英汉语言文化比较期末重点

《英汉语言文化比较》讲义第1讲语言与文化概述1. The relati on ship betwee n Ian guage and culture.Lan guage and culture are in separably in tertw in ed.(1) Lan guage is a part of culture.(2) Language is a manifestation of culture. (Culture manifests itself both in patterns of Ian guage and thought, and in forms of activity and behavior.)(3) Lan guage is the stimulus of culture (A flourished Ian guage can promote thedevelopme nt of culture.)2. En glish speakers are good at abstract thi nking while the Chin ese are apt to thinkin terms of images.3. English speakers prefer analyticalthinking while the Chinese prefer comprehe nsive thi nking.4. English speakers think more in a linear way while the Chinese think more or less in acurv ing way.5. Accord ing to Whorf hypothesis,“ The Ian guage that an in dividualspeaks facilitates particular ways of thi nki ng. ” 第2讲英汉语发展简史1Based on morphological classification (形态分类法),English belongs to in fleeted lang uage ( 屈折语),while Chin ese bel ongs to isolating language (孤立语).Based on structural classificatio n ( Chinese bel ong to an alytic Ian guage ( Based on gen etic classificati on ( In do-Europea n Lan guage Family, and Chinese bel ongs to Sino-Tibeta nLan guage Family.English is a West Germanic (西日耳曼语支)Ianguage that originated from the Anglo-Frisiandialects brought to Britainby Germanic inv aders.English is a phonemelanguage (表音文字)and Chinese is an ideographic Ianguage ( 表意文字). The first people in England about whose Ianguage we have definite kno wledge are the Celts. After the Norman Con quest, En glish en tered the period of Middle En glish. The period from 450 to 1150 is known as Old English. From 1150 to 1500 the Ian guage is known as Middle En glish. The Ian guage since 1500 is called Modern English (1500-1700, early Modern English, 1700 until now, later Moder n En glish).The main differe nces betwee n Chin ese words and En glish words: a)1. 2.3. 4. 5. 6. 7.8. 结构分类法),both English and 分析语). 谱系分类法),English belongs toLetters in English are like strokes in Chinese. b) Morphemesn English are like radicals in Chin ese. c) Chin ese associative compo unds ( 会意字)are like En glish compo und words.第3讲英汉语发展简史21.Chinese and most related Ianguages share features that makethem unlikemost Western Ian guages: They are mono syllabic, have eve n lessin flecti on tha n En glish, and are ton al.2.In Chinese, a syllabic structure has three essential components:initials ( 声母),finals ( 韵母),and tones ( 声调).Chinese pinyin system has 21 initial consonants, 36 final vowels and 4 tones.3.According to Xu Shen ' s ( 许慎)research, Chinese characters can bedivided into six groups: 1) Pictographs (~ 4%)象形;2) Ideographs (~ 1%)指事；3)Logical Aggregates ( 〜13%)会意；4) Pho netic Complexes(~ 82%) 形声;5) Associative Transformations (a small portion) 转注;6)Borrowi ngs (a small porti on) 假借.第4讲英汉语构词法1.Word formation in English:1)Compounding(合成法):Twoor more words are joined together to form a new word. (Forexample: home + work —homework)2)Prefixation ( 前缀法):Prefixation is the formation of new wordsby addi ng prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not gen erally cha nge the word-class ofthe stem but on ly modify its meaning. (For example: Pejorative prefixes ( 贬义前缀):mal-, pseudo-, mis-, ill-).3)Suffixation ( 后缀法):Suffixation is the formation of new wordsby addi ng suffixes to stems. Un like prefixes which primarily cha ngethe meaning of the stem, the primary function of suffixes is to cha nge thegrammatical fun ctio n of stems.4)Conversion (转化法): Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certa inword-class is shifted in to a word of ano ther withoutthe additi on of an affix. It is also called zero derivati on ( 零位派生).(For example: 1) Problems snowballed by the hour. 2)San dwich the two bread halves together and cut into 1-i nch-wide slices.)5)Shortening (缩略法)6)Blending (拼缀法):Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word isformed by comb ining parts of two words. The resultof such a process is called a blend. Blending is a process of both compo undingand abbreviatio n. For example, smog (smoke+ fog).7)Back-formation ( 逆成法):a process of word-formation by which a word is createdby the deleti on of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivati on.8)Eponyms9)Toponyms2.Word formation in Chinese:1)The overwhelming majority of the Old-Chinese morphemes are mono-syllabic.2)61% of the 3,000 most commonly used Chinese words are disyllabic.3)Chinese prefixes mostly invoIve morphemessuch as 老, 小, 第,and 初.4)Some so-called Chinese suffixes are added as a way ofnominalization, like 度, 性，etc.第5讲英汉词语的文化内涵比较11.In Chinese, the word x in (心)that primarily denotes the heart organmay also refer to the “organ for thinking ” and the “seat of thought and emotions ” .2.In contrast, according to the Western view, heart is seen as the center ofemotions/feelings and the head (the locus of the brain with whichthe mind is associated) as the cen ter of thought.3.Based on the metaphor “ heart as a physical entity ” , the followingwords are formed in Chinese: 心房, 心、窝, 心、田，心、地,and 心弦.4.Research proves that if a Ianguage only has two color words, they must be black and white;if the Ianguage has the third color word, it mustbe red; if it has the fourth on e, it must be yellow or gree n.第6讲英汉词语的文化内涵比较21.Doghas a n egative conno tatio n in “ a dog in the man ger ” .2.Traditi on ally, people have talked about “ fixed expressi ons ” , stressing thefixedness of these expressions, but corpus studies have show n that many of the phrases can actually be varied.3.An idiom is a fixed or semi-fixed expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from itsparts. But very few idioms are 100% fixed.第7讲英语抽象名词和汉语具体名词1.The plural forms of abstract English nouns often have the function of concretization,for example, ratings , attractions and breakdowns.第8讲形合与意合1.Hypotaxis (形合):The depe ndent or subordi nate relati on ship of clauseswith conn ectives. For example: It was cold because the snows came.2.Parataxis (意合): The arranging of clauses or phrases without conn ectives show ingthe relati ons betwee n them. For example: It wascold; the snows came.第9讲英汉句法比较1. A topic-pro minen t la nguage is a Ian guage that orga ni zes its syn taxto emphasize the topic — comme nt structure of the senten ce. Chin ese is con sideredto be a topic-pro minen t la nguage, where the topic of the sentence takes precede neein the senten ce.2. A subject-prominent language . English) is a Ianguage in which the grammatical units ofsubject and predicate (S V) are basic to the structure of senten ces and in whichsenten ces usually have subject-predicate structure.第10讲英语被动句和汉语主动句1. English uses far more passive sentences than Chinese./ Passive voice sen ten ces aremore com mon in En glish tha n in Chin ese.2. Many sentences in English have inanimate/impersonal subjects ( 无灵主语),while Chin ese use this pattern less freque ntly. For example,“ The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps. ”第11讲语篇对比11. According to Halliday and Hasan, collocation ___________ is “cohesion that isachieved through the association of lexical items that regularlyco- occur ” . The association is achieved when the lexical items havea tendency to appear in similar lexicalrelated lexicosema ntically.2. a) This is a fine hall you have here. Iit. (Refere nee)b) This is a fine hall you have here. I one.(Substituti on)c) This is a fine hall you have here.(Ellipsis) 第12讲语篇对比21. The normal pattern to develop an English paragraph: topic sentence (ma in point/ central thought) — support ing details.第13讲 隐喻、文化和世界观1. Sports metaphors are used by all America ns, regardless of class, professi on s, race,age or gen der. The reas ons are as follows:1) Most America ns believe competiti on to be one quality that has made America great.2) “ Being the best ” American mentality has often turned everyday life into asport game. People compete in almost everyth ing.3) American schools are another contributing factor to the Americansports mania. In many schools, athletics outweighs all other programs in terms ofmoney and atte nti on received.4) As a coun try, from the n ati onal to the local level, America ns go out of theirway to honor athletes.2. The literal use of 吃in eludes 吃面,吃饭.（n ot 吃惊,吃香,吃官司,environments or when they are m proud to be lecturi ng in 've never lectured in a finerI ' ve never lectured in a finer.吃败仗）.The literal use of 吃饭in eludes 吃冷饭.（not 吃干饭,吃闲饭，吃软饭）第14讲基于语料库的英汉语比较与翻译考察1.Corpus （pl. corpora or eorpuses）: a collect ion of text, now usuallyin maehine-readable form and compiled to be representative of a particular kind of Ian guage and ofte n provided with some kind of anno tatio n.2.Parallel corpus is most useful for translation studies.第15讲个人主义与集体主义1.Highly individualistic cultures include the U.S., Australia, GreatBritain. Canada, the Netherlands. New Zealand, and Italy. Someexamples of collectivist cultures in clude In dia, Japa n and China.Short An swer Questi ons:1.What are the different types of transliterations （音译）Give theChin ese borrow ings from En glish as examples.An swer: The first type is pho netic loa ns: 摩登、咖啡、咖喱、巧克力、克隆。