经济学名词解释汇总中英文版

合集下载

常用经济学中英文词汇解释

Equilibrium，competitive竞争均衡见竟争均衡（competitive equilibrium）。

Equilibrium，general⼀般均衡见⼀般均衡分析（general－equilibrium analysis） Equilibrium，macroeconomic宏观经济均衡意愿总需求等于意愿总供给的GDP⽔平。

在均衡时，意愿的消费（C），政府⽀出（G），投资（I）和净出⼝（X）的总量正好等于在当前价格⽔平下企业所愿意出售的总量。

Equimarginal principle等边际法则决定收⼊在不同消费品之间分配的法则。

消费者可按此法则选择消费组合，使花费在所有商品和服务上的每⼀美元的边际效⽤都相等，就能保证消费者所获得的效⽤化。

Exchange rate汇率见外汇汇率（foreign exchange rate） Exchange－rate system汇率制度国家之间进⾏⽀付时所依据的⼀组规则、安排和制度。

历最重要的汇率制度是⾦本位制、布雷顿森林体系和现在的浮动汇率制。

Excise tax vs.sales tax消费税和销售税消费税是对某种或某组商品，如酒和烟草的购买所课征的税。

销售税是对除少数特定商品（如⾷品）以外的所有商品所课征的税。

Exclusion principle排他原则私⼈品区别于公共品的⼀种性质。

当⽣产者将⼀种商品卖给A后，若能很容易地将B、C、D 等⼈排除在该商品益处享⽤过程之外，则排他原则就在发⽣作⽤，该商品也因此是⼀项私⼈品。

若不能轻易地把其他⼈排除在分享过程之外，如公共卫⽣或国防，则我们称该商品具有公共品的特征。

Exogenous vs.induced variables外⽣变量和引致变量外⽣变量是那些由经济体系以外的因素来决定的变量。

与外⽣变量相对应的是引致变量，后者是由经济体系的内在运⾏所决定的。

例如，天⽓变化是外⽣变量，⽽消费的变化则常常由收⼊变动所引致。

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分，私营部门public sector 公共部门，公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准，生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞，萧条，不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的` developing 发展中的。

国际经济学_中英名词解释

国际经济学中英名词解释Absolute advantage: The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity. This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.绝对优势Law of comparative advantage: The less efficient nation should specialize in and export the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller (this is the commodity of its comparative advantage), and should import the other commodity.比较优势原理Ad valorem tariff: A tariff expressed as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.从价税Specific tariff:从量税A tariff expressed as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.Capital-intensive commodity: The commodity with the higher capital-labor ratio at all relative factor prices.资本密集型商品Labor-intensive commodity:The commodity with the higher labor-capital ratio (L/K) at all relative factor prices.劳动密集型产品Capital inflow: An increase of foreign assets in the nation or a reduction in the nation’s assets abroad.资本流入Capital outflow: A decrease of foreign assets in the nation or an increases the nation’s assets abroad.资本流出Community indifference curve: The curve that shows the various combinations of two commodities yielding equal satisfaction to the community or nation. Community indifference curves are negatively sloped, convex from the origin, and should not across.社会无差异曲线Consumer surplus: The difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a specific amount of a commodity and what they actually pay for it.消费者剩余Producer surplus: The revenue producers receive over and above the minimum amount required to induce them to supply the good.生产者剩余Current account: The account that includes all sales and purchases of currently produced goods and services, income on foreign investments, and unilateral transfers.经常项目Credit transactions:Transactions that involve the receipt of payments from foreigners. These include the export of goods and services, unilateral transfers from foreigners, and capital inflow.贷方交易Debit transactions: Transactions that involve payments to foreigners. These include the import of goods and services, unilateral transfers to foreigners, and capital outflows.借方交易Deficit in the balance of payments:The excess of debits over credits in the current and capital accounts, or autonomous transactions, equal to the net credit balance in the official reserve account, or accommodating transactions.国际收支逆差Factor abundance: The factor of production available in greater proportion and at a lower relative price in one nation than in another nation.要素丰裕度General equilibrium analysis: The study of the interdependence that exists among all markets in the economy.一般均衡分析General equilibrium model: An economic model that studies the behavior of all producers, and traders simultaneously.一般均衡模型Heckscher-Ohlin(H-O) theory: 赫克歇尔—俄林理论The theory that postulates that(1)a nation exports commodities intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and(2)international trade brings about equalization in returns to homogeneous factors across countries.Infant-industry argument: The argument that temporary trade protection is needed to set up an industry and to protect it during its infancy against competition from more established and efficient foreign firms.幼稚工业保护税Marginal rate of substitution,MRS: The amount of one commodity that a nation could give up in exchange for one extra unit of a second commodity and still remain on the same indifference curve. It is given by the slope of the community indifference curve at the point of consumption and declines as the nation consumes more of the second commodity.边际替代率Marginal rate of transformation,MRT:The amount of one commodity that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of another commodity. This is another name for the opportunity cost of a commodity and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.边际转换率Opportunity cost theory: The theory that the cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be given up to release just enough resources to produce one more unit of the firstcommodity.机会成本理论Dumping:The export of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price than sold domestically.倾销Persistent dumping:The continuous tendency of a domestic monopolist to maximize total profits by selling the commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically, also called international price discrimination.持久性倾销Predatory dumping: The temporary sale of commodity at a lower price abroad in order to drive foreign producers out of business, after which prices are raised to take advantage of the newly acquired monopoly power abroad.掠夺性倾销Sporadic dumping:偶尔倾销The occasional sale of a commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically in order to sell an unforeseen and temporary surplus of the commodity abroad without having to reduce domestic prices.Product cycle model:The hypothesis, advanced by Vernon, that new products introduced by industrial nations and produced with skilled labor eventually become standardized and can be produced in other nations with less skilled labor.产品周期模型Production possibility frontier:A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.生产可能性边界Purchasing-power parity(PPP) theory:The theory that postulates that the change in the exchange rate between two currencies is proportional to the change in the ratio in the two countries’ general price levels.购买力平价理论Rate of effective protection:The tariff calculated on the domestic value added in the production of a commodity.有效保护率Relative purchasing-power parity theory:Postulates that the change in the exchange rate over a period of time should be proportional to the relative change in the price levels in the two nations. This version of the PPP theory has some value.相对购买力平价Small-country case:The situation where trade takes place at the pretrade-relative commodity prices in the large nation so that the small nation receives all of the benefits from trade.小国情况Specific tariff:A tariff expressed as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.特别关税Terms of trade:The ratio of the index price of a nation’s export to its import commodities.贸易条件Free-trade area:自由贸易区Remove all tariff and nontariff barriers among members and maintain its own trade restrictions against outsiders.Customs union:关税同盟Removes all barriers on trade among members and harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world.The best example is the European Union(EU).Common market:共同市场Removes all barriers on trade among members,harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world,and also allows the free movement of labor and capital among member nations.An example is the European Union(EU)since January 1,1993. Economic union:经济同盟A supranational institution harmonize and administer national,social,taxation,and fiscal policies.Dumping:倾销The export of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price than sold domestically.Direct investments:直接投资Real investments in factories,capitalgoods,land,and inventories where both capital and management are involved and the investor retains control over the use of the invested capital.Interdependence: 相互依赖The (economic) relationships among nation.Increasing opportunity costs: 机会成本递增The increasing amounts of one commodity that a nation must give up to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.This is reflected in a production frontier that is concave from the origin.Income terms of trade:收入贸易条件The ratio of the price index of the nation’s exports to the price index of its imports times the index of the nation’s volume of exports.Immiserizing growth:悲惨性增长The situation where a nation’s terms of trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the nation is worse off after growth than before,even if growth without trade tends to improve the nation’s welfare.Leontief paradox:里昂惕夫之谜The empirical finding that U.S import substitutes were more K intensive than U.S exports.This is contrary to the H-O trade model,which predicts that,as the most K-abundant nation,the United States should import L-intensive products andexport K-intensive products.Multinational corporations(MNCs):跨国公司Firms that own,control,or manage production and distribution facilities in several countries.Optimum tariff:最有关税The rate of tariff that maximizes the benefit resulting from improvement in the nation's terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade. Pattern of trade:贸易模式The commodities exported and imported by each nation.Production possibility frontier:生产可能性曲线A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.Prohibitive tariff:禁止性关税A tariff sufficiently high to stop all international trade so that the nation returns to autarky. Preferential trade arrangements:优惠贸易安排The loosest from of economic integration;provides lower barriers to trade among participating nations than on trade with nonparticipating nations.An example is the British Commonwealth Preference Scheme.Stolper-Samuelson theorem: 施托尔珀－萨缪尔森定理It postulates that free international trade reduces the real income of the nation's relatively scarce factor and increases the real income of the nation's relatively abundant factor.Terms of trade:贸易条件The ratio of the index price of a nation's export to its import commodities.Trade creation:贸易创造Occurs when some domestic production in a member of the customs union is replaced by lower-cost imports from another member nation.This increases welfare.Trade diversion:贸易转移Occurs when lowercost imports from outside the union are replaced by higher-cost imports from another union member.Byitself,this reduces welfare.Transfer pricing:转移价格The overpricing or underpricing of products in the intrafirm trade of multinational corporations in an attempt to shift income and profits from high-to low-tax nations.。

完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照

完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照XXX and ChineseAAccounting - 会计Accounting cost - 会计成本Accounting profit - 会计利润Adverse n - 逆向选择n - 配置n of resources - 资源配置Allocative efficiency - 配置效率Antitrust n - 反托拉斯法Arc elasticity - 弧弹性n - 假设Asymmetric n - 非对称性信息Average - 平均Average cost - 平均成本Average cost pricing - 平均成本定价法Average fixed cost - 平均固定成本Average product of capital - 资本平均产量Average product of labour - 劳动平均产量Average revenue - 平均收益Average total cost - 平均总成本Average variable cost - 平均可变成本BBarriers to entry - 进入壁垒Base year - 基年XXX - 双边垄断Benefit - 收益Black market - 黑市Bliss point - 极乐点Boundary point - 边界点Break even point - 收支相抵点Budget - 预算Budget constraint - 预算约束Budget line - 预算线Budget set - 预算集CCapital - 资本Capital stock - 资本存量Capital output。

- 资本产出比率Capitalism - 资本主义XXX - 基数效用论Cartel - XXXCeteris paribus n - “其他条件不变”的假设Ceteris paribus demand curve - “其他因素不变”的需求曲线Chamberlain model - XXX模型Change in demand - 需求变化XXX - 需求量变化XXX - 供给量变化Change in supply - 供给变化Choice refers to the act of XXX。

经济学名词解释汇总(中英文版)

经济学名词解释汇总1.绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

2.逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。

3.选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。

4.需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5.非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。

例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

6.平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量，也称为平均总成本。

7.平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。

8.平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

9.平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。

10.投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

11.债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

12.收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

13.预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

经济学最全词典中英对照

经济学词典供给经济学词典.向他致敬 !Ability － to －pay principle （ of taxation ）（税收的）支付能力原则依照纳税人支付能力确立纳税负担的原则。

纳税人支付能力依照其收人或财富来衡量。

这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人终归该比别人多负担多少。

Absolute advantage(in international trade）(国际贸易中的）绝对优势 A 国所具有的比 B 国能更加有效地（即单位投入的产出水平比较高等）生产某种商品的能力。

这种优势其实不意味着 A 国必然能将该商品成功地出口到 B 国。

由于 B 国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或曰比较利益（ comparative advantage）。

Accelerator principle加速原理讲解产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。

Actual,cyc1ical ， and structual budget本质估量、周期预算和结构估量本质估量的赤字或盈余指的是某年份本质记录的赤字或盈余。

本质估量可划分成结构估量和周期估量。

结构预算假设经济在潜藏产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税入、支出和赤字等指标。

周期估量基于所展望的商业周期（及其经济颠簸）对估量的影响。

Adaptive expectations适应性预期见预期（expectations）。

Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种（固定）汇率制度。

在该制度下，各国钱币对其他钱币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。

当某些基本要素发生变动、本来汇率失去合理依照的时候，这类汇率便不时地趋于凋整。

在1944 － 1971 年时期，世界各主要钱币都普遍推行这类制度，称为“布雷顿森林系统”。

Administered （ or inflexible ） prices管理（或非浮动）价格特指某类价格的术语。

依照有关规定，这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够保持不变。

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

经济学名词解释（英文）

in a country
Cartel 卡特尔: A group of ﬁrms ac ng in unison Catch-up eﬀect: the property whereby countries that start oﬀ poor tend to grow more rapidly that countries that start oﬀ rich Central bank: an ins tu on designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quan ty of money in the economy Circular-ﬂow diagram 循环流向图: A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars ﬂow through markets among households and ﬁrms
Crowding-out eﬀect: the oﬀset in aggregate demand that results when
Balance trade: a situa on in which exports equal imports Beneﬁts principle受益原则: The idea that people should pay taxes based on the beneﬁts they receive from government services Bond: a cer ﬁcate of indebtedness Budget constraint 预算约束: The limit on that a consumer can aﬀord Budget deﬁcit 预算赤字 : An excess of government spending over

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

经济学名词解释汇总（中英文版)————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期：ﻩ经济学名词解释汇总1.绝对优势（Aｂsolute advａｎtａgｅ）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多,那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

2．逆向选择（Ａdverse ｃhoice）在此状况下,保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。

3.选择成本（Alｔernatiｖe cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源,它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。

4.需求的弧弹性(Ａｒc elａｓtiｃity of ｄemand)如果Ｐ1和Ｑ1分别是价格和需求量的初始值,P２和Ｑ2 为第二组值,那么，弧弹性就等于-(Q1-Ｑ2)(P1+P2)/（P1-P２）（Q１+Q2）5.非对称的信息（Asyｍmetｒiｃinforｍatiｏn）在某些市场中,每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。

例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

６.平均成本（Aｖerａge cosｔ）平均成本是总成本除以产量,也称为平均总成本。

７．平均固定成本( Ａverage fixed cost)平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。

8．平均产品(Aｖeｒａｇe pｒoｄuct)平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

９.平均可变成本（Ａverage vａｒiablｅｃosｔ)平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。

１0．投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言,它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时,一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

1１.债券收益(Bonｄyｉｅｌd）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

12．收支平衡图(Breaｋ－eｖen cｈarｔ)收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

1３.预算线(Budget ｌｉne)预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Ｙ的价格再乘以一１。

14.捆绑销售（Bundlinｇ）捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段,出售两种产品的厂商,要求购买其中一种产品的客户，也要购买另一种产品。

15．资本(Capiｔal)资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分配的设备、厂房、存货、原材料和其他非人力生产资源。

16.资本收益（Cａpiｔａｌgaiｎ）资本收益是指人们卖出股票（或其他资产）时所获得的超过原来为它支付的那一部分。

1７.资本主义(Cａpitａlism）资本主义是一种市场体系,它依赖价格体系去解决基本的经济问题:生产什么？如何生产?怎样分配？经济增长率应为多少?18．基数效用(Carｄｉｎａl ｕｔility）基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在基数的意义上可以度量的效用（它意味着效用之间的差别，即边际效用,是有意义的)。

序数效用与它相反,它只在序数的层面上才有意义。

19.卡特尔（Cａｒtel)卡特尔是指厂商之间为了合谋而签订公开和正式协议这样一种市场结构形态。

20. 科布一道格拉斯生产函数是指这样的生产函数Q=AＬ“IＫ”2 Ｍi3。

式中，Ｑ为产量；Ｌ为劳动的数量;K为资本的数量;M为原材料的数量;A，31,１２,2３均为常数。

21.勾结（Collision)勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签订有关价格、产量和其他事宜的协议。

22.比较优势（Ｃｏmparatｉve advantage)如果与生产其他商品的成本相比，一个国家生产的某种产品的成本比另一个国家低，那么，该国就在这种商品的生产上与另一个国家相比具有比较优势。

23．互补品(Ｃｏmpleｍｅｎts）如果X和Y是互补品,X的需求量就与Y的价格成反向变化。

２4.成本不变行业(Coｎｓtａnt-ｃost inｄuｓｔｒｙ）成本不变的行业是指具有水平的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大并不会引起投入品价格的上升或下降。

25.规模收益不变(Constant returｎs tｏｓｃale）如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加,并导致产量也以相同的百分数增加，就是规模收益不变的。

26.消费者剩余(Ｃoｎsuｍer ｓｕrplus）消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或服务所支付的最大数量与他实际支付的数量之差。

27.可竞争市场(Coｎtesｔablｅｍarket）可竞争市场是指那种进入完全自由以及退出没有成本的市场。

可竞争市场的本质在于它们很容易受到打了就跑的进入者的伤害。

28.契约曲线(Contrａct curve)契约曲线是(在消费者之间进行交换时)两个消费者的边际替代率相等的点的轨迹，或者(在生产者之间进行交换时）两个生产者的边际技术替代率相等的点的轨迹。

2９.角点解（Ｃorｎeｒsoｌutiｏn）角点解是指这样一种情形，预算线在位于坐标轴上的点处达到最高的可获得的3０.需求的交叉弹性(Crｏss elasticitｙof ｄemand)需求的交叉弹性是指商品Y的价格发生1％的变化时所引起的商品X的需求量变化的百分比。

31.垄断的无谓损失(Deaｄweighｔloss of monopｏｌy）如果一个完全竞争的市场转变为一个垄断的市场，这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少就是无谓损失。

32.买方垄断的无谓损失(Deadweｉght losｓof monopsonｙ）如果一个完全竞争的市场转变成一个买方垄断的市场,这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少即为无谓损失。

33.成本递减行业（Decｒeasing-ｃost inｄustry)成本递减行业是指具有向下倾斜的长期供给曲线的行业,它的扩大会引起平均成本下降。

34.规模收益递减( Decreasing retｕrnｔｏｓcale)如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加，并导致产量增加的百分数小于该百分数，就是规模收益递减的。

35.需求曲线（Demａｎｄcurvｅ）需求曲线表示在每一价格下所需求的商品数量。

3６.可贷资金的需求曲线(Demanｄｃｕrve of loａｎablｅfunｄｓ) 可贷资金的需求曲线表示可贷资金的需求量与利率二者之间的关系。

3７.贴现率( Discoｕnt ｒate)当利率用于计算投资的净现值时，它被称为贴现率。

３8．可分散风险(Diveｒsiｆiａｂlｅrisk)可以通过多样化来避免的风险是可分散风险。

３9.主导厂商( Doｍiｎａｎｔｆirm）在寡头垄断的行业中,主导厂商是一个制定价格的大型厂商,它允许该行业中的小厂商在此价格下销售它们想出售的全部数量的商品。

40.优势策略(Dｏmｉｎant stratｅgy）不论其他局中人采取什么策略,优势策略对一个局中人而言都是最好的策略。

41.双头垄断(Duopolｙ）双头垄断是指有两个卖主这样一种市场结构。

古诺模型，以及其他模型中都涉及双头垄断。

４2．经济效率（Eｃｏnomic efficｉency）经济效率是指这样一种状况,所进行的任何改变都不会给任何人带来损失而能增加一些人的福利。

这样一种状态就是经济的有效率状况（或者帕累托效率或帕累托最优）。

４3．经济利润(Economic pｒoｆiｔ）经济利润是指厂商的收益与它的成本之差，后者包括从最有利的另外一种厂商资源的使用中可以获得的收益。

44.生产的经济区域(Econｏmｉｃregion of pｒoｄuctｉon)生产的经济区域是指等产量线斜率为负的投入品组合。

没有一个厂商会在等产量线斜率为正的点上运行,因为在这种点上总会有一种投入品的边际产品为负。

45．经济资源（Economic ｒesoｕｒce）经济资源是指一种稀缺的、要求一个非零价格的资源。

46.范围经济（Eｃｏnｏmieｓof scｏｐｅ)范围经济是指由厂商的范围而非规模带来的经济。

只要把两种或更多的产品合并在一起生产比分开来生产的成本要低，就会存在范围经济。

4７.有效市场假说（Efｆicientｍａrkets hyｐothesｉs）根据这一假设,投资者在买卖股票时会迅速有效地利用可能的信息.所有已知的影响一种股票价格的因素都已经反映在股票的价格中,因此根据这一理论，股票的技术分析是无效的。

(这个假设有三种形式。

)48.财富状况（Enｄowｍeｎt posiｔion）财富状况是指消费者每年的收人。

49．恩格尔曲线(Engel curve)恩格尔曲线反映的是所购买的一种商品的均衡数量与消费者收入水平之间的关系。

它是以19世纪德国的统计学家恩斯特·恩格尔的名字命名的。

50．均衡(Equilibriuｍ)均衡是指没有任何变化趋势的状态。

例如,均衡价格就是一种能够维持的价格。

51.过剩生产能力（Excess capacｉty)过剩生产能力是指成本最低产量与长期均衡中的实际产量之差。

垄５2．断竞争理论有一个著名的且颇有争论的结论,它认为这种市场结构之下的厂商往往会在还有过剩生产能力的情况下进行生产。

53．扩张路径（Ｅｘpａnsiｏn paｔh）扩张路径是指与各种产量相对应的等产量线与等成本线相切的点的轨迹。

(所有投入品都是可变的。

）54．期望货币价值（Ｅｘpeｃteｄmｏｎetａry ｖalｅ）为了确定一项投机的期望货币价值,计算每一种可能出现的结果的货币收益(或损失）与其出现的概率相乘以后的和。

55.预期利润(Ｅｘpected pｒofｉｔ)预期利润就是长期的平均利润值，也就是用所出现的概率加权以后的各种可能的利润水平之和。

5６.完全信息的预期价值(Expecteｄvalue oｆpeｒｆecｔiｎformａtion）完全信息的预期价值是指决策者获得完全信息所导致的预期的货币价值的增加。

它是决策者为获得完全的信息而能支付的最大数量。

５７.显成本（Ｅxpｌｉcｉt ｃostｓ）显成本是指账目上所包括的厂商的正常费用,诸如工资成本和原材料支付。

58.外部不经济(Eｘｔeｒｎal dｉｓeｃoｎomy）外部不经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法补偿的成本。

59.外部经济(Ｅxternal ｅcｏnoｍy）外部经济是指由于消费或者其他人和厂商的产出所引起的一个人或厂商无法索取的收益。

60.先动优势(First-ｍｏver adｖantageｓ）先动优势是由于在博弈中第一个采取行动的局中人所拥有的优势。

61.固定成本（Fixedｃost)固定成本为每个时期不变投入品的总成本。

6２．不变投人品(FＩＸed ｉｎput）不变投入品是指生产过程中所使用的（如厂房和设备）、在考察的期间数量不变的资源。