed
at 27 he married his 13-year-old cousin
This daguerreotype of Poe was taken in 1848 when he was 39, a year before his death
Life Experience
• A miserable childhood: born in Boston, both parents died within two years after his birth, taken into the home of John Allan in Virginia, had an unhappy relationship with his foster father
• A struggling life: in 1833, became an editor of Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond, lost the position because of excessive drinking and an inability to meet deadlines, managed to regain the job in 1835, at 27, married his 13 year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, drifted for several years as editors in different magazines but remained poor all his life
In America
• Emerson: “the jingle man” (noisy)
• Mark Twain: His prose is unreadable.
Life Experience
a miserable childhood
entered the University but didn’t finish went to West Point but was dismissed
at 27 he married his 13-year-old cousin
This daguerreotype of Poe was taken in 1848 when he was 39, a year before his death
Life Experience
• A miserable childhood: born in Boston, both parents died within two years after his birth, taken into the home of John Allan in Virginia, had an unhappy relationship with his foster father
• A struggling life: in 1833, became an editor of Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond, lost the position because of excessive drinking and an inability to meet deadlines, managed to regain the job in 1835, at 27, married his 13 year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, drifted for several years as editors in different magazines but remained poor all his life
Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加 爱伦坡
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He was born as Edgar Poe in Boston, Massachusetts; he was orphaned at a young age when his mother died shortly after his father abandoned the family. Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of Richmond, Virginia, but they never formally adopted him. He attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money. After enlisting in the Army and later failing as an officer's cadet at West Point, Poe parted ways with the Allans. His publishing career began humbly, with an anonymous collection of poems, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), credited only to "a Bostonian".
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四位对他的故事创作有着重大影响的女性
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The first woman: Virginia (the pure maiden he adored, his wife)
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He was born as Edgar Poe in Boston, Massachusetts; he was orphaned at a young age when his mother died shortly after his father abandoned the family. Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of Richmond, Virginia, but they never formally adopted him. He attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money. After enlisting in the Army and later failing as an officer's cadet at West Point, Poe parted ways with the Allans. His publishing career began humbly, with an anonymous collection of poems, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), credited only to "a Bostonian".
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四位对他的故事创作有着重大影响的女性
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The first woman: Virginia (the pure maiden he adored, his wife)
美国文学史Edgar Allan Poe
Other works
Tales
The Black Cat The Cask of Amontillado A Descent into the Maelström The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar The Fall of the House of Usher The Gold-Bug Hop-Frog The Imp of the Perverse Ligeia The Masque of the Red Death Morella The Murders in the Rue Morgue The Oval Portrait The Pit and the Pendulum The Premature Burial The Purloined Letter The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether The Tell-Tale Heart
Байду номын сангаас
Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields, such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an annual award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre.
Edgar_Allan_Poe(1809—1849)埃德加_爱伦坡
• 很久很久以前， 在一个滨海的国度里， 住着一位少女你或许认得， 她的芳名叫安娜贝尔.李； 这少女活着没有别的愿望， 只为和我俩情相许。 • 那会儿我还是个孩子，她也未脱稚气， 在这个滨海的国度里； 可我们的爱超越一切，无人能及—— 我和我的安娜贝尔.李； 我们爱得那样深，连天上的六翼天使 也把我和她妒嫉。
• 柯南道尔：“一名侦探小说家只能沿这条不宽 的主道而行，所以他时时都会发现前方有坡的 脚印。如果他偶尔能设法偏离主道，独辟蹊径，超 越他，有人会试图发展他的风格，但许多自以 为已经超过他的人其实永远也不可能与他相提 并论。”
• Famous American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic • Most controversial and misunderstood in America • Well received in Europe, England, Spain, esp. in France • Literary output: some seventy short stories and a dozen poems • A: Poems • B: Short stories • C: literary theory • D: one full-length novel: The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838)
• Whitman: admit Poe’s genius, but it was “its narrow range and unhealthy, lurid quality” (terrible) • T. S. Eliot: a critic of the first rank, but with “slipshod writing” (careless)
Lesson 4 Edgar Allen Poe 美国文学
• 4. Baudelaire first took note of the psychological content of Poe’s tales and regarded Poe as ―a writer of nerves‖, and Erich Heller saw Poe’s contribution to the ―discovery and colonization of the mind‖; what interests Poe most is the deep abyss of the unconscious and subconscious mental activity of the people. Poe 在精神分析小说做出了贡献，他对非意识 和潜意识的精神活动的分析非常感兴趣。 • 5. Poe’s assumption seems to be that every mind is half mad or capable of slipping into insanity. As a result of this, his fictional characters are mostly neurotics. Poe 认为每个人都有 神经质的一面，所以他的小说主人公大多是神经病患者。 • 6. Poe’s heroes are mostly ―isolatoes‖, with no sense of identity, no names even, alienation from society. 他的小说主 人公大多没有确切的身份，没有名字，远离社会。
III. Edgarrotesque and the Arabesque 《奇异怪诞故事 集》 • MS. Found in a Bottle 《瓶子里发现的手稿》 • The Murders in the Rue Morgue 《毛格街杀人案》 • The Fall of the House of Usher 《厄舍古屋的倒塌》 • The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会 》 • The Cask of Amontillado 《一桶酒的故事》 • The Raven 《乌鸦》 • Israfel 《伊斯拉菲尔》 • Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔•李》 • To Helen 《致海伦》 • The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原理》 • The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》
Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡
• 1847, his wife died, his last years were spent in hack work, lecturing, and with much drunkenness • 1848 back to Richmond, engaged to his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster • 1849 found lying in a drunken stupor on the street
• 1832 starting to write short stories • 1835-37 an assistant editor for the Southern Literary Messenger. (a national reputation as a writer and a literary critic) • 1938, Philadelphia: editor of several newspaper and magazines
Length: short, (readable at one sitting, or as long as the 108 line “The Raven”) Aim: beauty: (to excite the sensitive soul to tears) Tone: melancholy Topic: the death of a beautiful woman
• Reason Two: as a sarcastic virulent writer and critic of the new novels and poems, he had no friends. • Reason Three: Poe’s view that underneath human nature is cruel and irrational was too ahead of his time that his contemporaries were unwilling to accept. His theme of the disintegration of the self, the corruption of mind in the world of the modernists (Eliot, Hemingway) It is not until the early 20th cent that Poe became very popular with Freudian psychological critics: (dreams)
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险象环生的漂泊久已习惯， 你仙女的风姿伴我回到家园， 还有你紫蓝的秀发，典雅的容颜， 驶向昔日希腊的荣光美满， 奔赴古代罗马的辉煌灿烂。
• All the art and literature originated from one thing--beauty. Having taken Helen as the embodiment of beauty, the poet was confident that once he saw Helen, he was sure to be led by Helen to the home of beauty---fine and pure literature. Poe insisted that Greece and Rome were the homes of beauty, the treasure houses of fine art and literature.
• II. Life and Career
• Born in an actor and actress’s family – his parents died when he was very young –adopted by a Virginia rich businessman John Allan – entered the Virginia University at 17 – West Point where he began to write poetry – then tales – editor of magazines. • at 27 he married his 13-year-old cousin Virginia who died very young in 1947
• Poe was a fascinating man of imagination. Poe was sensitive enough to feel the pressure of a world where science and reason reign supreme, where “there is neither joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor peace, nor help from pain.”
• IV. Poe’s aesthetics
• • • • • • • • • • • 1. Aesthetic writings: The Philosophy of Composition The Poetic Principle 2. Aesthetic ideas: A. Brevity: the poem should be short, readable at one sitting B. Beauty: the chief aim is beauty, namely to produce a feeling of beauty in the minds of the reader The melancholy is the most legitimate of all poetic tones; the death of a beautiful woman is the most poetic topic in the world. C. Purity: Poe is opposed to the heresy of the didactic and called for pure poetry. Besides, he stresses rhythm, defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” and declares that “music is the perfection of the soul, or ideas, of poetry.”
Stanza 1
Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yore, That gently, o'er a perfumed sea, The weary, way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore • The poet first mentioned Helen, the most famous beauty in Greek mythology. Then Poe compared himself to Odysseus, who wandered for ten years over the sea to get home. As Odysseus, Poe was persistent in his chasing after fine arts with the sincere belief that art, or beauty and truth, was the ultimate aim, the home, for the wandering poet; while Helen, the embodiment of ancient beauty, was the guider to that dreamland.
Sonnet: To Science
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Science! true daughter of Old Time thou art! Who alterest all things with thy peering eyes. Why preyest thou thus upon the poet's heart, Vulture, whose wings are dull realities? How should he love thee? or how deem thee wise? Who wouldst not leave him in his wandering To seek for treasure in the jewelled skies, Albeit he soared with an undaunted wing? Hast thou not dragged Diana from her car? And driven the Hamadryad from the wood To seek a shelter in some happier star? Hast thou not torn the Naiad from her flood, The Elfin from the green grass, and from me The summer dream beneath the tamarind tree?
十四行诗——致科学 致科学 十四行诗 科学哟！你是时间忠实的女儿！ 你变更一切，用你眼睛的凝视。 为何要这样蹂躏诗人的心坎儿， 兀鹰，你的翅膀是阴暗的现实？ 他何以爱你？何以认为你深奥， 你总是不愿任凭他去漂泊游荡， 不愿他去镶满钻石的天空觅宝， 纵令他展开无畏的翅翼去翱翔？ 你不是已把狄安娜拖下了马车？ 不是已把山林仙子逐离了森林， 让她去某颗幸运的星躲灾避祸？ 你不是已从水中撵走水泽女神， 把小精灵赶出绿茵，然后又从 凤眼果树下驱散我夏日的美梦？
正如尼安色建造的古船， 在芬芳馥郁的大海徐徐扬帆， 海伦，你的美丽与此相仿， 承载我这游子的疲乏厌倦， 送我重返故土的彼岸。
Stanza 2
On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face, The Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece, And the grandeu犹如婷婷玉立的塑像一般， 手中擎着玛瑙明灯一盏！ 啊，你是浦赛克女神下凡， 在圣地降生人间！
• The speaker saw Helen standing in the bright niche and holding in her hand an agate lamp. She was quite similar to goddess Psyche from Greek Myth. Through his description of his passion to Helen, Poe expressed his pursuit and sincere devotion to beauty.
Stanza 3
Lo! In yon brilliant window-niche How statue-like I see thee stand, The agate lamp within thy hand! Ah, Psyche, from the regions which Are Holy-Land!
III. Poe’s Major Works
• Poetry • Tales • The Raven 《乌鸦》 • The Black Cat《黑猫》 • The Cask of Amontillado • Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔·李》 《阿芒提拉多的酒》 • To Helen 《致海伦》 • The Gold-Bug 《金甲虫》 • The Bells《钟声》 • Ligeia 《莉姬亚》 • Tamerlane 《帖木尔》 • Purloined Letter 《失窃的信》 • A Dream Within A Dream 《梦中 • The Murders in the Rue Morgue 之梦》 《莫格街谋杀案》 》 • The Haunted Palace《闹鬼的宫殿》 • Other works • The Poetic Principle《诗歌原理》 • The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》
Science’s crime of destroying these beautiful myths is made all the worse by the poem’s harsh language. The vulture has not just nudged the mythical figures out of the picture, but has “dragged Diana from her car” and “torn the Naiad from her flood.”