(完整版)英国文学史及选读2017期末复习-名词解释(最新中英)
名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS1singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a2Critical Realism of the 19th centuryof fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in otherthere sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。
总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。
通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具4-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.意识流：“意识流”或“内心独白”是现代写作技巧之一。
它是像是人物亲身经历的那样来模仿人物思想、感觉、回忆、和头脑中意象来写作的一种手法。
爱尔兰作家詹姆斯•乔伊斯于1922年首次使用这种方法。
意识流小说打破了时间和空间的限制，生动地描写人物不断变化的潜意识活动，尤其是当人们面对现实时的犹豫和充满困惑、幻觉和心不在焉的那种心理。
美国作家福克纳对这种技巧做了进一步的发展，在他的故事中，行为和情节相比叙述者的反应和内心活动已经不那么5 A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting thevalues of the society from which it originated.Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained67second half of the 18th century in Europe,and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part,it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts,music,and literature,but had a major impact on historiography,education and natural history.浪漫主义是一种艺术，文学和文化运动，起源于第十八世纪下半叶在欧洲，并获得了力量对工业革命的反应。
在某种程度上，这是一个反对启蒙和对自然的科学合理化反应时代的贵族社会和政治规范的反抗它在视觉艺术、音乐和文学中表现得最为强烈，但对史学、教育和81)Romance is a popular literary form in the(such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the9“rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the f ull cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.The realthe Elizabethan drama.10is an English tendency in the Enlightenmentcontemporary French ones were worshipped. The neoclassicists believe that the artistic ideals should be order, logic,restrained emotion and accuracy and the literature11who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. The imagery is drawn from actual life.玄学诗：约翰•多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。
玄学诗多使用巧智，结构精巧，韵律多变，语言口语化，意象奇特，把不同的事物进行并置。
12of spoken verse that offers insight into the feelings of t he speaker.A form practiced be Robert Browning.戏剧独白是一种通过剧中一角色的话语以揭示剧中的中心人物的性格特点的诗体，简言之戏剧独白就是以人之口吻以戏剧性的表现形式阐述微妙的人物关系从而凸显诗中各个人物的性格特点。
Feature of dramatic monologue1.A single person,who is patently not the poet,utters the speech that makes up the w hole of the poem,in a specific situation at a critical moment.2.This person addresses and interacts with one or more other people.3.The main principle controlling the poet’s choice and formulation of what the lyric s peaker says is to reveal to the reader,in a way that enhances its interest,the speaker’s13Heroic couplet refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic pentameterHeroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc).The Heroic Couplet: 1) It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2) The rhyme14graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and”University Wits”15贝奥武甫)typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2> the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful bother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.16．Paradise Lostis an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton. It is considered by critics to be Milton's major work, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time. The poem concerns the Biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satanand their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men".17．UtopiaMoore wrote the book’s name.Described in a island called utopia, political and social system is very perfect, because of the abolition of private property, the public ownership, not evil, everyone is engaged in the work, and have plenty of time to rest, entertainment, or for scientific research.Due to represent fantasy realm.莫尔所写的书名。
(完整版)英国文学名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
英国文学期末复习-名词解释部分
Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1.English critical realism2.Victorian period3.Autobiography4.Regional novel5.Dramatic monologue6.Dramatization7.Disinterestedness8.Idyll9.Psychological novel10.The Pre-Raphaelites11.Künstlerroman12.Aestheticism13.Naturalism14.Aestheticism15.Beowulf16.Blank verse17.Ballad18.Byronic Heroes19.Classicism20.Conceitic epic in prose22.Enlightenment23.Graveyard School / Poets24.Gothic novel25.Heroic couplet26.Humanism27.Individualismke Poets29.Metaphysical Poetry30.Neoclassicism31.Romance32.Romanticism33.Renaissance34.Rationalism35.Relativism36.Sonnet37.Spenserian Stanza38.Sentimentalism39.Stream-of-consciousness40.University witsⅡ. Define the following terms.1.English critical realism: English critical realism o f the 19th century flourished in the forties and in theearly fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictures bourgeois civilization, showing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Another critical realist, William Makepeace Thackeray, was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray‟s novels are mainly a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society. Other adherents to the method of critical realism were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell. In the fifties and sixties the realistic novel as represented by Dickens and Thackeray entered a stage of decline. It found its reflection in the works of George Eliot. Though she described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes, the power of exposure became weaker in her works. She seemed to be more morally than socially minded. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.2.Victorian period: The era of Queen Victoria‟s reign (1837~1901). The period is sometimes dated from1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), a period of intense and prolific activity in literature, especially by novelists and poets, philosophers and essayists. Dramatists of any note are few. Much of the writing was concerned with contemporary social problems: for instance, the effects of the industrial revolution, the influence of the theory of evolution, and movements of political and social reform. The following are among the most not able British writers of the period: Thomas Carlyle, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Charles Darwin, W. M. Thackeray, Robert Browning, Edward Lear, Charles Dickens, Anthory Trollope, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Anne Bronte, George Eliot, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, George Meredith, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, William Morris, Samuel Butler, Swinburne, Thomas Hardy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Henry Arthur Jones, Oscar Wilde.3.Autobiography: An account of a person‟s life by him or herself. The term appears to have been first usedby Southey in 1809. In Dr. Johnson‟s opinion no man was better qualified to write his life than himself, but this is debatable. Memory may be unreliable. Few can recall clear details of their early life and most are therefore dependent on other people‟s impressions, of necessity equally unreliable. Moreover, everyone tends to remember what he or she wants to remember. Disagreeable facts are sometimes glossed over or repressed, truth may be distorted for the sake of convenience or harmony and the occlusions of time may obscure as much as they reveal.4.Regional novel: A regional writer is one who concentrates much attention on a particular area and uses itand the people who inhabit it as the basis for his or her stories. Such a locale is likely to be rural and or provincial. Once established, the regional novel began to interest a number of writers, and soon the regions described became smaller and more specifically defined. For example, the novels of Mrs. Gaskell (1810~1865) and George Eliot (1819~1880) centered on the Midlands, and those of the Bronte sisters were set in Yorkshire. There were also “urban” or “industrial” novels, set in a particular town or city, some of which had considerable fame in the 19th century. Notable instances are Mrs. Gaskell‟s Mary Barton (1848), Charles Dickens‟s Hard Times (1854) and George Eliot‟s Middlemarch (1871~1872).5.Dramatic monologue:Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historicalcharacter other than the poet speaks to a sile nt “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet‟s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character,whose personality is revealed unwittingly; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric, while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson‟s “Ulysses” (1842), Browning‟s “Fra Lippo Lippi” (1855), and T. S. Eliot‟s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1917).Some plays in which only one character speaks, in the form of a monologue or soliloquy, have also been called dramatic monologues; but to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.6.Dramatization: The act of making a play out of a story in another genre, from a chronicle, novel, shortstory and so forth. In medieval drama the Bible was dramatized into the Mystery Plays. In the Tudor period dramatists “lifted” plots, stories, and ideas from historians like Plutarch and Holinshed, and novelists like Lodge and Nashe. But it was not until the 18th century that dramatization really began to flourish. Then novels provided the material. For example, Richardson‟s Pamela, dramatized by James Dance, was extremely popular. There followed dramatization of novels by Mrs. Radcliffe, Alpole, Godwin, “Monk”Lewisand Clara Reeve. In the 19thcentury.DickensandScottweretheauthorsmostused; so were Lord Lytton, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Reade, Wilkie Collins, and many more. The arrival of a group of original dramatists towards the end of the century saved the theatre from this deadening activity. But it is a practice by no means extinct, as television and recent theatrical history amply demonstrate.7.Disinterestedness: (In criticism) “Disinterestedness” is an important term in Matthew Arnold‟s essay TheFunction of Criticism at the Present Time, first delivered as a lecture in1864 and later published in Essays in Criticism(1865). Arnold spoke of the need, in the study of all branches of knowledge, to see the object “as in itself it really is”.This depended on the attitude of the critic, which, in his view, ought to be objective and open-minded, a kind of involved detachment.8.Idyll:Idyll is a short poem describing an incident of country life in terms of idealized innocence andcontentment, or any such episode in a poem or prose work. The term is virtually synonymous with pastoral poem. The title of Tennyson‟s Idylls of the King (1842~1885), a sequence of Arthurian romances, bears little relation to the usual meaning. Browning in Dramatic Idylls(1879~1880) uses the term in another sense, as a short self-contained poem.9.Psychological novel: A vague term to describe that kind of fiction which is for the most part concernedwith the spiritual, emotional and mental lives of the characters and with the analysis of characters rather than with the plot and the action. Many novelists during the last two hundred years have written psychological novels.10.The Pre-Raphaelites:Pre-Raphaelites is a group of English artists and writers of the Victorian period,associated directly or indirectly with the self-styled Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood of young artists founded in 1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, and William Holman Hunt.The PRB (as it is usually abbreviated) rebelled against the conventional academic styles of painting modeled upon Raphael (1483～1520), seeking a freshness and simplicity found in earlier artists, along witha closer fidelity to Nature. The organized Brotherhood itself lasted only a few years, but Pre-Raphaelitismas a broader current survived in the paintings of Edward Burne-Jones, the designs of William Morris, and the art criticism of John Ruskin, as well as in the poetry of Christina Rossetti, D. G. Rossetti, Morris, and A.C. Swinburne—the last three being dubbed “The Fleshly School of Poetry” in a hostile review by RobertBuchanan (Contemporary Review, 1871). Pre-Raphaelite poetry is often characterized by dreamy medievalism, mixing religiosity and sensuousness, notably in D. G. Rossetti‟s“The Blessed Damozel”(1850), Morris‟s The Defence of Guenevere (1858), and Swinburne‟s Poems and Ballads (1866).11.Künstlerroman: A novel which has an artist (in any creative art) as the central character and which showsthe development of the artist from childhood to maturity and later. In English literature the most famous example of a Künstlerroman is James Joyce‟s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.12.Aestheticism:The term aesthetic has come to signify something which pertains to the criticism of thebeautif ul or to the theory of taste. An aesthete is one who pursues and is devoted to the “beautiful” in art, music and literature. And aestheticism is the term given to a movement, a cult, a mode of sensibility (a way of looking at and feeling about things) in the 19th century. Fundamentally, it entailed the point of view that art is self-sufficient and need serve no other purpose than its own ends. In other words, art is an end in itself and need not be (or should not be) didactic, politically committed, propagandist, moral or anything else but itself; and it should not be judged by any non-aesthetic criteria (e.g. whether or notit is useful).13.Naturalism:Naturalism is a post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the”laws”of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalist went beyond the realist‟s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity. Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O‟Neill in America; Zola in France; and Hardy and Gissing in England. Crane‟s“The Blue Hotel” (1898) is perhaps the best example in this text of a naturalistic short story.14.Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain. It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement. It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism. It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.15.Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements.16.Blank verse（名词解释）:This term，which was first brought into England by Surrey，is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter 1ine in poetry．17.Ballad民谣（名词解释）(Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed.)A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. It can be about the story, folklore popular legends. straightforward verse, with graphic simplicity and force and is suitable for singing generally written in ballad meter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhyming.Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.18.Byronic heroA proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.19.Classicism（名词解释）In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.20.ConceitConceit is a far-fetched metaphor or simile originally a "concept" or "idea", conceit came to mean a striking parallel between two highly dissimilar things, The metaphysical conceit is more far-fetched and less trivially ornamental, and generally more original.ic epic in prose（散文体喜剧史诗）It …s similar to the epic.its large,comprehensive,and contains many incidents and characters.Unlike the serious epic,which treats great persons,the comic epic treats persons pf inferior rank and manner(the generic subject matter of comedy)instead of kings and nobles and it portrays the ridiculous.22.Enlightenment (1650-1800)（名词解释）The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy23.Graveyard School / Poets:A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom.24.Gothic novel(哥特式小说)mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)25.Heroic couplet (名词解释)heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)26.Humanism 人文主义：Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in their fighting against medieval asceticism．It states that man is godly，that man is able to find truth，goodness and beauty，and that man is in contro1 of the present life rather than being controlled by God. Briefly，humanism puts man at the center of their be1iefs and takes man to be the measure of every thing while the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be the most important thing on the earth for man．27.Individualismemphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rightske Poets（名词解释）The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.29.Metaphysical Poetry"The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne .With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the Petrarchan tradition, which is full of refined language, polished rhyming schemes and eulogy to ideal love, The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.30.NeoclassicismIt is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). These movements were dominant at various times between the 18th and 20th centuries. This article addresses what these "neoclassicisms" have in common.31.Romance （名词解释）(1)The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval ro mance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.(2)A long com position describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church.(3)One who wanted to be a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.32.RomanticismRomanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)，it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。
第二学期期末考试英国文学专有名词解释部分
1. Imagery (比喻)Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in readers… mind.A rather vague critical term covering those uses of language in a literary work that evoke sense impressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or “concrete” objects, scenes, actions, or state as distinct from the language of abstract argument or expositon.2> the imagery of a literar y work thus comprises the set of images that it uses, these need not be mental”pictures” but may a ppeal to senses other than sight.2. Realism (现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life(especially when they a re gloomy). Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity.The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.3. Symbolism (象征主义)Symbolism works under the surface to tie the story‟s external action to the theme. It was often pro duced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one corresp ondence.The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character…s thoughts, feelings refl ections, and mental images as the character experiences them.4. Simile (明喻)(a figure of speech) A comparison make between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such as like, as than, or resembles. The comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.5. Oxymoron (矛盾修辞法)A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms. An oxymoron suggests a paradox, but it does so very briefly, usually in two or three words.6. Metaphor (暗喻)A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlik e simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resembles in making the c omparison.8. Romanticism (浪漫主义)A.In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then t o $2.B.it was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.C.In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a lit erary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and e xperience.D. the English romantic period is an age of poetry. This prevailed in $2 from 1798 to 1837. The m ajor romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley.An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century which emphas is on the individual…s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and for ms of classicism.9. Modernism (现代主义)Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th centur y and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical c ase.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and a rchitecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in Ameri ca from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a brea king away from established rules, traditions and conventions. Fresh ways of looking at man‟s posit ion and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concern ed with language and how to use it and with writing itself.10. Stream of consciousness (意识流) (or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual‟s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character‟s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduc tion in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of co nsciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterize d by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character‟s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character…s thoughts, feelings refl ections, and mental images as the character experiences them.。
英国文学史及选读复习总汇
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
英国文学史名词解释
英国⽂学史名词解释1 Epic :I t’s a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, majestic in theme and style.It deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. The hero, usually protected by or even descended from Gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation.Example of epics: Homer’s Epics: Odyssey2 Romances it is another type of narrative poem ,in which adventure is a central action feature .the plots of romance tend to be complex ,with surprising and even magical actions common .the chief characters are human beings ,though they often confront monsters ,dragons and disguised animals in a world ,does not adhere consistently to the laws of nature ,as we know them .romance in short deads with the .3 sonnet A sonnet is a lyric with 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted toa definite rhyme scheme. The italian or petrarchan sonnet is divided cleaner into actave and sestet ,with respective rhyming abba ,abba and cdc dcd. The shakespeare sonnet consists of tree quatrians followed by a couple :abab cdcd efef gg4 heroic couplet A rhymed pair of iambic pentameter lines, and it was established early by Chaucer, later John Dryden and Alexander Pope employed this form with great effect5 Ballad It is a folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct way and dramatic manner some popular stories usually in local history or legend.The story is told simply, impersonally, and often with vivid dialogues. It is often composed in quatrains with alternating 4-stress and 3-stress lines, and the 2nd & the 4th lines rhymed.6 Renaissance it is the rebirth of artistic ,literary and academic interest and creating that marks the transition from medieval Europe to the modern world.it was “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind has so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants --- giants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning7 T ragedy then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; … in the form of action, not of narration; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions8 Essay It is a short written composition that discusses a subject or proposes an argument without claiming to be a complete or thorough exposition. As a minor literary form, the essay is often flexible in style and differs from formal academic dissertation.9 Metaphysical poem he name is given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose works are notable for its ingenious use of intellectual & theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes, and far-fetched imagery, with John Donne as the founder of the school of poetry10Allegory, is a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visual meaning, with abstract qualities given to human shape11 Enlightenment a general term applied to the movement of intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th c12Sentimental novels Inspired by Pamela, the sentimental novels exhibit the close connections between virtue and sensibility in repeatedly tearful scenes, and often put sentiment high above reason, and turn to the countryside for materials13Gothic novel a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. tales of macabre, fantastic and supernatural happenings, set in haunted castles, graveyards, ruins and wild landscapes and often with a weak or innocent heroine going through some horribleexperiences.14Romanticism An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.15An ode i s a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner and originally intended to be sung.Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature.16realism It is the telling of a story in a manner that is faithful to the reader’s experience of real life, limiting events in the plot to things that might actually happen and characters to people who might actually exist. In short, it is true depiction of life as it really is17Critical realism It is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.18 Blank verse: unrhymed verse lines of iambic pentameter.19 irony: the use of words to express sth other than or opposite of the literary meaning, and also a humourous or sardonic literary style or form characterised by irony.20 Stanza: a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.21 Humanism Humanism is a literary and philosophical view emphasizing humankind as its center concerns. Humanism originated in the Renaissance, the term has been used many ways, but always suggests humanity as the central concern, with the natural world (science) and the spiritual world (religion) valued for their relation t22legend As a song or a narrative handed down from the past, it differs from the myth on the basis of the elements of historical truth it contains。
英国文学史名词解释
名词解释Old English: the language of Anglo and Saxon people during 5and 11th centuryEpic: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes. In a grand ceremonious style .The hero, usually protected by or even descended from gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation.Romance:the most popular literary form in the Middle Ages in Europe; A tale (in verse or prose) that deals with knightly adventures or other heroic deeds or supernatural or amorous subjects, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love.Ballad:A folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner some popular story usually derived form a tragic incident in local history or legend.Ballad are normally composed in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three- stress lines ,the second and fourth lines rhyming.Couplet(双行体)a pair of rhyming verse lines of the same length. Chauser established the use of couplet in his Canterbury Tales, using rhymed iambic pentameters later known as heroic coupletThe Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and 17th centuries.The rebirth of literature, art, and learning that progressively transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the middle Ages, and the beginning of the modern western world. The term normally refer to the combined intellectual and artistic transformation of the 15th 16th centuries, including the emergency of humanism, protestant individualism, Copernican astronomy, and the discovery of AmericaHumanism:it stands for devotion to human values represent in classical literature.it is the keynote or the dominate ideology during the Renaissance Sonnet：A lyric of fourteen lines usually in iambic pentameter. 1. Shakespearean sonnet: Also called English sonnet or Elizabethan Sonnet. It is structured of 3 quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg2. Petrarchan Sonnet: Also called Italian sonnet. It contains an octave with the rhyme pattern abba abba and a sestet of various rhyme Patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd.3. Spenserian sonnet: comprising 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd eeOde is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy Formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or a public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject.Pastoral: a highly conventional mode of writing that celebrates the innocent life of shepherds or shepherdesses in poems, plays, and prose romance. Tragedies were concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. They involved the trials and eventful death of a hero who was an important person and whose death led to the downfall of others.a. the central characters are always people of importance, like kings, queens, prince, general, nobles.b. a tragic hero often a flawed good man; often the hero’s fall from happiness was due to a weakness in his character, by some great error in his part.c. supernatural beings are often involved in the conflict of human beings, like gods, spirits, witches, ghosts.d. sadness is mixed with horror, murder, treachery, and blood-shedding.Catharsis or Cathartic effect of tragedies: Tragedies give an outlet for such emotions as greed, hatred, lust, fear and pity. The audience feel relieved or purged when they leave the theatre.Comedy deals with ordinary people in everyday situations, it deals with ordinary people in a humble style, usually beginning with misfortune and ending with joy. The purpose of comedy is chiefly to entertain people, but some have moral and corrective purposes, to ridicule and satirize human weaknesses.Comedy of humor according to the comedy of humor, each of characters in the play has some dominating passion or peculiar quality such as jealousy,greedy and comedy of humor mainly satires these humours demonstrated the characters in the play. Ben Jonson has been chefly known for his comedy of humors Soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud. Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information about a charact er’s motives and state of mind, or for purpose of exposition, and sometimes in order to guide the judgments and responses of the audience.Allegory: is a fictional narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from and more important than the literary meaning.Dramatic irony involves the reader (or audience) knowing something about what's happening in the plot, about which the character(s) have no knowledge. Dramatic irony can be used in comedies and tragedies, and it works to engage the reader, as one is drawn into what is happening. The audience may sympathize with the character, who does not know the true situation. Or, the reader may see the character as blind or ignorant (as with Oedipus). The clues may be rather obvious, but the character may be unwilling to recognize the truth.The term“metaphysical”indicates a common poetic style, use of figurative language, and way of organizing the meditative process or the poetic argument.This term is now applied to a group of 17th century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by Done, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry( Cleveland, Marvell, Cowley) and in religious poetry(Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, and Traherne). The term was coined by John Dryden (1693): "He affects the metaphysicsMetaphysical ConceitIn general, the metaphysical conceit will use some sort of shocking or unusual comparison as the basis for the metaphor. When it works, a metaphysical conceit has a startling appropriateness that makes us look at something in an entirely new way. Draws upon a wide range of knowledge, mainly using highly intellectual analogies; its comparisons are elaborately rationalizedHeroic drama:A kind of tragedy or tragicomedy that came into vogue with the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660. Influenced by French classical tragedy and its dramatic unities (time, place, action), it aimed at epic (heroic) grandeur, usually by means of bombast, exotic settings and lavish scenery. The noble hero would typically be caught in a conflict between love and patriotic duty, leading to emotional scenes presented in a manner close to opera. The leading English exponent of heroic drama was John Dryden: hid the conquest of Granada (1670-1) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) were both written in heroic couplets.the Enlightenment movementA general term applied to the movement of the intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century( the age of reason)。
吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释(word文档良心出品)
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible: The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰?威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance: Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉.卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯.莫尔: The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia: It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia”comes from Greek words meaning “no place”and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普.锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age. 【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗.马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation（改革）. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies: A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of Venice: 威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
英国文学史及选读期末试题及答案
英国文学史及选读期末试题及答案(总6页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement.，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.Canterbury Tales Ballad of Robin HoodSong of Beowulf Gawain and the Green Kinghtthe most common foot in English poetry.anapest trocheeiamb dactylRenaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an eventrediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.’s domestic restdiscovery in geography and astrologyreligious reformation and the economic expansionthe most successful religious allegory in the English language.Pilgrims ProgressAbounding to the Chief of SinnersLife and Death ofHoly War, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____.6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to. .. .7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim towar/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage qu oted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct.’s ’s’s ’s28. It is generally regarded that Keats’s most important and mature poems are in the form of ______.9.“Shall I com pare thee to a summer’s day?”The sentence is the beginning of Shakespeare’s_______.10. Daniel Defoe’s novels mainly focus on _____.struggle of the unfortunate for mere existencestruggle of the shipwrecked persons for securitystruggle of the pirates for wealthdesire of the criminals for property11. Francis Bacon is best known for his_____which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.12. Most of Thomas Hardy’s novels are set in Wessex____.crude region in England fictional primitive regionremote rural area ’s hometown13. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, which is not true?and Prejudice is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novels.and Prejudice is originally drafted as “First Impressions”.and Prejudice is a tragic novel.this novel, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.14. Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to _____Neoclassical Period15. In th e following figures, who is Dickens’s first child hero?. Twist. Sikes16. “And where are theyAnd where art thou,”My country On thy voiceless shoreThe heroic lay is tuneless now-The heroic bosom beats no more! (George Gordon Byron, Don Juan)In the above stanza,“art thou”literally means_____.A.“art you ”B.“are though”C.“art though”D.“are you ”317. Of the following writers, which is not the representative of the Romantic periodBlake. Bunyan.Auten. Keats.18. In Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, what is the utmost concern of BlakeExperience19. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____.Renaissance Old TestamentMythology New Testament20. Jane Austen’s first novel is _____.and Prejudice and Sensibilityof a Noel21. Of the following poets, which is not regarded as “Lake Poets’”Taylor Coleridge. Southey.Wordsworth. Shakespeare.Defoe describes____as a typical English middle-class man of the eighteenth century,the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.Crusoe FlandersJones23. The lines“Death, be not proud, though some have calld thee/Mighty and dreadful,for thou art not so;”are found in ______.Wordsworth’s writings Keats’ writingsDonne’s writings Bysshe Shelley’s writingsPilgrim’s progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the searchfor_____.salvationwealth truthso many poems such as “The Sparrow’s Nest,”“To a Skylark,”“To the Cuckoo”and“To a Butterfly”,William Wordsworth is regarded as a “______”.of genius. poet.of nature. poet.the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told this experience in ____.of the following can not describe“Byronic hero”. . origin. .poetic form which Browning attached to maturity and perfection is ____.monologue of symbolof ironic language of lyrics4term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of ____.Milton Donne Keats Bunyan30. Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth?Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.Dwelt Among the Untrodden WaysSolitary Reaper.Chimney Sweeper.II. Find the relevant match from colunm B for each item in Colomn A (10 points in all.1 point for each)A BChaucer A. A Red, Red RoseBacon B. Ode to a NightingaleSwift C. Of TruthBlake AbbeyBurns Canterbury TalesKeats Modest ProposalAusten TigerDickens H. UlyssesCopperfieldBrowning Last DuchessIII. Fill in the following blanks (10 points in all, 1 point for each)1. In the year____,at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by william, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-saxons.2. Since historical times, England, where the early inhabitants were celts, has been conquered three times. It was conquered by the Romans, the ____,and the Normans.regared as shakespeare’s successful romantic tragedy.4. No sooner were the people in control of the government than they divided into hostile parties: the liberal whigs and the conservative_____.5. The Glorious Revolution in ___meant three things the supremacy of parliament, the beginning of modern English, and the final triumph of the principle of political liberty.6. Romanticism as a literary movement come into being in England early in the latter half of the ___century.7. With the publication of william Wordsworth’s____in collaboration with Coleridge, Romanticism began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literatare.8. Woman as ____ appeared in the Romantic age. It was during this period that women took, for the first time ,an important place in English literature.9. The most important poet of the victoria Age was____, Next to him, were Robert Browning and his wife.510. The ____movement appeared in the thirties of the 19th cenfury.IV. Questions and Answers (20 points in all ,10points for each) Give brief answers to each of following questions in English.(1)A selection from a poemWherefore feed and clothe and saveForm the cradle to the graveThose ungrateful drones who wouldDrain your sweat_nay, drink your blood?Whrefore, Bees of England, forgeMany a weepon, chain, and scourgeThat these stingless drones may spoilThe forced produce of your tail?Questions (10’)1. These lines are taken from a poem entitled___(1’)written by ___(1’).2. The rhyme scheme in the selection of the poem is ____.(1’)idea does the quotation express(7’)(2) A Selection from a workSome books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others, but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled bookd are like common distilled waters.Question(10’)1. This passage is taken from a well-known work entiled___,(2’) written by ____.(1’)2. What’s the main idea of the whole work. (7’)V. Topic Discussion (30 points in all,15 points for each). Write no less than 100 words on each of the following topics in English , in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.1. Based on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, discuss the theme of her works, the image of woman protagonists and what and how her novels truthfully present.(15’)2. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Aasten explored three kinds of motivations of marriage that the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make abrief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.(15’)6200x－200x学年度第一学期期末考试试卷答案及评分标准考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班I. Multiple Choice (1’×30=30’)01-05 C C B A D 06-10 D B B C A11-15 A B C B C 16-20 D B D B B21-25 D A C B C 26-30 A D A B DII. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in colamn A (1’×10=10’)1-E 2-C 3-F 4-G 5-A6-B 7-D 8-I 9-H 10-JIII. Fill in the following blanks (1’×10=10’)1. 10662. Anglo-Saxons3. Romeo and Juliet4. Tories5. 1688BalladsIV. Questions and Answers (20 points in all )(1) A PoemQuestions(10’)1. A Song: Men of England(1’) Shelley(1’)2. aabb ccdd (1’)3. This poem is a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, it points out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poet calls the exploiters “ungrateful drones”, Who drain the sweat and drink the blood of the labouring people, He illustrates with concrete examples the relationship of economic exploitation between the ruling class and the working people.(7’)(2) A Selection from a work1. Of Studies(1’) Bacon(1’)2. It analyzes the use and abuse of studies ,the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies. And how studies exert influence over human character.V .Topic Discussion (30 points in all, 15 points for each)A. Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fiece longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.B. All ber heroines’ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.C. The image of woman protagonists in her works are mostly the life of the middle-calss working women, particularly governesses.D. Her works present a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper calsses, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. Especially in Jane Eyre by her, she sharply criticises the existing society, . religious hypocrisy of charity institutions.(2) In the novel ,three kinds of attitudes towards marriage are presented for manifestation: marriage merely for material wealth and social position; marriage just for beauty, attraction and passion regardless of economic condition or personal merits; and the ideal marriage for true love with a consideration of the partner’s personal merit as well as his economic and social status. What j ane Aasten tries to say is that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marny without consideration of economic conditions.7。
英国文学期末考试会出现的名词解释(自己整理——超实用的!)
1.epic 史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodyingheroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands. Other examples of epic poems are Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, John Milton's Paradise Lost, William Wordsworth's The Prelude, Elizabeth Barret Browning's Aurora Leigh, and T. S. Eliot's "The Waste Land."2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.romanceoriginally refers to the vernacular (native) language, as opposed to Latin, and later it means a popular literary form in the medieval period which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance.7.allegoryIt is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.It has a primary meaning and a secondary meaning . In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity, or truth, are personified as characters in the story.8.rhythmbriefly speaking, rhythm is a regular repeated pattern of movement or sound.In poetry, two main factors contribute to the formation of rhythm are the recurrence of stresses and pauses. That is the regular repeated appearance of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables and pauses.9.foot 音步is the unit of rhythm in verse composed of accented and unaccented syllables.Different patterns of arrangements of stressed and unstressed syllables are given different names. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter. William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18”contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines.10.meter 格律is the rhythm established by the use of the specific foot, in another word, the specific arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. The number of feet in a line forms another means of describing the meter: monometer (one foot), dimeter (two), trimeter (three), tetrameter (four), pentameter (five) hexameter (six).heptameter(7).octameter(8).11.rhyme 韵律the sameness or similarity of the sounds at the end of the poetry lines.12.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.13.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales14.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs with the rhyme scheme :aabbcc. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet and it was best represented by Alexander Pope.15.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love balla d.16.ballad民谣It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood.17.Renaissancemarks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.18.Dramais a genre of literature, in which the words are mainly dialogue. People talking is the basic dramatic action. The essential quality of drama is interaction since it used words to create action through the dialogue of characters talking to one another rather than to the reader.19.Spenserian stanza:is a group of eight lines of iambic pentameter followed by a six-stress iambic line, with a rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. further utilized by Milton, Gray, Keats, Shelley, Byron and Tennyson.20.University Wits :in 16th century a number of university students began to write plays after the model of Roman dramatist and they were the predecessors to Shakespeare:Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe.21.Elizabethan literatureliterature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603).22.sonnet 十四行诗A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italianform as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde. The Petrarchian sonnet has two divisions: the first is of eight lines (the octave), and the second is of six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme of the English, or Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. The change of rhyme in the English sonnet is coincidental with a change of theme in the poem. The meter is iambic pentameter.23.blank verse 无韵诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. It was first made the principal instrument of English drama by Christopher Marlowe and it was the chief verse form used by Shakespeare.John Milton’s Paradise Lost was also written in this form.24.The Metaphysical poetsA term that is now applied to a group of 17th-century poets who, whether or notdirectly influenced by John Donne, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry and in religious poetry.25.The Metaphysical poetry26.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.27.Lyric:A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather thannarrative or dramatic movement.。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释英国文学史中的许多术语和名词对于读者来说可能比较陌生。
下面是对一些常见的名词进行解释，以便更好地理解英国文学史。
1. Middle English (中古英语) - 中古英语是指从1066年诺曼征服英格兰到1470年左右的英语阶段。
在这个时期，英语受到了来自法语、拉丁语和英语本土方言的影响。
2. Renaissance (文艺复兴) - 文艺复兴是指在15世纪至17世纪期间，意大利文化的重要思想和艺术运动迅速传播到欧洲其他地区。
文艺复兴时期在英国产生了许多杰出的文学作品，包括莎士比亚的戏剧。
3. Elizabethan Era (伊丽莎白时代) - 伊丽莎白时代是指英国女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间（1558年-1603年）。
这一时期是英国文化的黄金时代，也是莎士比亚最为活跃的时期。
4. Restoration (恢复时代) - 恢复时代是指英国历史上从1660年到1688年的时期，这一时期发生了英国内战和英国共和国的覆灭后，君主制恢复的事件。
恢复时期的文学作品反映了政治和社会的变化。
5. Romanticism (浪漫主义) - 浪漫主义是指18世纪末到19世纪初的一种文学和艺术思潮。
浪漫主义强调个人情感和经验，追求自然、自由和幻想等主题。
浪漫主义的代表作家包括拜伦、雪莱和济慈等。
6. Victorian Era (维多利亚时代) - 维多利亚时代是指英国女王维多利亚统治期间，即1837年到1901年的时期。
这一时期的文学作品反映了维多利亚时代的道德和社会观念，代表作家包括狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹和汤姆斯·哈代等。
7. Modernism (现代主义) - 现代主义是指20世纪初出现的一种文学和艺术风格，强调个人和社会对现实世界的体验和认识。
现代主义的作品通常以复杂的叙事结构和主题的多样性而著称。
代表作家包括乔伊斯、伍尔夫和弗兰兹·卡夫卡等。
8. Postmodernism (后现代主义) - 后现代主义是指20世纪后半叶出现的一种文学和艺术趋势，它挑战了现代主义的理论和形式，关注权力、语言和现实的构造。