定语从句的重点和难点

定语从句的重点和难点语法要点The Attributive Clauses (定语从句)定语从句在前面已经讨论过．本单元要讨论的是重点和难点．一个简单句在关系代词的引导下, 在句中作定语修饰某一名词或代词, 这样的句子叫定语从句．根据定语从句与先行词的关系是否紧密, 可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句．1．先行词与关系词被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词．引导名词性从句和状语从句的词叫连词, 而引导定语从句的词叫关系词, 由于关系词在从句中的作用不同, 又分为关系代词和关系副词．关系词的作用：1) 引导 (位于从句句首)2) 指代 (指代句某一名词, 或全句)3) 成分 (在从句中的成分)2．使用关系词时要注意以下问题定语从句中, 关系代词在从句中作主语, 其后的谓语的人称和数要与先行词保持一致．【例】My father, who is over 90 years old, is respected by all．我的父亲今年九十多岁了, 受到了大家的尊敬．Here's a letter from Mr Brown, who wants to come to Paris．有一封布朗先生的来信, 他要来巴黎．3．关系词在定语从句中的用法1) 关系代词who 引导的定语从句who指人, 在从句中作主语．【例】The girl who took you to my place is my friend.带你来我这的那个女孩是我朋友．2) 关系代词whom引导的定语从句whom指人, 在从句中作宾语．【例】The young men whom he employs are always complaining about their long hours．他雇佣的那群年轻人老是抱怨工作时间长．3) 关系代词whose引导的定语从句whose表示所属关系, 指人或指物, 在从句中作定语．【例】The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him．这部电影是关于一个间谍, 其妻子背叛了他．4) 关系代词that引导的定语从句that指人或指物, 在从句中作主语或宾语．【例】 All the apples that fall down are eaten by the pigs．所有掉在地上的苹果都被猪吃了．The young lady that wears a blue blouse is a singer．穿蓝色罩衣的年轻妇女是一位歌手．5) 关系代词which引导的定语从句．which指物, 在从句中作主语或宾语．【例】The stairs which lead to the language lab are rather slippery．通往语言室的楼梯有点滑．6) 关系副词when引导的定语从句．when表示时间, 在从句中作状语, 常常修饰表示时间的名词(如time, day, year, hour等) ．【例】We won't forget the days when we stayed with you．我们不会忘记我们相处的日子．7) 关系副词where引导的定语从句．where表示地点, 在从句中作状语, 常常修饰表示地点的名词(如place, room, house, square等) ．【例】The house where Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest．鲁迅曾住过的房子已经变为名胜了．8) 关系副词how引导的定语从句how表示方式, 在从句中作状语, 常常修饰表示方式的名词 (如way, method等) ．【例】That is the way how they overcame the difficulty．那就是他们如何克服这个困难的方法．9) 关系副词why引导的定语从句why表示原因, 在从句中作状语, 常常修饰表示原因的名词(如reason等) ．【例】I don't know the reason why he said that．我不知道他那样讲的原因．10) 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句介词+关系代词whom (人) ／which (物) , 在从句中作状语．【例】Mr．Jones, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments．我为琼斯先生工作, 他在付超时工资时, 很慷慨．I bought a dozen of eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box at my door．我买了一打鸡蛋, 当我在门口撂箱子时, 其中六个破了．11) 关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as引导的定语从句, 常常有固定的句式：as you know (正如你知道的那样) as anybody can see (人人都会明白) , as is well known (众所周知) , as is said above (如上所述) such…as… (像……一样) , (the same…as…同……一样) 等．【例】As is well known to all, China is a developing country．众所周知, 中国是一个发展中国家．She comes from Africa, as can be seen from her skin．她来自非洲, 从她的皮肤就可以看出．4．非限制性定语从句根据定语从句与先行词的关系是否紧密, 可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句．非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系松散, 只是补充说明, 书写时常常使用逗号隔开, 翻译时常常译为并列句．关系代词that 不引导非限制性定语从句．【例】Mr Smith, who came to see us yesterday, is a relativeof my wife．史密斯是我妻子的一个亲戚, 昨天他来看望我们了．They are coming back to us, which means that they have been refused elsewhere．他们回来找我们了, 那意味着他们在别的地方已被拒绝．注意, 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句不同：限制性定语从句一般有先行词, 定语从句紧随其后, 不使用逗号分开, 翻译成中文时, 一般把定语从句翻译在被修饰词(即先行词) 前面．而非限制性定语从句可有也可没有先行词, 一般使用逗号隔开, 可把定语从句翻译在被修饰词 (即先行词) 前面, 也可以翻译在其后, 作为附加说明．有时, 对两者的理解还会产生歧义．【例】Lao Wang's brother who is twenty years old is a PLA man．老王的那位20岁的弟弟是一位解放军战士． (不只一个兄弟)Lao Wang's brother, who is twenty years old, is a PLA man．老王的弟弟今年20岁, 他是一位解放军战士． (不清楚有几个兄弟) 5．关系代词that与which的区别1) 尽管现代英语的发展很快, 人们尽量去忽视那些不必要的区别, 但是, 作为考试, 有时还会出现that和which的辨析．请注意下列情况：①先行词是不定代词all, something, anything, everything, none, the one, little, much等时, 要用that/who/whom, 而不用which．【例】All that heard the news was delighted.所有听到这个消息的人都很高兴．Is there anything that I can do for you?我能为您做点什么？②先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时, 要用that, 而不用which．【例】He was the best king that ever ruled the country．他是曾统治过这个国家的最好的一位国王．③先行词前有序数词修饰时, 要用that, 而不用which．【例】This is the fifth book that I have ever written．这是我写好的第五本书．④先行词前有形容词only, very, few, little, no, right等修饰时, 要用that, 而不用which．【例】She was the only person that was invited to the palace．⑤先行词既指人, 又指物时, 只能使用that．【例】They talked about things and persons that they remember at school．他们谈论了他们记起的上学时的人和事．2) 注意用which不用that的情况：①在非限制性定语从句中．【例】She made great progress and won a prize, which gave us a surprise．她取得了很大进步并获得了奖金, 这使我们很惊讶．②在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中, 必须使用which．【例】This is the knife with which John hurt somebody．这就是约翰伤人的那把刀．③当关系词后面有插入语时．【例】Here is the ALD which, as I have told you, is a great help to you．这是《牛津高级学者字典》, 正如我告诉你的那样, 对你会有很大的帮助．3) 在下列情况下, 只许用关系代词who, 而不使用that：①先行词为those, one, ones, anyone, people等时．【例】Those who are from Qingdao come this way．从青岛来的人, 这边走．②当先行词后有较长的后置定语时, 或定语从句被分隔时．【例】A teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German．明天就要来一位老师, 他将教你们德语．③当先行词是用-body或-one构成的不定代词时, 关系代词多使用who．【例】Is there anybody else who should be invited?还有没有要邀请的别人呢？④当先行词是集合名词时, 如果着眼于集体, 使用that／which; 如果着眼于个体, 则使用who．【例】Our team, which took the second place last year, played better this year．我们队去年取得第二名, 今年打的比去年好．Our team, who are all under the age of twenty, will do well in the final match．我们队的队员都不到20岁, 将在决赛中好好打．4) 关系代词as和which的区别①二者都可以引导非限制性定语从句, 用来修饰或限制整个主句的内容, 有时可以互换使用．【例】He is a foreigner, as/which I know from his accent．从他的口音我知道他是个外国人．②定语从句放在句首时, 只用as, 不能使用which．【例】As anybody can see, a computer can do almost everything people can．正如人人所见, 计算机几乎可以做人能做的事．③当非限制性定语从句为否定句时, 常用which引导．【例】Mr．Zhang usually criticizes Mary in public, which she doesn't like at all．张老师经常在公开场合批评玛丽, 这是她根本不喜欢的．④当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时, 常使用which引导．【例】Little Bob always tells a lie, which his parents find strange．小鲍勃总是说谎, 这使他的父母感到很吃惊．⑤当as在从句中作主语时, 后面的谓语动词常常使用被动语态; 如果从句中是主动语态, 一般多使用which．【例】She has been late again, as was expected.她又迟到了, 这在意料之中．Tom made great progress in Chinese, which made us delighted.汤姆的中文取得了很大的进步, 这使我们很高兴．。