2012级江西师范大学研究生学位英语口语试题及答案
江西师大学位英语考试口语对话
口语1.With the development of technology, almost everyone has a mobile phone.There is no exception for the students. But some are using their phones in classroom. What do you think of people who use mobile phones in the classroom? If you were the teacher, what will you do?使用手机会妨碍学校的教学秩序，上课时有的同学未关机，突然来电会影响全体同学听课，会给整个教室带来不愉快的情绪，因为突然来电而受影响。
;二是部分学生追求时尚,攀比成风;三是个别学生对学习没有兴趣,把兴趣转移到利用手机来玩游戏,发短信等，。
①一些学生利用手机在上课、自习、午休时间发手机短信聊天、看小说、上网，既影响了正常的教学秩序，也影响了自己和其他同学的休息②上课时，有的学生不关手机，把手机调为震动状态，有短信来时，学生陷入要不要回短信的矛盾心理中，这样必然会影响听课效率。
With the rapid development of mobile communications industry, many children are bringing cellular phones to school. But phones at school have roused much controversy. Many children use phones for purposes other than what their parents expect. The worst case is cheating on exams with the help of phones. Some of such tricks are difficult to be detected. Another nuisance is the sudden telephone ring in the middle of a class. The unfortunate child gets stared at by the teacher as well as his classmates. And when many have phones, the haves may look down upon the havenots, and they keep pressing parents for more expensive phones.This is certainly not good for their character development. The disadvantages of children bringing phones to school evidently overweighs its advantages. So more and more schools are banning phones at school2：When we were young, we were taught to “let seniors sit when we take buses”. But nowadays we can see many young people refuse to give their seats to the elderly on buses. Some believe that it is immoral not to give one’s seat to the aged on a bus. What’s your opinion? Are you used to giving your seat to the elderly? State your reasons, why or why not?第二题Whether the young should give seats to the old we always see some phenomence that the old often stand up in the bus,in the public,while the young are sit in the seats leisurely.so we have to think highly of this problem,weather we should give seats to the old. As we know ,respecting the old and taking care of the child is the tradition sprit of our country,when we attend school .our teacher give us elementary education , that is respecting the old and taking care of the young,but we feel bittterly when some adults ingore the old ,they sit the seat play mobile phone ,siting with their legs crossed.even worse ,theirs behaviors are not good to childrent. It is not advantage for social developments . it influence our images of our country. in my opinion, the elder are devoted all their youth for life,now ,they should have a happy life,i think the authorities concerned should imphasis the importance on politeness,as the old says:condect decide everything.we should form the good habit of politiness ,undoubtful,we should give seat to the elder.3R ecent history has seen the position of women change dramatically. In many countries women who in the past would have confined to the home have entered the job market and broken into professions once dominated by men. Still there are inequalities in various aspects of our life such as employment, promotion, income, family responsibility, further education etc. Are women and men really equal? How to ensure equality between men and women? Give your comments.这当然是不平等的，主要体现在以下几点先天角度男女的先天体格差异在一定程度上成了不平等的源泉。
2012级江西师范大学研究生学位英语口语试题及答案
1.Scientific discovery has brought about many negative effects to our life at the same time ofpromoting our life. Some people think that the development of science has disastrous sideeffects so that we should not live in modern society. What’s your point o f view?科学发现给我们的生活带来了许多负面影响，同时也提高了我们的生活质量。
有些人认为，科学的发展带来灾难性的副作用，因此，我们不应该生活在现代的社会中。
你的观点是什么呢？Scientific discovery plays significant role in our modern life. But nowadays, it turned into a huge monster. Scientific discovery cause numerous harmful consequences and seriously damagepeople’s health and life style.First, scientific discovery is bad for your health. People spend hours and hours to play them, so they are under very high risk of becoming overweight and obese.Second, the modern technology promotes unhealthy eating choices, especially among theteenagers and adolescents. Because they are usually addicted to it, forget the time.Third, people nowadays spend more time and pay more attention on modern technology, it can cause mental disorders or disturbances. Sometimes it will make you unhappy, tiresome andweariness, all of these are dangerous for people s’ health.Fourth, people pay too much attention on the scientific discovery, is lack of concentration,insomnia, restlessness, depressive thoughts, etc. It also will steal the time to be spent for many other important activities, like reading, playing with friend, traveling, and so on. Children are especially affected by the negative sides.Fifth, some kind of modern technology will make children failure in schools and low grades,slow-down in intellectual development, lack of social skills and others.However, for many people, modern scientific such as television, cell phone, computer are still the primary source for receiving the information. It can satisfy their needs.In addition, scientific discovery provides us with perfect entertainment for any taste, you can watch movie, talk to your friend on line or by the cellphone and so on. All these positive factors is useful for us.I am in favor it, it helps students learn more information and learn it more quickly. We can learnmore things in less time. We should enjoy the advantages of modern scientific, and try to solve the problems which modern technology has brought. The key is to make the best use of them ina proper way.科学发现在我们的现代生活中起着重要的作用。
2012年考研英语真题及答案1
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江西师范大学自考学位英语真题
江西师范大学自考学位英语真题1. Watching sport was _______ the most popular activity on Saturday afternoons. [单选题] *A. so farB. by far(正确答案)C. far fromD. much far答案解析：解析：四个选项中只有by far可以修饰形容词最高级和比较级，因此正确答案是B。
A.so far到目前为止；C.far from根本不，远远不；D.much far没有这样的表达。
by far是“最为…／更为…”的意思.使用by far时,随后的形容词最高级及比较级都附有定冠词the。
例如，She is by far the best of the students in class．她是班里最好的学生.2. People _______ a new festival so that African Americans would be able to celebrate their history and culture. [单选题] *A. inventedB. producedC. manufacturedD. created(正确答案)答案解析：解析：句意：人们创造了一个新的节日，使非裔美国人能够庆祝他们的历史和文化。
A.invent, 主要意思是”发明”是指产生前所未有的东西，其对象往往是物质性的，尤指科技上的发明创造。
B.produce当作为动词时，有生产，出产，产生的意思。
与manufacture的差别不是很大。
C.manufacture当作为动词时，有大量制造，加工的意思。
D.create“创造、创作”，指产生出新的东西，其对象往往是精神上的，如艺术、文学作品中的人物及新的科学领域等。
也可指创造出新的具体事物．3. At that moment she was standing a few meters away from _______ we are now. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whatC. whichD. there答案解析：解析：句意：那一刻，她站在离我们现在所处位置几米远的地方。
2010-2013年江西师范大学827真题
江西师范大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题（ A 卷）专业：学科教学（英语）科目：英语综合注：考生答题时，请写在考点下发的答题纸上，写在本试题纸或其他答题纸上的一律无效。
Ⅰ.Vocabulary: (20 points, 1 X 1)Directions: Choose the best word which has the closest meaning to the underli -ned word in the sentence.1.Hauchecome’s death was bought about by ________.A) remorse B) accusation C) rheumatism D) frustration2.Jack _______ crimson with embarrassment when his girl friend saw his dirty socks under the sheet.A) disputed B) fumbled C) flushed D) stopped3.The boy had a _______ expression because of silly mistakes he had made.A) rustic B) shamefaced C) incredulous D) desperate4.The poem handles the problem of instinct _______ intellect in man.A) versus B) positive C) implement D) academic5.The government _______ its policy of helping the unemployed.A) implemented B) enriched C) enrolled D) plagued6.Obviously, the Chairman’s marks at the conference were _______ and not planned.A) substantial B) spontaneous C) simultaneous D) synthetic7.Reporters and photographers alike took great _______ at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview.A) annoyance B) offence C) resentment D) irritation8.These continual _______ in temperature make it impossible to decide what to wear.A) transitions B) transformations C) exchanges D) fluctuations9.Susan has _______ the elbows of her son’s jacket with leather patches to make it more durable.A) reinforecd B) sustained C) steadied D) confirmed10.Although we tried to concentrate on the lecture, we were _______ by the noise from the next room.A) distracted B) displaced C) dispersed D) discarded11.The reason why so many children like to eat this new brand of biscuit is t-hat it is particularly sweet and _______.A) fragile B) feeble C) brisk D) crisp12.There is supposed to be a safety _______ which makes it impossible for trains to collide.A) appliance B) accessory C) machine D) mechanism13.For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly _____ by a dictator.A) depressed B) immersed C) oppressed D) cursed14.Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been _______ towards producing workers.A) harnessed B) hatched C) motivated D) geared15.He developed a _______ attitude after years of frustration in his career.A) sneaking B) disgusted C) drastic D) cynical16.They believed that this was not the _______ of their campaign for equality but merely the beginning.A) climax B) summit C) pitch D) maximum17.Several guests were waiting in the _______ for the front door to open.A) porch B) vent C) inlet D) entry18.As the mountains were covered with a _______ of cloud, we couldn’t see their tops.A) coating B) film C) veil D) shade19.We couldn’t really afford to buy a house so we got it on hire purchase and paid monthly _______.A) investments B) requirements C) arrangements D) installments20.The magician made us think he cut the girl into pieces but it was merely an _______.A) illusion B) impression C) image D) illumⅡ.Reading Comprehension: (40 points, 1 X 2)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by so me questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked a, b, c, and d. You should decide on the best choice and write the an swer on the Answer Sheet.TEXT 1Pygmies are the earliest-known inhabitants of central Africa. They lived in t he Congo basin long before other groups migrated there--their presence confirm ed in ancient Egyptian records. They are gentle, peaceful people who conceal t he-mselves well in the rainforest. They have in recent times had to share with immigrant farmers. Pygmies do not farm, but trade meat, honey and other for -est products for knives, metal tools ,rice, corn and bananas. They are lighter skinned than some of their neighbors and different in stature. Adults are 1.2 to 1.5m tall.The Efe group of Pygmies of the Ituri forest in eastern Congo is one of the last to retain its original culture. The Efes, whose existence is threatened by l -ogging and farming in the forests in which they hunt, are among the Burundi group of Pygmies who live in north-eastern Congo.In Cameroon, there is a population of 35,000 Baka Pygmies,but this number is uncertain because of the group’s semi-nornadic lifestyle in wandering the ra -inforest in search of game and other foods. During the three-month rainy seas -on, when food is plentiful, the Baka leave their permanent villages to roam th e forest, rarely staying in one place more than a week.Men contract marriages during this crucial season; they prove their hunting a -bility by the game they bring home to the parents of a future wife.Men from farming tribes sometimes marry Pygmy women, although there is a ban again -st Pygmy men marrying women from farming tribes.Within the Baka culture, hunting elephant is one of the most important activ -ities,not only for food but for the symbolic meanings and prestige traditionally attached to it. Elephant hunting is linked to other cultural activities, including men’s initiation and women’s ritual songs.Hunting is performed with poisoned arrows, bows, crossbows, spears and traps. The Baka are interested in the out -side world while maintaining their identity and independence. And though they are attracted by much of what the outside world offers, they have always had access to the forest,a world that is completely their own.Their culture is robust enough to survive as long as the forest remains. Without it this culture will be meaningless.21.The fact that Pygmies are the earliest Central African inhabitants has been ______.A)established B)made C)discovered D)explored22.Pygmies are gentle and peaceful people who in stature is ________.A)unusually big C)normally smallB)normally big D)quite normal23.________fails to denote the name of a country.A)the Congo B)Ituri C)Burundi D)Cameroon24.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A)A Baka Pygmy marriage takes place in the rainforestB)Of all Pygmies, the Efe group is the last group keeping its primitive cultureC)Pygmy men are forbidden to marry women from farming tribesD)Pygmy women are not forbidden to marry men from farming tribes25.Robust as Pygmy culture is, it can according to the text, by all means surv -ive ________.A)to the end of this centuryB)the next centuryC)the culture of farming tribes long in the outside worldD)as long as there is the rainforestTEXT 2The use of chemicals in almost all areas of life has become a commonplace phenmoenon. There is growing evidence ,however, that chemicals in the envir -onment, including pesticides, may contribute to some illnesses. While studies are still being conducted preliminary conclusions point to the verdict that such chemicals are indeed negatively impacting those humans to whom they are exp -osed.Children are especially vulnerable to toxic substancs. Pound for pound, they eat, drink and breathe more than adults,all of which expose them more heavily to those chemicals to which most individuals encounter on a daily basis. Fur-theremore, their bodies are still in developing stages, exacerbating the negative effects of those chemicals which negatively impact them.Of 50 types of pesticieds commonly used in American schools a study cond -ucted by the National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides found thatmany caused negative reactions in laboratory animals. Such negative effects inc -luded kidney and liver damage, cancer, and neurological and reproductive prob -lems.These implications of these findings are far-reaching, Given the variety of ha -rmful effects attributed to those pesticides tested, one must pause and consider whether it is wise to continue their use in the nation’s schools,where children will be constantly exposed to them. Activists have lobbied for the elimination of such use with a degree of success, and recent findings, if supported by fur -ther analysis and confirmation, may help further the cause. A long term soluti on or alternative, however, remains elusive.In the short run, however, there may be some measures that can be taken to mitigate the harmful effects of dangerous pesticides. The American Medical Association’s Council on Scientific Affairs concluded in a 1997 report that giv-en the “particular uncertaint regarding the long-term health effects of low-dose pesticide exposures.”It is “prudent”for adults and children to limit their expos -ure and to “consider the use of the least toxic chemical pesticides or non-che-mical alternatives”.26.The citing of dangerous effects of pesticides on laboratory animals in paragr -aph 3 is used to suggest that _______.A)scientists are also concentrated with effects of pesticides on animalsB)cancer is the worst effect of the pesticidesC)most or all of the dangerous effects of pesticides are now knownD)the chemicals may also cause these effects in humans27.Children are more likely than adults to suffer the negative effects of pestici-des because ________.A)children absorb more pesticides than adults, proportionallyB)pesticides are used more in areas with childrenC)the pesticides used in schools are more dangerous than other pesticidesD)adults know more about pesticides than children28.The main point of this text is that _________.A)pesticides are dangerous and their uses need to be reevaluatedB)children suffer most from the effects of pesticidesC)schools are most responsible for pesticide-relate illnessesD)pesticides should be eliminates everywhere29.The author mentions the exaggerated effects of chemicals on children in par -agraph 2 to _____.A)prove that pesticides are dangerous to all humansB)show that children are more susceptible to many kinds of dangersC)suggest a solution to the problem of pesticidesD)identify one group that pesticides hurt in particular30.The author cites the American Medical Association’s advice in paragraph 4 in order to ________.A)present more factual details to clarify the issueB)present an alternative theory for considerationC)present a recommendation from a reputable sourceD)Present a solution drawn from all the evidence consideredTEXT 3It came as something of a surprise when Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in 1997,to support the Red Cross’s campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines. Within hours of arriving in Angola, television scre -ens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injure -d in explosions caused by landmines.”I knew the statistics”,she said,”But putti-ng a face to those figures brought the reality home to me; like when I met Sandra, a 13-year-old girl who had lost her leg, and people like her.”The Princess concluded with a simple message:”We must stop landmines”. And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message. But, back in London, her views were not shared by some members of the British government,which refused to support a ban on these weapons. Angry politicians launched an attack on the princess in the press. They described her as”very ill -informed”and a “loose cannon”. The princess responed by brushing aside the Criticisms:”This is a distraction we do not need. All I’m trying to do is help”. Opposition parties, the media and public immediately voiced their support for Princess. To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess’s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British go-vernment ‘s policy regarding landmines.The result was a severe embarrassment for the government. To try and limit the damage, the Foreign Secretary,Malcolm Rifkin, claimed taht the Princess’s views on landmines were not very different from government policy, and that it was “working towards”a worldwide ban. The Defense Secretary , Michael Portilo, claimed the matter was “a misinterpretation or misunderstanding.”For the Princess,the trip to this war-torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to show the world how much destruction and suffering lan -dmines can cause. She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get colser to people and their problems.31.Princess Diana paid a visit to Angola in 1997_______.A)to clarify the British government’s stand on landminesB)to establish her image as a friend of landmine victimsC)to investigate the sufferings of landmine victims thereD)to voice her support for a total ban of landmines32.What did Diana mean when she said “putting a face to those figures broug-ht the reality home to me”(Line 5, Para,1)?A)Meeting the landmine victims in person made her believe the statisticsB)She just couldn’t bear to meet the landmine victims face to faceC)The actual situation in Angola made her feel like going back homeD)Seeing the pain of the victims made she realized the seriousness of the situa -tion33.Some members of the British government criticized Diana because ______.A)she had not consulted the government before the visitB)she was ill-informed of the government’s policyC)they were actually opposed to banning landminesD)they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola34.How did Diana respond to the criticisms?A)She made more appearances on TVB)She paid no attention to themC)She rose to argue with her opponentsD)She met the 13-year-old girl as planned35.What did Princess Diana think of her visit to Angola?A)It had caused embarrassment to the British governmentB)It had greatly promoted her popularityC)It had brought her closer to the ordinary peopleD)It had affected her relations with the British governmentTEXT 4“History is written by the victors.”This famous phrase reverberates througho -ut the halls of history, constantly reminding us to take all that we learn with a grain of salt, knowing that the information provided for our dissemination was provided, shaped and influenced by this left to hold the pen that recorded it. In that respect, one of the worst crimes against history is the revision ofit, the altering of the record of the past so as to reflect the viewpoint of a biased group who stand to benefit from the altered version.By revising the lens by which history is judged, valuable information is lost, to the detriment of both students of the filed as well as the awareness that co-mes from experience. Without an accurately recorded account to serve as guidi -ng light, nations and societies are left to stumble their way about their affairs, ignorant of what has and hasn’t worked before, and unaware of what past ev -ents shaped and determined their present situation. Such dismal situations emer -ge from simple pride, as well as the desire of the revisionists to depict thems -elves in a better light to posterity or to cover up an embarrassing legacy, no matter the cost to the future.Recent attempts by nations involved in the second World War to minimize or erase altogether certain shameful incidents from their history textbook has been met with international outrage and protest, and rightly so. By allowing fu -ture generations to forget or never even learn about how their ancestors stumb -led on the path to progress, the experiences of those who suffered as a result of those mistakes are trivialized and made to be in its information. Both are heinous results for both nationals of that particular nation as well as those of the international community,whose stories intertwine to form the large picture.When a single string in the tapestry of world history is unraveled by revisio -n, the entire piece becomes a weaker one, subject to additional modification at the whim of those who would like to use history as a tool for their own purposes, even if it means fundamentally changing it. This outcome must be avoided at all costs, firstly by not allowing a precedent to be established that makes it acceptable, even in a single case, to commit the revision. Otherwise, humans as a race will fall prey to yet another oft-quoted phrase:”History, if fo -rgotten, is doomed to be repeated.”36.The first line of the text implies that _______.A)historical accounts are invariably colored by the views and stances of those who emerged victoriousB)those who have the power to do so will often influence recording of events to favor themselvesC)those who are defeated have little or no say in the documentation of their st ruggle, resulting in a biased account.D)the winners in a struggle have the moral obligation to accurately record eve-nts37.The author views the revision of history as _______.A)indisputably negative in all situationsB)generally harmful when done so to favor one side’s stanceC)always motivated by the desire to portray the reviser in a better lightD)Rendering the revised history useless for the purposeof analysis and learning38.In paragraph3, the author argues against historical revision with the assertion that ________.A)revision of World WarⅡevents has proven that such actions have a negative impactB)such revision results in an undeserved sense of national prideC)revising history has far-reaching effects beyond the borders of any one count -ryD)history is one of the primary concerns dealt with in the education system and should thus be pure39.In paragraph 4,”When a single string in a tapestry of world history is unra -veled by revision, the entire piece becomes a weaker one”means that ______.A).history is an intertwined series of events coming together to form a large pictureB)a loss of reliability in any single segment of history makes the entire histori -cal record suspectC)once one piece of history is revised, others soon followD)as soon as the integrity of the historical record is breached, it can never be fully recovered.40.The main point of text is that ________.A)revising history must be avoided in all situations at all costsB)the revision of history leads to a flawed perception resulting in loss of vital lessonsC)is revision of history goes on, the meaning behind the revised events will lo -se meaningD)historical revision is an international problem affecting all nations and people Ⅲ.Cloze (20 points, 1 X 2)When people __41__ to improve their breathing their initial thought is invar-iably to suck in the maximum possible draught of air __42__ you can’t pour wine into a full bottle. __43__you can’t fill the lungs with fresh air __44__ you’ve first drained them of every drop of stale air,__45__at the best of times only a sixth of the air in the lungs gets __46__with each fresh breath we take. If we breathe shallowly, or fail to clear the lunges of devitalized air, this poor rate of turnover declines __47__further.__48__always start your deep breathing exercises __49__collapsing the lungs as fully as possible. While you breatheout,imagine that you’re a hot air balloon collapsing slowly to the ground. This has a relaxing effect, particularly __50__ you quietly intone the world relax…relax…relax as you exhale.41.A)set forth B)set off C)set down D)set out42.A)But B)And C)Therefore D)Often43.A)At the same time B)In the same way C)More often than not D)Even if44.A)if B)unless C)after D)before45.A)Even B)Especially C)When D)Where46.A)changed B)changing C)to change D)change47.A)still B)more C)less D)farther48.A)Moreover B)So C)Yet D)Besides49.A)when B)in C)by D)on50.A)before B)even if C)if D)just beforeⅣ.Translation(40 points)Part A. Translate the following passage into English (20 points)依照中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法的规定，妇女在政治、文化、社会和家庭生活等方面享有与难自己平等的权利。
江西师范大学学位英语口语
1.Scientific DiscoveryWith the rapid development of the science and technology, there is an increasing trend that new scientific discoveries are coming into being like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. New scientific discoveries nearly always bring mankind blessings. It is no doubt that we are enjoying all kinds of products, such as computers by which we can freely hear soft music, comfortably watch favorite film fashion to us, and excitedly chat with friends or relationships far away. Mobile phone, which is also an efficient and portable tool, gives rise to our lives’ change. Therefore we said that some new scientific products are taking an important role in daily people’s lives, not only in working environment, but also in even more private use. As a result, so many people call for their arrival and well prepare to try new scientific products applying.Yet sometimes scientific discoveries may prove a curse upon the human race. There is a famous saying, ―Every coin has two sides‖. Along with new scientific discoveries’ advantage, we have to accept their all shortcomings. High scientific technology crimes appear in Television or newspaper we can see. Some virtual scene where the young is fascinated to join enables them to hesitate. All these things may affect people’s normal lives. Taking another example, terrorists usually take use of scientific discoveries to face us in danger. So people horrified and opposed these new products. Different voices shouted to us to firmly object new scientific discoveries. In some sense people worry about those negative effects, especially to endanger people life.The misuse of scientific discoveries must be prevented. It is high time for governments to make out some policies to protect local people, and limit some illegal things. At the same time it should encourage scientists to invite some new high scientific technology products because although both of these two types of effects are new, maybe bring about some negative side effects, is still inevitable to us. We should not attach pure goodness and not to consider badness to such trends. No matter with you hold, new scientific discoveries would become one of the most authoritative voices speaking to us. I do believe that so long as we make good preparations, we will perform well in the future.Is Science a good or bad thing? Have the facts and results improved or harmed society/ the human race? Are we better off by accepting the tihngs Science has discovered? Or would the human race be better off without the knowledge and facts?But without scientists, mathematicians, philosophers and so on, the world would not be where it is now, we would still be living in caves and hunting, fishing and fighting over who deserves a bigger bone to this day... Think about it, where would we be now, if we were not able to evolve?So if science had progressed very slowly, or we had dealt with the knowledge more carefully, then it would not have had such a negative effect. We have certainly had much benefit from science and it may even save the 'entire planet' one day. There's much one can say, and many ways of looking at this topic, but I'll leave it at that for now. Let's have some more views on it.So to respond to Freethinker's post I'd say science isn't good or bad. Science is a tool, a process. However, people's intentions when using science or calling upon scientific evidence as pillars of truth, may be more or less valid. When a shampoo manufacturer states that some stupid,unnecessary effect (like "works with the molecules inside your hair to produce a long lasting shine") is "scientifically" proven but offer no evidence for this (and even after having tested the shampoo on animals who suffered or died) - that is a misuse of the term "scientific".They could as well have written "We spent a billion dollars on testing this and it will work but the side effects, if you experience them, may lead to hair loss and scalp problems" which would be more honest, more likely, and more understandable. But it wouldn't sell more shampoo.Have science changed human nature? I think the answer to that one is that without science, we would not be human. Science did not start a few millenia ago - when farming was adopted tens of thousands of years ago that was science, too (finding crops that yielded the best results in the different types of ground available, year after year).2.Class AttendanceRequired class attendance is so common at colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it is a good thing. In fact, required class attendance does more harm than good.There are several reasons that teachers should not require attendance. First, rigid attendance policies do not benefit students' studies. For example, a student may have to give up a lecture which he finds important to his studies simply because of rigid attendance policies. Second, the lectures of some teachers are not always constructive. A student should be allowed to decide for himself whether an in-class experience is worthwhile when his teacher merely repeats material from the textbook or wastes class time by telling irrelevant stories. Finally and most importantly, there is no proven correlation between attendance and performance in a course. A student may never miss a single attendance in a course, but it doesn't mean that he has acquired the knowledge of this course.Required class attendance policies may secure one hundred percent attendance for a course, but it does not make much sense.Nowadays required class attendance is very common at colleges and universities. Most people take it for granted that students should attend all the classes required by school. However still some others do not agree with this argument. They don't think it should be compulsory for students to attend class.As for me, I'm in favor of the latter opinion. The following reasons can account for my preference. First, the rigid attendance policy does not benefit students' studies. For example, a student may have to give up a lecture which he finds useful to his studies simply because he dare not run the rest of being penalized for his absence in his course. Second,the lectures of some teachers are not always constructive. A student should be allowed to tell for himself whether an inclass experience is worthwhile. Finally and most importantly, there is no proving and corelation between class attendance and academic performance. A student may never be absent in a course, but who knows whether or not he is just sitting there daydreaming all the time.In conclusion, class attendance may secure one hundred percent attendance for a course.But it is not really beneficial to us. As college students we should learn to make the right decisions for ourselves about whether to attend a class."Awareness of the problem is half of the solution，" Once Edison mentioned. Now that we have reached the conclusion that mere attendance requirement is not right，nor necessary，what shall teachers and students do to find the other half of the solution and end the "hide and see" game？First，maintaining students attention and interest is still a big challenge for the classroom lecturers. One way for professors to meet the challenge is to brighten the classes with anecdotes for comic relief. Another way is to integrate visuals into classroom activities. Still another way is to punctuate the classes with discussion. Through all these methods the students' enthusiasm of study may be aroused and they would have the desire to study instead of being compelled to sit in the classroom thinking how to escape it. Students themselves should take actions to solve the problems too. The essence of the problem is how to improve their study quality and students themselves，as those who benefit from all the endeavors，must give an active response to teachers and the society. Just as Newton once said，"Exploring the unknown is the happiest thing in my life."Students must develop their interest and desire to learn in classes. They should try their best to follow the courses to get knowledge from them instead of making all kinds of excuses to escape classes.After all，taking all these factors into account，we may safely arrive at the conclusion that to require class attendance is not an effective way to ensure the students' study quality and efficiency，but it stands for the endless endeavor of educators to improve the standard of education and to give students better tourscs. Awareness of the problem is the first step and other effective measures are beingtaken. We have strong belief that the situation in the near future will be better and students as well as the teachers will both get high efficiency and interest from the classes. Just try and believe it！We cast our eyes forward because there will be a brighter future of education！Requiring Class Attendance Shows Low Teaching Level. During my two-year-long college life, most of my teachers don't require class attendance. Some of them even said, "There is no need to attend my class if you find anything more attractire." But there are still many who insist on making class attendance a rigid policy. Here are their arguments: Teachers spend lots of time preparing and teaching a course which contains the cream of their knowledge. Missing the class wastes your chance to absorb the cream and by doing it, you show no respect for your teacher. Some students lose the motivation to study when there is no one beside to force him to study. Class attendance requirement is directed against those lazy ones. It can compel them to attend the class. Sounds reasonable. But does this regulation really work? I find that the courses that require class attendance contain the following ones, such as "Max's Philosophy", and one of my specialized courses called "Analysis Chemistry". They share the same feature:dull. Every one has to attend the class because of the regulation and because of the grade point. The classroom is full of students and the teacher seems contended. It seems that only by attending the class can we show our respect for the teacher. But it is not the truth, for almost half of the students have a good sleep or do their homework during the class while the others take notes apathetically. Respect doesn't come from the rate of attendance but from the teacher's splendid teaching. Because of the attendance requirement, those who are busy sleeping, playing PC games or having dates have no choice but to come to the classroom. The regulation can tie up their bodies but not their souls. How can you imagine that brains full of comfortable beds, exciting game screens and beautifulgirls will learn anything from the teachers, especially those who teach the course only by reading books? It comes to my point that requiring class attendance can not effectively attract students to learn more. And the only solution is to improve the quality and fascination of classroom instruction. One of my classmates has great interest in playing PC games and goes to class scarcely, even those which require class attendance. But every Friday morning, he is never absent from the course Meticulous Organic Chemistry. Why? He told me that he learnt lots of things that could never be found in the books and the teachers' humorous speech always sobered him up. So when you take a course that requires class attendance,you should be prepared to endure a really dull one.3.Green foodAs more and more people focus on health diet,green food has begun to draw more and more attention by the public .In recent years,the market demand for green food has increased,and all kinds of green food have emerged in an endless stream .Why does green food become so popular in China?Above all, compared with ordinary food,green food is healthier,safer and more nutritious.Moreover,nowadays,many vegetables are polluted because of the usage of agricultural chemicals,while green food is free of pollution.Besides, with the improvement of the living standards ,more people can afford a healthier but more expensive lifestyle.So green food,despite its higher price,still becomes people's favorite food.However,nowadays the market is full of real and fake green food,making many consumers confused.Therefore,the government must strengthen the supervision and administration of green food market.Besides,consumers should increase the knowledge of green food.Only in this way can green food play a more positive role in people's life.Green food is now becoming more and more popular. As a matter of fact, in big cities, there is always a big rush for green food during festivals. One reason for the popularity of green food is that today people are more and more health-conscious. They are very concerned with diseases related to contaminated food.It is much more expensive but they will still buy green food. Last but not the least, now Chinese people are much better off than before, and they can afford this kind of food for health and for diversity as well.If I have a choice I'll also choose green food because green food has so much advantages as I mentioned above.Personally, I think green food is symbolic. On the one hand, it shows the quality of life has been greatly improved. On the other hand, it mirrors a worrying problem-food contamination. So, it's time for us to change the habit of eating of people's health.In China, green food means high-quality esculent agricultural and processed products without being polluted, growing in excellent environment, produced according to regularizedtechnological speculations, with quality controlled through the processing. The sign of Green Food is a quality trademark registered by the China Green Food Development Center at the Trademark Office of State Administration for Industry and Commerce. Its private right is protected by the Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China.Changes in People’s Diet(1) According to a recent survey, rice, the staple food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in their diet, while the consumption of high quality food such as meat, milk and fruit has greatly increased. (2) A marked change has taken place on the family dining table in the last 10 years.(3) There are two factors leading to the change. (4) For one thing, people now enjoy a higher standard of living. (5) In the old days few families could afford meat and milk every day.(6) But now people have enough money to taste a rich variety of foods. (7) For another, people of today pay more attention to nutrition. (8) They are not merely content to fill the stomach. (9) They are seeking the most reasonable diet which will do good to their health.(10) In short, with people’s standards of living getting higher, changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater.Changes in People’s DietI n the past five years,great changes have been taking place in people’s diet. There is a general trend of decrease in the consumption of some high-energy food, such as milk and meat.Why are there changes in people’s diet?In my opinion,there are two major r easons:on the one hand,nowdays,people have more money to buy the food with better nutrition, which is generally much more expensive than grain or vegetables.On the other hand,they now pay attention not only to the quantity but also the quanlity of their food.They have more knowledge on improving the nutritional value of food.From the above we can see that in the past five years,peole’s living standard has been rising year by year. We can expect that there will be a more prosperous future waiting for us.green food (food contains no toxic or harmful elements for human health) China's pollution-free safety, quality, nutrition products collectively.4. employ peopleFor1) I think the key factor of success of a company is to be aggressive, that's just what young people have.2) Old people may be too conservative, but in modern competition, it is very important to take the lead without being too conservative.3) Most young people have a more vigorous body to work, adapting to hard workAgainst1) Experienced old people may have a more comprehensive point of view of a certain thing.2) It is easy for young people to be too rash to make a good decision.3) Old experienced people may act calmer when meeting with difficulties.5. Live to work or live to enjoyI always think about what kind of person. I would like to be and what kind of life I would like to live. Also, I often think about whether I should live to work or live to enjoy? After thinking, I choose to live to work as well as enjoy. As is known, life is limited. So what I want is a life with material and spiritual abundance. As a bread earner, I believe that financial guarantee is realistic and significant for a person and his family. It is an understructure. However, as a man who enjoys life, I had to say that there are more vital things than materials, including family, lovers, friends and one’s social responsibilities. Without these, life can be dull and meaningless. To summarize what I’ve said, life cannot be called a life without material and spiritu al guarantee. Thus, I have a preference for living to work with the company of enjoyment.We Should Live to Work or Work to LiveSome people have asked a question that if you were not working to live, what would you want to do? There is no standard answers to this question. Some one said they want to travelaround the world, eat various food, experience different culture and custom; some one said they want look after their children and foster them to be successful people; some one said they just want to get some leisure time to read a good book, drink a cup of tea, and enjoy the sunshine of afternoon. Actually, work is an important part of the meaning of life. When people are almost stifled by the pressure from fierce social competition, their notion about work will be changed. Work become boring and annoying,and something that people don't want to do, but have to do to make a living.Most people are always engaged in struggling for house, car, money, status,and power. If they have gained one of the material success, they want to fight for more satisfaction. The conclusion is that people's desire is endless. In the process of pursuing material, people lose the ability of enjoying life. The success become something that we always pursue at the cost of our health and happiness but we never meet, because no one can define the final success. If our aim is to get a satisfied life style, why we should pay for the hardships of life which come from our desire?Rich and poor have different life styles and life aims. What the poor people want to know is how to live in the competitive society. What the rich people think about is how to keep their wealth and status and how to live better. Therefore, everyone living in this world aim at living better than current situation. In order to reach this goal, what people fight for, such as money and power, are meaningless when they only can be got at the cost of health and happiness. It looks like contradictory that we aim at struggle for material to live better, but at the process of working we lose the enjoyment of life. However, if we changed our notion, maybe our world could be changed.The aim of living is not to work, because there are still much beautiful emotions and meaningful things are worth pursuing in the world. The aim of working is not to live, because when work is regarded as a tool for make a living, the meaning of life is to find a decent road to approach death. Therefore, my choice is that try my best to work by the attitude that living is to work, and try my best to live by the attitude that everything is worth enjoying in our life not just work.Living to work means that we should not treat work as a tool of wooing fame and fortune, but concentrate on it, just like finish our mission. Nowadays, more and more people feel tired and painful for unsatisfied current situation. The fierce competition reshaped people's attitude of working by a utilitarian and hypocritical value. People live in the world by relying on the satisfaction of basic means of substance. Some people think that if it is unnecessary to worry about the lack of material, it is also no need to work. Nevertheless, the fact that some rich person are also unhappy proved that to live or to live better, people still need something psychological, such as the feeling of safety, the sense of belonging, the sense of identity from outsides, sense of respect and self-respect and continuous self-improvement and self-realization. Unceasing challenges can offer unceasing motivation to people. Remaining idle will ruin people in spirit, which is always ignored.Working to live means doesn't means that we must struggle for making a living at the coast of our health and enjoyment of life, doesn't means we should treat work as the only approach to live better. It means that only working can urge people to find the direction of life, or else the life is like a boat without sail floats on the endless sea, waiting for the day that it was doomed to sink soundlessly. We will be idle and aimless without working, and will be whiney and painful with exhausting work. To some extend, the successful man is not a workaholic, but a enjoyer of work.They can grasp every second in life to enjoy love, friendship, family love, sunshine, clear air, wonderful scenery, even boring work is worth enjoying, because they also regard boring work as a kind of experience in the process of life . Almost everything in the world is worth cherishing, because work is not the only fate. We never know when we will meet death but we know we can't feel anything beautiful in the world any more.I think at some point, we all have to come to a decision in our life about certain priorities in regards to our lifestyle and workplace… live to work, or work to live. One of these, it seems, must always come before the other. We can either choose to live for our work, where our lifestyle, location, and family must conform to the demands of our job. Or, we can choose to set a way of life, and find an occupation that supports that life. There are some of us who choose our career, or because of our career we have no other option. Others of us don’t really care what we do, as long as it supports our life. Police and lawyers don’t have much room outside of their work, and snowboarders and surfers are notorious for holding temporary jobs that allow them to spend more time riding waves of water or snow. I don’t think that one is better than the other, and I don’t think that one has a better chance of attaining financial happiness. I do think, however, that whatever choice i s made will drastically impact ones finances, as it alters ones’ priorities.Live to Work There’s a certain type of personality that always seems to be driven. It doesn’t matter whether they are running a multi-million dollar multinational corporation, or the neighbourhood bake sale, they are internally motivated to get things done. Not only do they want to accomplish things, they want to do it quickly, efficiently, and on budget. If this type of person is suddenly without a goal, completion date, or finish line, then they will find one and make it their next project. Often associated with the type A personality, this type of person can very easily become a workaholic whose very existence can be boiled down to their profession. They live to work. Following your career might take you places that you normally wouldn’t go. It may require that you move across town, or across the country, or even to Germany or New Zealand. It may ask you to work odd hours, or long hours. It may ask you to be away from your family for weeks, or months at a time. However, this may have been something that you have been dreaming about since you were a child. It may be something that is a temporary but necessary step towards reaching your dream job, and so you make the sacrifice of living where you want, or raising your kids where you want, because that is what is required of you. Work to Live Another way to live is to find something in your life that you love more than anything, and make sacrifices in order to have it. This can be anything from being a stay at home mom, to travelling the world, to living in a ski resort or in Paris. If your life’s main priority is to stay at home and raise your kids in a good neighbourhood, then you won’t mind staying at a lower paying job if it me ans you get to stay in the city that you want your children to grow up in. It might not be the best choice financially, but it is the best choice for you because you are working only to support your life, not for the sake of working. If you want to travel the world, then you might decide to get a job planting trees or fighting fires. Difficult jobs that require incredible hard work and sacrifice over the short term – but they provide you with enough money in order to spend 6 months in Thailand. Working the fast food counter at the ski resort might not be your life long desire – but going riding for 150 days in one season might be, so you are working in order to support your chosen lifestyle. fires. Difficult jobs that require incredible hard work and sacrifice over the short term – but they provide you with enough money in order to spend 6 months in Thailand. Working the fast foodcounter at the ski resort might not be your life long desire – but going riding for 150 days in one season might be, so you are working in order to support your chosen lifestyle.I almost felt no answer to the question when the first sight of the topic.I don’t think it should be consider again and again before we struggle to live. Some time it’s the truth that our life is caused by accidence so just go ahead and think less.But if we think over the significance of living, we cann’t deny the seriius effect of our work.According to me the meaning of life is to persue, to find the meanful things in our life, to check the pisitive ways of life and to spend our rationally-got life more happier than it was. I think work is one of those matters that we persue the whole time. Work, expecially one enjoyed carrier can difinately promote the process of our persuring. If we work hard certainly we will be well paid. If we have enough money it’s sure we can realize what we dream of in our peacetime. You can say that work actes as one important part in one’s whole life also if we consider the dignity of what it may bring brought to us. One person without one stable job in china now is usually be treated as one person without his undertaking. Now almost nobody will undertake only one postion or job in his life. No matter what we do, we should choose those help to our life but not the thing we cann’t con trol.For me I prefer sales so much now. I’m satisfied with my now position and will stick to that for certain times."Live to work" obviously connotes that one goes happily off to the office each day, while "work to live" implies something more onerous. As for the value "live to work "or "work to live " ,different people have various opinions. Some people love their work very much and they haven't any economy burden . So they live their life to enjoy everything including their work . So they live to work . Some people can't get the job they desire and maybe they have heavy burden in their life , thus they must work harder and hard to live . Why do we work? The answers differ from one person to another because they adopt different attitudes towards work. Some people live to work. They devote themselves to their work. The aim for which they work is to realize the value of life, to promote the development of society and to make more people live happily. They make great contribution to society and at the same time they also find pleasure from their work. On the contrary, other people work to live. They regard work as a way of making a living. The purpose for which they work is to kill time or to make enough money to support themselves and their families. They oft en consider work as what they have to do. So they can’t pick up pleasure and enjoyment from their work. Such people, once they can afford to support themselves and their families, perhaps quit their work. In my opinion, we shouldn’t go to the extremes. Sin ce we are members of society, we should do what we can to better it so that we can live in more comfortable and more convenient surroundings. Good life is an assurance of smooth work. Only when we realize this can we live happily and work well.We Should Live to Work or Work to LiveSome people have asked a question that if you were not working to live, what would you want to do? There is no standard answers to this question. Some one said they want to travel around the world, eat various food, experience different culture and custom; some one said they want look after their children and foster them to be successful people; some one said they just want to get some leisure time to read a good book, drink a cup of tea, and enjoy the sunshine of。
研究生英语口语考试问题及答案.(优选)
U.1.What is the best way to educate our children？Who gives them more influences, teachers or parents?Nowadays, more and more teachers focus on the education for their students, they are eager to find a best way to solve this problem, as well as the parents.Importantly, we have to consider the students themselves. What we do will benefit them?We must enhance their knowledge and wisdom to solve kinds of problems and questions, so if we want to educate for success, we must make sure that what the students need. Unlike the past days, nowadays the students not only need knowledge in book, but also need something innate. They need to study, and to study in a very healthway and with a very relax heart. Here we can get some information that is to give the students the knowledge and happiness both.I think that the parents are more influential than the teachers. The first reason is that it helps a student identify himself/herself through the parent‟s role modeling. Secondly, the parent‟s positive influence provides a secure environment for proper developmentof a student. Lastly, the importance of a parents influence on a student can be recognized by the impact it has on society.Unit1.2 Do you think it important to cultivate students’ creativity?I think it is important .The standardization of thinking is the leading factor that kills Chinese innovative thinking. American education focuses on cultivating self-confidence, and Chinese students often lack self-confidence. American students are often arrogant, and Chinese students are often humble. Education in the west is different from ours: it trains students' problem consciousness and critical thinking from primary school. but we often cultivate students' obedience to what the teacher says.Unit1 .3 What are the problems with the educational system of China? Is the system quality-oriented or test-oriented?In China, there are so many problems with the educational system. But the three problems about education must be paid much attention at least. Firstly, the entrance-exam problem, youngsters have to bury themselves in book stacks in order to pass the entrance exam, completely divorced from social reality. Secondly, the quality problem, there is no denying the fact what the students learn in university cannot meet the need of the rapid development society. Finally, the employment problem, as I have said in the above that the quality has declined, so high-education and employment are obviously incompatible. How to solve these problems? In my opinion, the governmentmust relax its unnecessary controls on the universities, and give schoolsfull autonomy to pilot their own reforms. Only in this can we solve the problem of education. In light of this, we can find that the educational system of China is thetest-oriented.Unit1,4What kind of teacher is an ideal one?can you describe a teacher who give you most influences? will you become a teacher when you finish your graduate program?Ideal teachers must be patient and they can express their own meaning clearly. They should have good professional knowledge about the course they teach and they like the course they teach. What‟s more, they can teach students in accordance of their aptitude The teacher is my Chinese teacher when I was in third grade. Sheknew our advantages and disadvantages, and she could praise and criticize us properly.I want to become a college teacher. Because college teachers‟ work has more free time, I can have more time to care for my family.Unit1 ,5Is it necessary for the graduating students to write and defend graduation theses?I think writing and defending graduation theses is necessary. Completing the graduation theses is the basic condition for college students to graduate.At the same time, defending graduation theses can urge the students to write their papers independently. So this is a meaningful learning process and a conclusion of what we have learned during the past four years. It can train and increase the ability to scientific research and cooperate with others. What‟s mo re, it also can improve work efficiency and let us feel the sense of responsibility. It is the key to open the door of our later success.Unit2,1In these days ,job hopping is avery common phenomenon.what are the reasons for the job_hopping?should stay in one career the whole life or change job frequentenly?I think the following factors contributing to people‟s job-hopping. First, when some employees suffer limitation in promotion and there is no space for them to develop, job-hopping becomes common like potluch. Second, some people are different, they are in the habit of job-hopping, for they always pursue what is new and stimulating. Finally, when you stay in one career for a long time, you will lose your interest. In my opinion, we should not change our job frequently. because every job is a chance for us to gain wider experience .And you will lose this opportunity if you change job frequently.If you change youjob,you would have to start all over again from the beginning.So ,you‟dbetter not change your job frequently.Unit2,2Do you want to be a small fish in a big pond or a big fish in a small pond?With the former, you can derive a deep sense of satisfaction from being a member of a well-known organization such as General Motors. You will have the opportunities of learning from experienced executives and knowing about the standard working process. There is no doubt that the experience here will widen your horizon and youwill gain access to the latest information which could help you enhance your competitiveness in your major. With the latter, you will have great responsibilities and your decision may bring immediate effect. Normally, you are exposed to various experiences and expected to do a great many things without much help or guidance. And here I can control more resources than what I can in big company. However, the mechanisms of small company lack of flexibility, which will hinder the people‟s promotion. Personally, I prefer to work in a big enterprise when I was young, because I could get a good position as long as I work hard.Unit 2 ,.3if you are a boss,do you like to recruit experienced people or green hands?If I am a boss,I am inclined to recruit those experienced ones . First of all, I think ,when faced the work , the experienced will be better to understand the process of the job, and complete the work more efficiently . As the saying goes, practice makes perfect. They may have new techniques and methods.Secondly, they know how to communicate and get along with related persons.This is good to fewer conflicts between employees. Finally , the company do not spend too much energy to train them,so they will be able to create value for the company when they entered the company.Unit2,4With the soring house price in big cities,would you still choose to work in first_tier cities upon grauation?No, I would not choose to work in first-tier cities upon graduation, although there are more working opportunities. The reasons are as follow. The first, the house price is so high that I can‟t afford it. The second, comparing with medium-sized cities, the living expenses in first-tier cities is much higher, the pace of life is much faster and the the living surroundings are worse. While in a medium-sized city, the living expenses is suitable, then I can save money. The living surroundings are more comfortable. The most important is that I will have more time with my family and more chances to display my potential. So, I prefer working in a medium-sized city.Unit3.1What are the usual / popular ways of getting refreshed?You can exercise all the time and sweat it out. Or have a good sleep. Listen to some relaxing music and talk to your family.Unit3.2Find out all the reasons why people spend so much time with their computer both atwork and at home.I think there are 3 reasons for the question. First, internet improves our life quality and work efficient. At work, we use computer to deal with files. For example, when we facea large amount of numbers, before the invention of computer, people must use pens, which spend a lot of time, but now we can do it by computer, maybe it just spend a few minutes. At home, we can buy everything through computer.Second, computer enhances the communication of people. At work, especially some international companies, people can talk with foreigners and make business bycomputer. At home, as we all know, parents are often on business trips, they can talk with their children face to face through computers; we can also acquire some latest news in the internet. Third, we use the Internet for entertainment and study, when we are tired, we open the computer, and find out some exciting programs, and then we will be happy. For the study, we can learn English, write thesis and look up data, and so on.That’s all.Unit 3,4what benefits can you derive from doing exercises regularly?Physical exercise can make people healthy. It can help people to postpone aging. exercise is beneficial to the growth of human bones and muscles. Psychologically: exercise has the function of regulating the tension of the human body, and can improve the physiological and psychological state and restore the strength and energy. exercise can improve the health of the body, make the tired body get a positive rest, so that people energetically put into study and work;stretch the body and mind, help to sleep and eliminate the pressure of reading5. What’s your favorite sport? And Why? / “What’s your hobby?As we all become health conscious, we realize the importance of strict and regular physical activity. Why so many people love exercise? Since it has many functions that are good and efficient for us. Firstly, it is good Swimming is a healthy low-lost activity that you can continue throughout you life. Swimming is a low-impact activity that has many physical and mental health benefits. I like swimming best, because swimming can help maintain a healthy weight, healthy hearts and lungs. Plus, its also an ability of surviving.4.11. How does modern technology bring an unprecedented change to people’s lives? The third technical revolution obviously brings an unprecedented change to peoples life. Digital has given rise to a variety of new technology. Factories are more effective with less workers. More and more smart machines are appearing, such as smart robot which can do some dangerous work and housework. The internet brings us a lot of conveniences. We can communicate with other easily no matter how far away from each other. Secondly we can get much information to tell us how interesting the world is. Even we don‟t go out home we can buy what we need on net. And so on. Our life will be better and better with advanced technology, such as clear energy and a better environment.Unite4.2. What can you do with your cell phone in your daily life?Mobile phones are becoming more and more widely used in daily life, not just on the phone. Mobile phones can also be used to watch news, watch programs, play games, pay, shopping online, etc.3. Talk about the merits and demerits of online shopping.1. The development of the Internet market is becoming more and more mature, with rich network resources and various kinds of commodities. The search function is powerful, i.e. the dot is available.2. There are various payment methods in the onlinemarket, which are not limited to bank card payment, cash payment, alipay, etc., and the security level is improved. 3. There is a massive online shopping website with promises of quality assurance, so long as Internet users choose a legitimate and legitimate website to network shopping, it must have benefited a lot. Disadvantages:You can't see the object.Although the goods are not satisfactory, we can refuse to accept them, but there is also a delay in the intangibles.Home delivery is subject to local restrictions and will be charged accordinglyUnit4.5. Can students play videogames? What are the disadvantages of playing video games?Videogames, as a popular way of entertainment, has largely changed our ways to spend our leisure time. But everything has two sides, we should coordinate it well so it can play a good important role in our development.Playing games may provoke our most powerful positive emotions. So as a student, when you are tired with study, you can have a rest by playing it, but not spend much more time on it. Because taking much time on it will play an opposite effect .As your tutor, I also want to tell you, if you are a person who is lacking of master yourself, you'd better not touch it.Unit5,2Why are both doctors and patients expressing their frustration? How can we improve doctor-patient relationship?Doctors always express their frustration because of thestrained relations between patients. Doctors complain that their salary are low and they are overworked in most time. However, patients insist that it is difficult to get a well treatment in hospital. The medicines is so expensive that they cannot afford them. In addition, doctors often take patients as experiment subjects, they prescribe excessivemedicines to patients in order to make money. Takinga look around, one can find numerous examples with ease, such as one doctor killed by his patient in Wenling Zhejiang province not long ago. The problem mentioned above is bound to generate dsevere consequences if we keep turning a blind eye. To my way of thinking, some measures must be taken to solve this problem. For one thing, It is essential that laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to put an end to this trend, such as government makes some laws to forbid doctor to collect money from patients. For another, patients should aslogive more respect to doctors and coordinate with doctors during surgery. Only in this way, can we make the society more harmoniously.Unit5,3What are the positiv e and negative effects of china’s single child policy?In my view, there are many positive effects o f china’s single child policy. Fist it can reduce the pressure of employment. Because china has much people we cannot find a good job. Second it can do good for the environment. Much water is wasted and the air is polluted as people do not cherish. If people is less and less we will own enough water and air. Everything has two sides. Some negative effects are existed. The military powerwill be weaken. The single children will not understand the importance of sharing. Theywill have few friends and feel lonely. They will have much pressure to support their parents when they grow up.Unit5,4We have entered an age of ageing population. How and who to take good care of the elderly people?Nowadays, we have entered an age of ageing population, and how and who to take good care of the elderly people, which is a hot point that we are talking about resently. Considering the severity of issue, we have no choice but to take effective measure to deal with this problem. In my opinion, not onlythe son or daughterbut also the society have responsibility to take care of the elderly people. On the one hand, undoubtedly, according to some sociologist opinion, the elderly people are more eager to children's love. We are glad to see that the son and daughter should often go back home and make telephone calls to their parents. And they also should give money to their parents. Because they are too old to work, they can‟t make enough money to live. Moreover, when they are sick, they should take care and stay with them. On the other hand , there is no doubt that the government should improve the social welfare system ,raise the retirement age and set up many old people‟s home to guarantee the old people‟s life.So in a word, only in this way this bad situation can be solved.Unit 5 .5Nowadays, a buzzword “urban diseases” is frequently heard.What is meant by that? And what are the causes ang cures for those “illness”?I think “urban diseases” is about that more and more peo ple are flocking to the big cities, which has caused many problems like traffic jams ,environment pollutions and the declining feeling of happiness .such problems are even more serious in Beijing ,shanghai ,Shenzhen .most of the people like to live in the cities because the big city has more work opportunities, exciting life and a sense of urbanite ,besides ,the big city is good for children‟s education. This is what has caused the “ citydiseases ”.I think it is the time that w e should take some measures to handle with those problems. We should establish the proper value on big city .everywhere has its advantages and disadvantages. even the big city has its convenient ,it is also has its demerits. the living expenses is much higher,the pace of life is much faster ,its surroundings are worse and has more traffic congestion.I don’t like live into the big cite .I think the medium city like Qingdao ,Suzhou are very good, it can catch up with the big cities ,has many hot places for investment form both home and aboard ,lots of priority policies to attract talents ,and more chances to display one’s potential .besides, I can have more time to stay with my family .I enjoy the silent life and it can enhance my understanding of life .Unit6 ,1Should we limit the use of private cars in first tier cities to reduce caremissions?Beijing has been limited the private car by limiting its number in some appointed days However, as far as I see it, we should not put a limit on private cars in first-tier cities. First of all, the private car is a symbol of freedom and wealth. The private car has given us a freedom and convenience our ancestors could not dream of. We can travel to relatively remote places that it is hard to reachon foot or public transport rarely goes to. A car enables an individual or a family to travel at any time they wish. With a car there is no need to wait for the bus in the bitterly cold or under the scorching sun. Further more a c ar can serve as a symbol of one’s wealth, which makes him or her proud of his or her accomplishments and glorious past.Secondly, a car can make our work more efficient and life more convenient. Nowadaysmany Chinese can enjoy the comfort and luxury of owning a private car. Having a car of one’s own means no more traveling to work on crowded buses or subway trains; no more waste of time for waiting at the bus stop or train station. With a car one does not have to worry about the possible danger their child suffers when they are elbowing theirway through the crowd, instead they can drop off the children at school on the way to work. In the case of illness, the car takes its owner or other sick person to hospital without any delay. Last but not least, lifting bans on private cars will stimulate the automobile industry, which provides jobs for a large team of workers. Known as a sunrise industry, Chinese automobile industry needs strong and continuous fueling from domestic demand. If more people buy cars, the industry will embrace continued growth, thus contributing more to the national economy. Moreover, its growth will trigger the boom of related industries like iron and steel production and energy. In conclusion, theadvantages of private cars convince us that we should not put a limit on the number of private cars. What we should do at the moment is to perfect the transport infrastructure to ensure private cars to go faster and more safely.Unit6,2How can we strike a balance between economic development and environmental protection in poor areas?In the past thirty years, our country seen great development and thorough changes in the aspects of economy, society and construction. However, some problems, like environmental pollutions, appeared in some regions ,especially in poor areas. Therefore, balancing matual connection between economic improvement and environmental protection should be put on agenda immediately.On one hand, economic progress in some remote zones deserved to be focused on by our wise government and intelligent citizens, who should try their best to help the poor to pursue a better life. On the other hand, it is indeed essential to make a considerate combination between economy and surroundings for a profound and sustainable development, instead of just chase economic productivity and GDP .Only by these two can we help the poor areas to get on the path of getting rich and happy .Unit6 ,3It’s urgent for us to reduced our carbon footprint. What can we do to live a low carbon life?Now more and more people has realized that a low carbon life is related with daily life. we have to take some measures to reduce our carbon footprint. For government, they should take some policy to control the number of privated car. We should plant more trees to make the carbon absorbed. To our common people, we should ride bike or by bus to go to work other than driving privated car. We also should try to avoid using disposable tableware. We should reduce to use free or charge a plastic bag when we are going shopping. We should develop the habit of turning off electrical power to avoid wasting electricity. Trying to reduce to use refrigerators, air conditioners, fans, we can keep cool by using Pushan . Only in this way can we live a low carbon life and can we have a healthy life.Unit6,4 What is white pollution? how to deal with it?The so-called "white pollution" is a kind of appellation that plastic garbage pollutes environment. It is made of all kinds of life plastic products .That has caused urban severe environmental pollution phenomenon. The most polluted of white garbage is thewaste plasticbags. If we continue using plastic lunch boxes, shopping bags and other unrecyclable plastic products what would happen that one day they might bury us in an ocean of white rubbish To prevent this nightmare from coming true, governments need to work closely with each other and back up their verbal commitment by actions. However, it is not enough only to ask the government to get rid of white pollution, We must ask everybody beautification green earth instead of white.Unit 6,5How do you understand the role of forests playing in our planet?As we all know, forests always play an important role. Many scientists even regard the forests as the lungs of our earth. In my opinion ,forests help to clean the air. The plants ,as all kinds of trees ,can absorb most of carbon dioxide and at the same time ,they release the oxygen. It is a good way to plant forests to reduce the greenhouse gas. On the other hand,lacking of the protection of forests, many cities, like Beijing is under the threatening of the sand storm. Without doubts , if we plant more trees in the northwest of China,the environment of Beijing will be much better.All in all, the forests are irreplaceable in our planet.Unit7,1Are Chinese different from people of other cultures in the way of greeting and eating? Because of the different culture, I think we have some of different from other people. Firstly, in China, when two people greet each other we shake hands instead of hugging and kissing. Secondly, Food is a special phenomenon, people having knowledgeofFood from one side of the study of different cultural backgrounds, customs and historical environment by study. Western food culture in this thesis is mainly concerned with the British one due to the fact that its cultural pattern and influence have become dominant in the west, which is generally recognized by the world. Thirdly, Chinese people would like to take the style of “sharing” when they have adinner together, whether at home with family members or outside with friends. But in western food culture Western food culture is characterized by the “separated‟ style because of the great influence of the individualistic orientation. For example, westerners do not take the ts’ai dishes from the public plate, but have separate individual plates.Unit7,2What are some taboos or superstitions you know in Chinese culture and other cultures?What is superstition?A belief, practice, or rite irrationally maintained by ignorance of the laws of nature or by faith in magic or chance. Some Chinese taboos and superstitions: A baby with wide and thick ears will live prosperously. The luckiest number is eight because its pronunciation is like "prosper". The unluckiest number is four as it sounds like the Chinese word to death. A boy,preferably born indragon year, may roll over the newlywed's matrimonial bed, which will bring good luck and a baby boy to the couple.When your upper teethfalls down, you should throw it down. And if your lower teeth falls down, you must throw it overhead, maybe on the roof. When your left eye shocks, it means that something good will happen. Conversely, if your right eye shocks, perhaps you will be unlucky. If so many bad things happen to you recently, you could invite a wizard or witch to help you. Get a table and put some candles on it. Then the "GOD" you invited waves his/her wood sword and say some magic words, afterwards the bad things will get away from you. Some western taboos and superstitions: Jesus Christ died on Friday, while the number 13 is unlucky. The combination of people believe that the unfortunate things will happen that day. Friday and the number 13 represents thebad luck the last two unfortunate individuals together to form super-sad day. Therefore,no matter what the occasion of the 13th month on Friday called "Black." In England, black cats are regarded as lucky.If a black cat crosses your path, you will have good luck all day. But in other western countries, black cats are connected with witches or the devil. A leaning ladder was thought to resemble the gallows and so by walking underneath a ladder, you are playing out your own execution.3. Talk about the western and traditional Chinese wedding ceremonies and tell the differences.Unit7,4A Chinese-American mother who was called as “tiger mom” says American parents lack authority and produce entitled children who aren't forced to live up to their abilities. A Chinese man who is a father of four control every aspect of his children's lives. Ifthey failed to meet his standards, the children would be beaten with a feather duster. That’s why he named as “wolf dad”.What’s more, I don’t believing in “Spare the rod, spoil the child”. Does it mean a true success in parenting when your kids enter a famous university or get straight A at school? And does success equal happiness?Obviously no. A parent who can show a proper way of love will raise the happiest child in the world. The stories of the tiger mom and wolf dad, we can still feel their strong love for their kids. Love cannot exist without encouragement. A parent who never praises her/his child directly denies the easiest way to show love and to teach his/her child to love others. Love does not exclude reasonable criticism and punishment.5. What are some traditional virtues Chinese nation treasures? Are such virtues as filial piety and thrift (节约) still important today。
2012年考研英语真题及答案[1]
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Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettesuncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once statefunding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after thecompany made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclearstation in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, andself-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claiminto a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on someaspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and completeeach other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominateleft-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a longway. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes frompublic-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode ofproduction, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy.(43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much ofthe world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’sgrammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)Section I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D Section II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A 31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.GPart C46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。
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1.Scientific discovery has brought about many negative effects to ourlife at the same time of promoting our life. Some people think that the development of science has disastrous side effects so that we should not live in modern society. What’s your point o f view?科学发现给我们的生活带来了许多负面影响，同时也提高了我们的生活质量。
有些人认为，科学的发展带来灾难性的副作用，因此，我们不应该生活在现代的社会中。
你的观点是什么呢？Scientific discovery plays significant role in our modern life. Butnowadays, it turned into a huge monster. Scientific discovery cause numerous harmful consequences and ser iously damage people’s health and life style.First, scientific discovery is bad for your health. People spend hours and hours to play them, so they are under very high risk of becoming overweight and obese.Second, the modern technology promotes unhealthy eating choices, especially among the teenagers and adolescents. Because they areusually addicted to it, forget the time.Third, people nowadays spend more time and pay more attention on modern technology, it can cause mental disorders or disturbances.Sometimes it will make you unhappy, tiresome and weariness, all of these are dangerous for peoples’ health.Fourth, people pay too much attention on the scientific discovery, is lack of concentration, insomnia, restlessness, depressive thoughts, etc.It also will steal the time to be spent for many other importantactivities, like reading, playing with friend, traveling, and so on.Children are especially affected by the negative sides.Fifth, some kind of modern technology will make children failure in schools and low grades, slow-down in intellectual development, lack of social skills and others.However, for many people, modern scientific such as television, cell phone, computer are still the primary source for receiving theinformation. It can satisfy their needs.In addition, scientific discovery provides us with perfect entertainment for any taste, you can watch movie, talk to your friend on line or by the cellphone and so on. All these positive factors is useful for us.I am in favor it, it helps students learn more information and learn itmore quickly. We can learn more things in less time. We should enjoy the advantages of modern scientific, and try to solve the problemswhich modern technology has brought. The key is to make the best use of them in a proper way.科学发现在我们的现代生活中起着重要的作用。
但现在，它变成了魔鬼，捕获绕地球数十亿人的思想和灵魂。
这样往往导致滥用和成瘾的结果，且会导致大量的有害后果，并严重损害人们的身体健康和生活。
首先，科学发现的第一个和最危险的影响是人的身体健康。
人，谁花几个小时来打他们，所以他们正在变得超重和肥胖的风险非常高。
其次，现代技术促进不健康的饮食选择，尤其是在青少年和青少年。
因为它们通常是上瘾了，忘了时间。
第三，时下人们花更多的时间加注重现代技术，它可以导致精神障碍或干扰。
有时会令你不满，无聊和疲倦，所有这些都会影响人民的健康。
此外，人对科学发现付出太多的关注，导致注意力不集中，失眠，烦躁，抑郁的想法，强迫等发挥他们偷其他许多重要的活动要花费的时间，喜欢看书，与朋友玩，旅游，等等。
儿童的影响尤为严重，一般打，因为他们的未成形的心理和有机体的消极面。
某种现代技术会使儿童在学校，低三个档次，智力发展放缓，缺乏社交能力，和其他人的失败。
然而，对许多人来说，现代科学，如电视，手机，电脑仍然是接收的所有信息，能够满足他们的需求作为社会个体的主要来源。
此外，科学发现为我们提供了对于任何味道完美的娱乐，你可以看电影，谈谈您的朋友在线或通过手机等。
所有这些积极因素，是对我们有用。
我是赞成的科学发现，它可以帮助学生了解更多的信息和更迅速地了解它。
我们可以在更短的时间内学到更多的东西。
我们应该享受现代科学的优势，并尝试解决现代技术带来的问题。
关键是要物尽其用，他们以适当的方式。
2. Required class attendance is such a widely adopted practice in Chinese schools of higher education that many teachers and even students themselves simply consider it is a good thing. But is it a wise method? Is there any proven co-relation between attendance and performance in a course? Do you question the validity of required attendance?在中国的各高校当中，上课点名这个做法被广泛的采用，很多老师甚至学生自己都认为这是很好的方法。
但它真的是一个明智的方法吗？到教室上课和这个学生在这门课上的学习表现，两者之间是否已证实有联系？你质疑上课点名制度的有效性吗？Nowadays required class attendance is very common at colleges anduniversities. Most people think we should attend all the classes required by school. However some others do not agree with this argument. They don't think we should attend all the class.As for me, I'm in favor of not to attend all the class. The following reasons can account for my preference.First, university is a place free and open, the rigid attendance policy does not benefit students' studies. If you like the lesion, we can attend it. On the contrary, we can choose to go or not. For example, a student may have to give up a lecture which he finds useful to his studies simply because he dare not run the rest of being penalized for his absence in his course.Second, the lectures of some teachers are not always constructive.A student should be allowed to tell for himself whether an in class experience is worthwhile. If someone doesn’t wanna learn, it is useless even though he attend class, it just a waste of time.Finally and most importantly, there is no proving and co-relation between class attendance and academic performance. A student may never be absent in a course, maybe he is just sitting there but have the daydreaming all the time. Few students even ask other people to instead of your name or even make a lie. Those action are bad habbits and it is easy to make a bad effection.In conclusion, class attendance may secure one hundred percent attendance for a course. But it is not really beneficial to us. As college students we should learn to make the right decisions for ourselves about whether to attend a class.如今需要上课是很常见的高校。