OLED外文文献翻译
ITO表面经过常压等离子体处理的有机发光器件的特性
Chang Hyun JEONG, June Hee LEE, Y ong Hyuk LEE, Nam Gil CHO, Jong Tae LIM,
Cheol Hee MOON and Geun Young YOME
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea PDP Division, Samsung SDI Co., Ltd., Cheonan, 330-300, Korea
(Received October 4, 2004; accepted October 28, 2004; published December 10, 2004)
摘要：本课题研究了ITO表面经过He/O2和He/SF6的常压等离子混合气体处理后的影响和有机发光器件的电学特性。经过He/O2或He/SF6的等离子体处理后，由ITO/2-TNATA/NPD/Alq3/LiF/Al组成的OLED 器件显示出了很好的电学特性，例如：较低的导通电压，高的功率效率等等。经过He/SF6处理的器件与He/O2处理过的相比有更卓越的电学性能。在用He/O2和He/SF6等离子体处理后，改善后的电性能与碳元素的减少和ITO表面Sn4+的聚集以及ITO中氟元素的掺杂浓度有关，这表明表面处理后工作性能有所提高。
关键词：ITO，表面处理，常压等离子体，OLED，He/O2，He/SF6
OLED显示器件之所以能得到广泛的研究是因为他们具有非常优越的特性，例如：快速的响应时间，较低的工作电压，较高的量子效率等等。此外，与其他的平板显示器相比，例如：液晶显示器和等离子显示器，OLED显示器有更简单的工艺流程和更低的制造成本。目前，对于基板尺寸小于370mm*470mm 的器件，通常在一个真空腔体内利用多层蒸发技术来完成，而用于制造接近920mm*730mm的大尺寸的沉积技术目前正处于研发当中。此外，利用喷墨打印技术代替真空蒸发技术来制作高分子有机OLED 器件正处于积极的研发阶段。
对于OLED器件，需要一种透光性高的透明导体，在各种透明导体中，具有高传导性和高透光性的ITO被广泛的应用。为形成OLED器件，有机材料被沉积在ITO上，形成一个低阻值的欧姆接触，OLED 器件在ITO和有机材料之间形成的接触电阻可以通过ITO表面预处理来改变。ITO是一个非化学计量化合物，化学成分可以很容易的改变。因此，为了改善OLED器件中ITO和有机材料间的接触特性，在ITO表面沉积有机材料之前进行处理是非常重要的。作为表面处理方法的低压等离子技术、UV/O3技术、和湿处理均被用于去除有机杂质和改善ITO表面特性。然而，这些技术价格非常昂贵，而且低压等离子技术和UV/O3技术难以用于规模较大的基板，并且，湿处理法还存在环境问题。
为了代替低压等离子体技术和湿处理等技术，以常压等离子体，如电晕放电、电介质阻挡放电、大气等离子流体等为处理技术来处理电子材料、电极材料、生物材料和结构材料的方法正在积极地开发当中。本课题研究了利用常压等离子体来处理和清洁OLED器件ITO玻璃表面的价值。作为常压等离子清洁技术，即一个修改了的DBD技术，能被用于大规模的环境中并且展现了一个比传统DBD更高密度的等离子体。通过改变在修改的DBD混合气体，这些混合气体在ITO的表面特性和形成干净的ITO 玻璃的OLED器件电学特性方面的影响正在观察中。
图1为处理ITO玻璃表面的常压等离子体设备图。如图所示，修改过的DBD的研究设备由代替一个平板电极作为功率电极的锥体形状的多针电极，作为接地端的另一块平板电极以及两电极间的电介质材料组成。使用多针电极代替平板电极，通过在针的尖端形成一个类似于具有较高稳定性的电晕放
电和辉光放电的高电场，从而能够获得一个高的离子体密度和低压交流下的气体击穿。多针功率电极连接到频率为20~30千赫兹、电压
为3~15千伏的交流电压，平板接地
电极接地。
He(10 slm)/O 2(3 slm) 和
He(10 slm)/SF 6(100 sccm)的混合
气体被应用于OLED 器件ITO 表面的
清洗。在等离子处理前，所有的ITO
玻璃均用有机溶剂清洗过。这些气
体的最佳成分通过接触角和ITO 基
板碳含量来选择，接触角利用专用
工具来测量，碳含量通过改变由
0~3 slm 的氧流速、0~500 sccm 的
SF 6流速以及10slm 的氦流速的X
射线光电谱线来测量。交流电源为
25千赫兹、10千伏，持续工作30
秒。经过He/O 2和He/SF 6等离子混合气体清洁后的ITO 表面组成用X 射线源为1486.6 eV 的X 射线光电子能谱来研究。
在没有破坏真空的条件下，通过在洁净的ITO 上OLED 材料的热分解和电极材料的顺序蒸镀制备成了OLED 器件。研究的这个OLED 器件的结构为ITO/2-TNATA(60 nm)/NPD(20 nm)/Alq 3(40 nm)/LiF(1
nm)/Al(100 nm)。有机材料、氟化锂和铝的沉积速率分别为0.3–0.5 A o /s 、0.1 A o /s 、0.5–5 A o
/s ，器件的有效面积为4mm 2
。OLED 器件的电学特性由电子仪器测量得到，光学特性通过使用皮安计测量OLED 器件光发射引起的光电流来得到。
图2所示为ITO 经过He(10 slm)/O 2(3 slm) 和 He(10 slm)/SF 6(100 sccm)常压等离子混合气体处理的OLED 器件的特性，例如：（a ）亮度与电压的关系、（b ）亮度与电流密度的关系、（c ）功率效率与电流密度的关系。作为参考，图中还包括了没经过等离子处理的OLED 器件的特性。如图2（a ）所示，经过等离子体He(10 slm)/O 2(3 slm) 和 He(10 slm)/SF 6(100 sccm)处理后的器件的开启电压（定义为发出1 cd/m 2的亮度所需的电压）分别为3.6V 和3.2V ，然而未经等离子体处理的器件的开启电压为4.2V 。因此，经过等离子体处理后开启电压减小了，而且经He(10 slm)/O 2(3 slm)处理后的器件的开启电压比经He(10 slm)/SF 6(100 sccm)处理后的电压低。此外，如图2（b ）所示，在同一发光强度的条件下，经He(10 slm)/SF 6(100 sccm)处理的OLED 表现出了最低的电流密度，而没经处理的OLED 器件表现出了最高的电流密度。通过对电流密度的测量，得到了用三种方法He(10 slm)/SF 6(100 sccm)、He(10 slm)/O 2(3 slm)和未做处理的三个器件的最高功率效率分别为0.93 Lm/W 、0.75 Lm/W 和0.58Lm/W 。因此，经过He(10 slm)/SF 6(100 sccm)处理的OLED 器件显示了最佳的电学性能。
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利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水 Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &Artur Cavaco-Paulo1,? 1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙 2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利 ?作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt) 关键词：过氧化氢酶的固定化，酶稳定，过氧化氢，纺织印染 摘要 过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联，在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性，温度和pH值对酶的活性。固定化酶的在的活性维持在44％，pH值11（30?C），对照组是活性为90％，pH值7（80?C），过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时（pH12，60?C）。用过氧化氢漂白织物后，洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理，可以用于再次印染时，记录实验数据。 1 序言 由于新的法规的出台，从生态经济的角度来看（Dickinson1984年），对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题，必须给予更多的关注。过氧化氢是一种漂白剂，广泛应用于工业纺织工艺（Spiro & Griffith1997年）。在去除H2O2时，会消耗大量的水和能源（Weck 1991, St?hr & Petry 1995），以避免对氧气敏感的染料（Jensen 2000）产生后续问题。过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量（Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996），从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。以前，我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物（Paar et al. 2001）或使用不同的酶稳定剂（Costa et al. 2001）来解决此问题。但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用（Tzanov et al. 2001a, b）表明，可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。在这项研究中，我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂，这种方法在商业中得到验证。本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学，及其稳定性和工艺条件，这将使我们能够应用此系统，以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。 2 材料和方法 2.1 酶 Terminox（EC1.11.1.6），50L以上，由AQUITEX- Maia提供，葡萄牙产。 2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化 取Al2O3颗粒或薄片（Aldrich），直径分别为3和7毫米，在45摄氏度下，先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化，再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后，放入浓度为2％戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时（Aldrich），重复清洗一次并在60?C下干燥1小时。取五克的烷基化载体，室温24?C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中（Costa et al. 2001）。得出，每克Al2O3
会计信息质量外文文献及翻译
会计信息质量在投资中的决策作用对私人信息和监测的影响 安妮比蒂，美国俄亥俄州立大学 瓦特史考特廖，多伦多大学 约瑟夫韦伯，美国麻省理工学院 1简介 管理者与外部资本的供应商信息是不对称的在这种情况下企业是如何影响金融资本 的投资的呢？越来越多的证据表明，会计质量越好，越可以减少信息的不对称和对融资成本的约束。与此相一致的可能性是，减少了具有更高敏感性的会计质量的公司的投资对内部产生的现金流量。威尔第和希拉里发现，对企业投资和与投资相关的会计质量容易不足，是容易引发过度投资的原因。 当投资效率低下时，会计的质量重要性可以减轻外部资本的影响，供应商有可能获得私人信息或可直接监测管理人员。通过访问个人信息与控制管理行为，外部资本的供应商可以直接影响企业的投资，降低了会计质量的重要性。符合这个想法的还有比德尔和希拉里的比较会计对不同国家的投资质量效益的影响。他们发现，会计品质的影响在于美国投资效益，而不是在日本。他们认为，一个可能的解释是不同的是债务和股权的美国版本的资本结构混合了SUS的日本企业。 我们研究如何通过会计质量灵敏度的重要性来延长不同资金来源对企业的投资现金 流量的不同影响。直接测试如何影响不同的融资来源会计，通过最近获得了债务融资的公司来投资敏感性现金流的质量的效果，债务融资的比较说明了对那些不能够通过他们的能力获得融资的没有影响。为了缓解这一问题，我们限制我们的样本公司有所有最近获得的债务融资和利用访问的差异信息和监测通过公共私人债务获得连续贷款的建议。我们承认，投资内部现金流敏感性可能较低获得债务融资的可能性。然而，这种可能性偏见拒绝了我们的假设。 具体来说，我们确定的数据样本证券公司有1163个采样公司（议会），通过发行资本公共债务或银团债务。我们限制我们的样本公司最近获得的债务融资持有该公司不断融资与借款。然而，在样本最近获得的债务融资的公司，也有可能是信号，在资本提供进入私人信息差异和约束他们放在管理中的行为。相关理论意味着减少公共债务持有人获取私人信息，因而减少借款有效的监测。在这些参数的基础上，我们预测，会计质量应该有一
仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
工商管理专业外文文献翻译
Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。