英汉思维、语言及文化对比
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• 他来了， 我走。（--如果他来了， 我就走。 If he comes, I will go.--既然他来了， 我可以 走了。Since he comes, I will go.--当他来时， 我就走。When he comes, I will go.--因为他来， 所以我走。As he has come, I must go now.）
译文：看到这个可怜的孩子，他想到了自己的 童年。
(2)The bad weather prevented him from attending the meeting.
译文：天气不好，他没去开会。
(3)His passion carried him away. 译文：他因感情冲动而误入歧途。
(4) Memories of that historic and happy occasion still linger.
Sapir:
Human beings… are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society… the ‘real world’ is to a large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group. (1929)
The hypothesis is Sopported by:
●cross-linguistic differences in vocabulary ●variation in the type of grammatical
contrasts a language encodes
申小龙: • 英语是一种物理空间体(The English language
complement 2.2 Similar basic sentence pattern • SV/SVO/SVOC
Differneces
1. Mode of thinking Relation between thought and language Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Parataxis: the placing of propositions or clauses one after another, without indicating by connecting words the relation (of coordination or subordination) between them, as in Tell me, how are you?
●英语似乎特别注意事件发生的“当下 性”，而不太注重事理逻辑，如一件事 总是在某一具体的时间点和空间点上发 生的，然后再把这一时空点与时空整体 相联系，叙述一般从“现在”开始。汉 语总按自然时序来表达，例如叙述事件， 过去的事件先发生，现在的事件后发生， 叙述一般由过去向现在推进。在事理逻 辑关系的叙述上，英语常把结果放在前 面，而把原因、条件等放在后面。汉语 一般是先因后果，似乎更合逻辑。
is a continuous body of PHYSICAL space) • 汉语是一种心理时间流(Chinese is a flow of
MENTAL time)
Major differences
1)English: parataxis; Chinese: hypotaxis (英语重形合，汉语重意合）
●要注意的是，英语中先果后因的结构是 就复句而言的。英语单句的层次还是先 说次要，后说主要。刘宓庆（2003：122） 指出，英语复句的层次安排常常是：先 说结论，后说分析；先说结果，后说原 因，先说假设，再说前提，句子重心取 前置式，而汉语单句和复句均取重心后 置式。例如下面英语句子结论在前，分 析在后，译成汉语，就必须颠倒顺序， 将结论放到后面去。
2）English: focal-point perspective（焦点 视）; Chinese: discrete-point perspective （散点视）
Example:
• Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep. (the babies fell asleep—focus)
English: formal cohesion and coherence, individualized thinking, analytic (形合)
Chinese: synthetic, abstract, suggestive (意合)
Examples
• 我买了六只钢笔，（这六只刚笔）一共三十 元，（我）拿回家一看，都是用过的了。I bought six pens which cost me thirty yuan. When I took them back, I found they were second-hand.
As we examine the way in which words and structures are used to express meaning, it is natural to wonder about the possibility that langauge might play a role in shaping how we
• proper names: PRC, The Atlantic • common words: helicopter, dog, sky, breakfast 2. Syntaຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu 2.1 Similar sentence elements • subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial,
Whorf:
We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native language. The categories and types that we isolate the world of phenomnea we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds—this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.
(3)搞得我心乱如麻。
译文：It made me upset.（增加指代被说话 者省略的某事的代词it作主语）
4)Differences in reasoning, percepetion of time and space, etc. (英汉语在时空观等方面的差异性）
●在时空观上，英语是由小到大，汉语则是由 大到小。例如时间标记，英语里先说日期和 月份，再说年份；汉语里正好相反，先说年 份，再说月日。空间观念差异在写信地址上 表现尤为明显，英语里由小到大，如由街道 而城市而省或州而国家；汉语正好相反，由 大到小。这是英语民族重个体思维、汉民族 重整体思维的语言例证。在叙事时序上，英 语里叙述事件常常是按照时间顺序由现在向 过去推进；汉语正相反，由过去向现在推进。
• VERSION；船儿轻轻摇荡，波声潺潺悦耳， 孩子们不久就睡着了。
3)English: a strong sense of objectivity (客体意识强）
Chinese: a strong sense of subjectivity (主体意识强）
• 英语：主客体二分 • 汉语：天人合一
1.1 Similar categorization/division of parts of speech Noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, adverb and numeral exist in both languages.
1.2 Same or similar reference of the concept expressed by a word(equivalence in meaning)
例如： (1)热得我满身大汗。 译文：The heat makes me sweat.（将原文的动词
巧妙地转换为译句的主语） (2)袭人道：“一百年还记着呢！比不得你，拿着
我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”
译文：I’ll remember if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I’m not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.”（根据上下 文语境确定省略的主语）
译文：人们对那次历史性的盛会记忆犹新。 (二)汉语句子多用人称主语，且常省略，又多无
主句和省略句。汉译英时，要考虑汉语的人称 是否需要转换成英语的物称；同时，汉语省略
句中省略的主语要找出来，然后根据英文的习 惯，确定是否需要翻译出来；汉语无主句，必须 先找出它的主语或者确定符合逻辑的主语，然后 作为译句的主语。
这种差异在语言中的翻译是：
(一)英语句子一般不能没有主语，且多为无灵 主语（没有生命的事物）。英译汉时，英语 的物称一般应转换为汉语的人称。人称主语 从语境内外寻找，多在句内，有时在句外。
例如：
(1)The sight of the little poor boy reminded him of his childhood.
think. While it is certainly plausible to believe that language facilitates
reasoning and problem solving by providing a way to represent complex thoughts, it has sometimes been proposed that linguistic systems might have a considerably more fundamental effect on cogniyion. Indeed, it has been suggested that the particular language people speak shapes the wat in which they think and perceive the world.
Hypotaxis：the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives.(AHD)
Or subordinate status of clause (Encarta)
e.g. "I will go when I am ready."
Lecture Five
A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English 英汉思维、语言及文化对比
Similarities
●The similarities between the two languages provide a possibility and basis for the translation between them. 1. Vocabulary
译文：看到这个可怜的孩子，他想到了自己的 童年。
(2)The bad weather prevented him from attending the meeting.
译文：天气不好，他没去开会。
(3)His passion carried him away. 译文：他因感情冲动而误入歧途。
(4) Memories of that historic and happy occasion still linger.
Sapir:
Human beings… are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society… the ‘real world’ is to a large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group. (1929)
The hypothesis is Sopported by:
●cross-linguistic differences in vocabulary ●variation in the type of grammatical
contrasts a language encodes
申小龙: • 英语是一种物理空间体(The English language
complement 2.2 Similar basic sentence pattern • SV/SVO/SVOC
Differneces
1. Mode of thinking Relation between thought and language Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Parataxis: the placing of propositions or clauses one after another, without indicating by connecting words the relation (of coordination or subordination) between them, as in Tell me, how are you?
●英语似乎特别注意事件发生的“当下 性”，而不太注重事理逻辑，如一件事 总是在某一具体的时间点和空间点上发 生的，然后再把这一时空点与时空整体 相联系，叙述一般从“现在”开始。汉 语总按自然时序来表达，例如叙述事件， 过去的事件先发生，现在的事件后发生， 叙述一般由过去向现在推进。在事理逻 辑关系的叙述上，英语常把结果放在前 面，而把原因、条件等放在后面。汉语 一般是先因后果，似乎更合逻辑。
is a continuous body of PHYSICAL space) • 汉语是一种心理时间流(Chinese is a flow of
MENTAL time)
Major differences
1)English: parataxis; Chinese: hypotaxis (英语重形合，汉语重意合）
●要注意的是，英语中先果后因的结构是 就复句而言的。英语单句的层次还是先 说次要，后说主要。刘宓庆（2003：122） 指出，英语复句的层次安排常常是：先 说结论，后说分析；先说结果，后说原 因，先说假设，再说前提，句子重心取 前置式，而汉语单句和复句均取重心后 置式。例如下面英语句子结论在前，分 析在后，译成汉语，就必须颠倒顺序， 将结论放到后面去。
2）English: focal-point perspective（焦点 视）; Chinese: discrete-point perspective （散点视）
Example:
• Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep. (the babies fell asleep—focus)
English: formal cohesion and coherence, individualized thinking, analytic (形合)
Chinese: synthetic, abstract, suggestive (意合)
Examples
• 我买了六只钢笔，（这六只刚笔）一共三十 元，（我）拿回家一看，都是用过的了。I bought six pens which cost me thirty yuan. When I took them back, I found they were second-hand.
As we examine the way in which words and structures are used to express meaning, it is natural to wonder about the possibility that langauge might play a role in shaping how we
• proper names: PRC, The Atlantic • common words: helicopter, dog, sky, breakfast 2. Syntaຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu 2.1 Similar sentence elements • subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial,
Whorf:
We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native language. The categories and types that we isolate the world of phenomnea we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds—this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.
(3)搞得我心乱如麻。
译文：It made me upset.（增加指代被说话 者省略的某事的代词it作主语）
4)Differences in reasoning, percepetion of time and space, etc. (英汉语在时空观等方面的差异性）
●在时空观上，英语是由小到大，汉语则是由 大到小。例如时间标记，英语里先说日期和 月份，再说年份；汉语里正好相反，先说年 份，再说月日。空间观念差异在写信地址上 表现尤为明显，英语里由小到大，如由街道 而城市而省或州而国家；汉语正好相反，由 大到小。这是英语民族重个体思维、汉民族 重整体思维的语言例证。在叙事时序上，英 语里叙述事件常常是按照时间顺序由现在向 过去推进；汉语正相反，由过去向现在推进。
• VERSION；船儿轻轻摇荡，波声潺潺悦耳， 孩子们不久就睡着了。
3)English: a strong sense of objectivity (客体意识强）
Chinese: a strong sense of subjectivity (主体意识强）
• 英语：主客体二分 • 汉语：天人合一
1.1 Similar categorization/division of parts of speech Noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, adverb and numeral exist in both languages.
1.2 Same or similar reference of the concept expressed by a word(equivalence in meaning)
例如： (1)热得我满身大汗。 译文：The heat makes me sweat.（将原文的动词
巧妙地转换为译句的主语） (2)袭人道：“一百年还记着呢！比不得你，拿着
我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”
译文：I’ll remember if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I’m not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.”（根据上下 文语境确定省略的主语）
译文：人们对那次历史性的盛会记忆犹新。 (二)汉语句子多用人称主语，且常省略，又多无
主句和省略句。汉译英时，要考虑汉语的人称 是否需要转换成英语的物称；同时，汉语省略
句中省略的主语要找出来，然后根据英文的习 惯，确定是否需要翻译出来；汉语无主句，必须 先找出它的主语或者确定符合逻辑的主语，然后 作为译句的主语。
这种差异在语言中的翻译是：
(一)英语句子一般不能没有主语，且多为无灵 主语（没有生命的事物）。英译汉时，英语 的物称一般应转换为汉语的人称。人称主语 从语境内外寻找，多在句内，有时在句外。
例如：
(1)The sight of the little poor boy reminded him of his childhood.
think. While it is certainly plausible to believe that language facilitates
reasoning and problem solving by providing a way to represent complex thoughts, it has sometimes been proposed that linguistic systems might have a considerably more fundamental effect on cogniyion. Indeed, it has been suggested that the particular language people speak shapes the wat in which they think and perceive the world.
Hypotaxis：the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives.(AHD)
Or subordinate status of clause (Encarta)
e.g. "I will go when I am ready."
Lecture Five
A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English 英汉思维、语言及文化对比
Similarities
●The similarities between the two languages provide a possibility and basis for the translation between them. 1. Vocabulary