俄罗斯联邦法律基础讲座PPT06
外国法制史第16章俄罗斯法
这一系列部门法典的颁布，标志着苏维埃社会主义法律体系的全 面确立。
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二、苏联时期的法律制度
3．苏联社会主义法的进一步发展
❖1956年苏共第二十次代表大会做出决定，加强社会主义法律秩序，切实
维护法制，坚决消灭一切非法的或危害社会主义法制的行为。
❖苏联解体后，苏联社会主义法律体系在整体上已告终结，但其对于世界
法律的现状和未来发展仍然具有深远的历史影响。
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三、苏联解体后的俄罗斯联邦法律制度
1990年6月12日俄罗斯联邦人民代表大会通过了关于俄罗 斯联邦国家主权宣言，宣布俄罗斯联邦是主权国家，俄罗 斯宪法和法律在全境内至高无上。
1991年12月21日俄罗斯等11个共和国首脑在哈萨克斯坦 首都阿拉木图签署了《建立独立国家联合体协议》，并发 表《阿拉木图宣言》，宣布“在平等的原则基础上作为缔 约各方组成独立国家联合体”，强调随着独联体的成立， 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟将停止存在，同时确认独联体 不是国家，也不是国家以上的结构。
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二、1924年苏联宪法
1922年年底，苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟成立， 并于1924年通过第一部苏联宪法，其全称为《苏 维埃社会主义共和国联盟宪法》，是根据1922年 为成立苏联而召开的第一次苏维埃代表大会通过 的《成立条约》制定的。
该宪法由两部分组成：第一部分是《成立宣言》， 第二部分是《成立条约》和11章本文。
第十六章 俄 罗 斯 法
【学习目标】 ❖通过本章的学习掌握俄罗斯法律制度的历史沿革及其基本特征和
历史地位，了解俄罗斯法对中国的影响。
【关键概念】 ❖罗斯真理(Truth of Russia) 1649年会典(Record of Laws and
外国法制史第16章俄罗斯法
这部民法典是世界法制史上第一部社会主义类型的民法典，开创了社会 主义民法的新体例和新原则，成为民事立法发展的新里程碑。它为苏俄 经济发展提供了广阔的可能性。该法典除适用于苏俄外，还被广泛适用 于土库曼、塔吉克、乌兹别克、哈萨克、吉尔吉斯、拉脱维亚、立陶宛 和爱沙尼亚等加盟共和国。这部民法典一直施行至1964年。
形成了以基辅和诺夫哥罗德为中心的两个封建制公国。 传说诺夫哥罗德王公奥列格经过长期兼并战争，征服了 基辅和邻近各小公国，于公元882年建立了以基辅为首 都的罗斯国家，史称“基辅罗斯”，由此开始了俄罗斯 国家的历史。
❖十月革命前的俄国法律发展大体上分为四个阶段：
1．古俄罗斯时期的法律制度 2．俄罗斯中央集权形成与巩固时期的法律 3．俄罗斯帝国时期的法律 4．资本主义发展农奴制解体时期的法律
❖苏联解体后，苏联社会主义法律体系在整体上已告终结，但其对于世界
法律的现状和未来发展仍然具有深远的历史影响。
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三、苏联解体后的俄罗斯联邦法律制度
1990年6月12日俄罗斯联邦人民代表大会通过了关于俄罗 斯联邦国家主权宣言，宣布俄罗斯联邦是主权国家，俄罗 斯宪法和法律在全境内至高无上。
1991年12月21日俄罗斯等11个共和国首脑在哈萨克斯坦 首都阿拉木图签署了《建立独立国家联合体协议》，并发 表《阿拉木图宣言》，宣布“在平等的原则基础上作为缔 约各方组成独立国家联合体”，强调随着独联体的成立， 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟将停止存在，同时确认独联体 不是国家，也不是国家以上的结构。
❖第一，宪法规定俄罗斯联邦是实行共和制、联邦制的民主与法治的
国家
❖第二，规定了俄罗斯联邦的经济制度和经济政策，取消社会主义公
《俄罗斯法律》PPT课件
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• 各级普通法院按照民事、刑事和行政诉讼程序行使审判权。
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俄罗斯联邦仲裁法院
• 联邦最高仲裁法院 • 各联邦主体中共和国的最高仲裁法院、边
疆区、州、联邦直辖市、自治州、自治专 区仲裁法院
• 各级仲裁法院是解决经济争议和审理管辖
范围内的其他案件的司法机关
俄罗斯的司法制度
• 一、法院体系 • 二、检察机关
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俄罗斯法院体系
• 一、宪法法院 • 二、普通法院 • 三、仲裁法院
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宪法法院的主要职权
1.审理联邦性法律文件。 2.解决国家权力机关之间的权限纠纷。 3.审查具体案件中适用法律是否合宪。 4.解释联邦宪法。 5.对指控俄联邦总统叛国或者犯有其他重大罪行是
• 《俄罗斯联邦关于外国公民在俄罗斯联邦
法律地位的条例》
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外国人的民事诉讼权利
• 国民待遇 • 《俄罗斯联邦民事诉讼法典》（2002年11
月14日联邦法第138号）第五编 涉外案件 的诉讼程序
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对外国法院判决和仲裁裁决的承认 与执行
• 1966年关于承认和执行民事和商事案件判
决的海牙公约
• 1958年关于承认和执行外国仲裁裁决的纽
否符合法定程序作出结论。
6.就联邦宪法划归宪法法院管辖的问题，向联邦国 家杜马提出立法动议。
7.行使关于划分管辖对象与权限的条约所赋予的其 他职权。
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宪法法院的活动原则
• 独立性 • 集体性 • 公开性 • 连续性 • 辩论性 • 平等性
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俄罗斯联邦普通法院
• 联邦最高法院 • 各联邦主体最高法院、各边疆区、州、联邦直辖市、自治
俄罗斯政治体制ppt课件
3.俄罗斯联邦总统按照俄罗斯联邦宪法 和联邦法律决定国家内外政策的基本 方针。
在整堂课的教学中，刘教师总是让学 生带着 问题来 学习， 而问题 的设置 具有一 定的梯 度，由 浅入深 ，所提 出的问 题也很 明确
总统职权：
经国家杜马同意后任命俄罗斯政府总理;有权主 持政府会议；作出政府辞职的决定；向国家杜马 提出国家中央银行行长的任免人选；根据政府总 理的提议，任免政府副总理和部长；向联邦委员 会提出宪法法院、最高法院、最高仲裁法院法官 的人选以及总检察长的人选供任命；向联邦委员 会提出解除总检察长职务的建议；任命其它各级 联邦法院的法官；组成并领导俄罗斯安全会议； 批准俄罗斯军事学说；组建总统办公厅；任免总 统全权代表；
议 会 大 厦
在整堂课的教学中，刘教师总是让学 生带着 问题来 学习， 而问题 的设置 具有一 定的梯 度，由 浅入深 ，所提 出的问 题也很 明确
俄罗斯联邦宪法生效后，联邦政府成 为对总统负责的最高权力机关，也是 做高的行政机关。
联邦政府组成人员有：联邦政府总理， 第一副总理，副总理，各部部长
在整堂课的教学中，刘教师总是让学 生带着 问题来 学习， 而问题 的设置 具有一 定的梯 度，由 浅入深 ，所提 出的问 题也很 明确
3.国防会议。1996年7月25日新成立的常设 总统咨询机构，负责研究军事建设、实施 安全会议有关国防战略和政策问题，并起 草相应决议。总统任主席，联邦政府总理 任副主席。秘书由总统任命，成员由总统 批准。
在整堂课的教学中，刘教师总是让学 生带着 问题来 学习， 而问题 的设置 具有一 定的梯 度，由 浅入深 ，所提 出的问 题也很 明确
该党的意识形态是”主权民主“，包括五 个方面： 1.人民根据自己的传统和法律作出自 己选择的权利 2.有效参与公正的世界秩序的形成的 可能性 3.”主权民主“是国家的外部和内部安 全的同义词 4.公开表达和捍卫自己的民族国家利 益的权利 5.无条件承认民主的普遍价值
《大国崛起俄罗斯》课件
科技创新
俄罗斯在科技领域拥有较强实力，其科技 创新成果对全球科技进步和产业发展产生 积极影响。
THANKS
[ 感谢观看 ]
俄罗斯与美国的关系复杂多变，既有竞争也有合作。两国 在政治、经济、军事等领域存在着激烈的竞争，但在某些 领域也存在着合作的可能性。
反导问题
俄罗斯一直关注美国反导系统的部署和发展，认为其威胁 到自身的战略安全，是俄美关系中的一个重要问题。
叙利亚问题
在叙利亚问题上，俄罗斯支持叙利亚政府，而美国则支持 反对派，两国在此问题上存在分歧和博弈。
国投资。
国际合作与区域一体化
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俄罗斯积极参与国际经济合作和区域一体化进程，如欧亚经济
联盟等。
CHAPTER 04
俄罗斯的文化与教育
文学艺术
总结词
俄罗斯文学艺术源远流长，对世界文化产生了深远影响。
详细描述
俄罗斯文学在各个时期都涌现出了一批杰出的作家和作品，如普希金、托尔斯泰、陀思妥耶夫斯基等，他们的作 品深刻反映了俄罗斯社会的历史变迁和人民的生活状态。此外，俄罗斯的艺术也独具特色，如油画、雕塑、音乐 等，在国际艺术领域占有重要地位。
蒙古统治
13世纪，蒙古帝国入侵并统治了古 俄罗斯，长达两个世纪，对古俄罗 斯的政治、经济、文化产生了深远 的影响。
金帐汗国
14世纪，莫斯科公国摆脱蒙古统治 ，建立了以莫斯科为中心的统一国 家，即金帐汗国。
近代俄罗斯
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彼得大帝改革
18世纪初，彼得大帝推行 了一系列改革，使俄罗斯 进入近代化进程，成为欧 洲强国之一。
轻工业发展不足
相比之下，俄罗斯的轻工业发展相对滞后，消费品市场主要依赖进 口。
《俄罗斯民法典》课件
俄罗斯民法典是一部重要的法律文件，旨在规范俄罗斯的民法关系。本课件 将介绍该法典的概要、历史背景、基本原则以及对法律实践的影响。
民法典简介
《俄罗斯民法典》是俄罗斯的一部重要法典，旨在调整市民之间的法律关系。 它包含了民事权利和义务的规范，为市民提供了明确的法律准则。
《俄罗斯民法典》的历史背景
《俄罗斯民法典》的基本原则
平等原则
民法典强调人人平等，不论种族、性别或社会 地位。
善意原则
民法典鼓励市民之间的善意和公正，以避免恶 意行为。
自由原则
根据民法典，市民在民事活动中享有相对的自 由度。
保护原则
民法典旨在保护市民的权益和合法利益，确保 社会的正常运行。
民法典的结构与内容
总则 物权 继承法
民事权利与义务 订立、履行与终止民事合同 个人隐私与荣誉
重要条款的解读与分析
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财产权
《俄罗斯民法典》对财产权的保护作出了明确的规定，确保市民的财产权益得到 尊重和保护。
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合同法
民法典对合同的订立、履行和解除等方面进行了详尽的规定，为市民提供了明确 的法律准则。
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家庭法
《俄罗斯民法典》对家庭关系和婚姻制度进行了规范，保护了家庭成员的权益和 利益。
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前苏联法律体系
《俄罗斯民法典》的制定受到了前苏联法律体系的影响和基础，吸收了其优点并 做出了适当改进。
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市场经济改革
随着俄罗斯走向市场经济，制定一部现代化的民法典成为必要，以便适应和规范 市场经济关系。
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国际法的借鉴
为了与国际社会接轨，俄罗斯民法典汲取了国际法的经验，并加以适用于本国的 பைடு நூலகம்定情况。
俄罗斯相关法律规定(3篇)
第1篇一、引言俄罗斯，全称为俄罗斯联邦，是世界上面积最大的国家之一。
自1991年苏联解体后，俄罗斯联邦成为独立的主权国家。
在政治、经济、文化等方面，俄罗斯都制定了一系列法律规定，以维护国家的稳定和发展。
本文将对俄罗斯相关法律规定进行概述，涵盖宪法、行政法、民法、刑法、经济法、劳动法、诉讼法等多个领域。
二、宪法1. 宪法地位俄罗斯宪法是国家的根本法，具有最高法律效力。
宪法规定了国家制度、国家机构、公民权利和义务等基本内容。
2. 宪法基本原则（1）主权原则：俄罗斯联邦是主权国家，拥有独立自主的对外政策。
（2）联邦制原则：俄罗斯联邦是由22个自治共和国、46个州、9个边疆区、1个自治州、3个联邦直辖市和1个自治专区组成的联邦制国家。
（3）民主原则：俄罗斯联邦实行民主制度，保障公民的政治权利和自由。
（4）法治原则：俄罗斯联邦实行法治国家，一切国家机关、社会组织和公民都必须遵守宪法和法律。
三、行政法1. 行政主体俄罗斯联邦的行政主体包括联邦政府、地方政府和联邦主体政府。
2. 行政行为行政行为是指行政主体在履行职责过程中，对公民、法人或其他组织采取的具体行政措施。
3. 行政程序行政程序是指行政主体在实施行政行为过程中，必须遵循的法定步骤和方式。
四、民法1. 民法地位民法是调整平等主体之间财产关系和人身关系的法律规范。
2. 民法基本原则（1）平等原则：民事主体在民事活动中享有平等的法律地位。
（2）自愿原则：民事主体在民事活动中应当遵循自愿原则。
（3）诚实信用原则：民事主体在民事活动中应当遵循诚实信用原则。
（4）公平原则：民事主体在民事活动中应当遵循公平原则。
3. 民事法律关系民事法律关系是指民事主体之间因财产关系和人身关系而产生的权利义务关系。
五、刑法1. 刑法地位刑法是规定犯罪和刑罚的法律规范。
2. 刑法基本原则（1）罪刑法定原则：犯罪和刑罚必须由法律明文规定。
（2）法律面前人人平等原则：任何人不得享有超越法律的特权。
俄罗斯联邦法规zakon-tr-eng
RUSSIAN FEDERATIONF E D E R A L L A WNo. 184-ФЗ, dated 27.12.2002"On Technical Regulating"Adopted 15.12.2002 by State DumaApproved 18.12.2002 by Council of FederationChapter 1. GENERAL PROVISIONSA r t i c l e 1. Scope of This Federal Law1. This Federal law regulates the relations arising during:development, adoption, application and execution of obligatory requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization;development, adoption, application and execution on a voluntary basis of the requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, executing of works or rendering of services;conformity assessment.This Federal law also defines the rights and duties of the participants, whose relations are regulated by this Federal law.2. The requirements for operation of uniform communication network of the Russian Federation and for products connected with ensuring of integrity, stability of operation of the specified communication network and its safety, the relations connected with ensuring of integrity of the uniform communication network of the Russian Federation and using of radiofrequency spectrum, are respectively established and regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of communications.3. The validity of this Federal law does not apply to the state educational standards, to provisions (standards) for accounting and rules (standards) for auditor activity, to standards for article issue and offering circulars of article issue.A r t i c l e 2. Basic ConceptsThe following basic concepts are used for the purposes of this Federal law:Accreditation – is the official recognition, by accreditation body, of the competence of a natural or legal person to perform operations in definite area of conformity assessment;Safety of products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization (hereinafter referred to as safety) – is the condition during which there is no inadmissible risk connected with causing of harm to life or health of people, to property of natural or legal persons, to state or municipal property, to environment, to life or health of animals and plants;Veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures – are the obligatory requirements and procedures, established for the purpose of protection against the risks, arising in connection with penetration, assimilation or spreading of harmful organisms, diseases, carriers of sicknesses or pathogenic organisms, including the cases of their transfer or spreading by animals and (or) plants, products, cargoes, materials and vehicles, in connection with the presence of additives, contaminants, toxins, pests, weeds, pathogenic organisms, including those in foodstuffs or forages, and also the obligatory requirements and procedures established with a view of preventing any other harm connected with spreading of harmful organisms;Declaring of conformity – is the form of conformity assurance of products to the requirements of technical regulations;Supplier’s declaration – is the document certifying the conformity of the released product to the requirements of technical regulations;Applicant – is the natural or legal person carrying out the obligatory assurance of conformity;Mark of market access – is the label intended for informing of purchasers on conformity of released products to the requirements of technical regulations;Mark of conformity – is the designation intended for informing of purchasers on conformity of certification object to the requirements of voluntary certification system or the national standard;Identification of products – is the ascertaining of identity of product performances to its essential attributes;Control (supervision) over observance of the technical regulation requirements – is the inspection of execution by a natural or legal person of the technical regulation requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, and taking appropriate measures by inspection results;International standard – is the standard, adopted by international organization;National standard – is the standard approved by national standardization body of the Russian Federation;Certification body – is the natural or legal person, accredited in accordance with the established procedure for executing of works on certification;Conformity assessment – is the direct or indirect estimation of observance of the requirements being lodged for an object;Conformity a ssurance – is the documentary certifying of conformity of products or other objects, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, executing of works or rendering of services to the requirements of technical regulations, provisions of standards or conditions of contracts;Product – is the result of activity, presented in physical form and designed for further use with economic and other purposes;Risk – is the probability of causing harm to life or health of people, to property of natural or legal persons, to state or municipal property, to environment, life or health of animals and plants, taking into account the weight of this harm;Certification–the form of conformity assurance of objects to the requirements of technical regulations, to provisions of standards or conditions of contracts, realized by certification body;Conformity certificate – is the document certifying the conformity of an object to the requirements of technical regulations, to provisions of standards or conditions of contracts;Certification system – is the set of rules for executing of works on certification, its participants and rules for operation of the certification system as a whole;Standard – is the document establishing, for the purposes of voluntary multiple use, the product performances, the rules for realization and the characteristics of processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, executing of works or rendering of services. The standard may also contain the requirements for terminology, symbology, packing, marking or labeling, and the rules for their affixing;Standardization–is the activity on establishing of rules and performances for the purpose of their voluntary multiple use, aimed at achievement of orderliness in the spheres of production and circulation of products, and at heightening of competitiveness of products, works or services;Technical regulating – is the legal regulating of relations in the field of establishing, application and executing of obligatory requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, and also in the field of establishing and application, on a voluntary basis, of the requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, executing of works or rendering of services, and legal regulating of relations in the field of conformity assessment;Technical regulation – is the document, which is adopted either by the Russian Federation international treaty ratified in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, or by the federal law, or by decree of President of the Russian Federation, or by decree of the Russian Federation Government, and which establishes the obligatory requirements for technical regulating objects (for products, including buildings, structures and constructions, for processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization);Form of conformity assurance – is the definite order of documentary certifying of conformity of products or other objects, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, executing of works or rendering of services to the requirements of technical regulations, to provisions of standards or conditions of contracts.A r t i c l e 3. Principles of Technical RegulatingThe technical regulating shall be carried out in accordance with the principles of:application of uniform rules for establishing of the requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, executing of works or rendering of services;conformity of technical regulating to a level of national economy, material basis, and technology development;independence of accreditation and certification bodies from manufacturers, sellers, developers and purchasers;uniform system and rules of accreditation;unity of rules and methods of researches (tests) and measurements when conducting the procedures of obligatory conformity assessment;unity of application of the technical regulation requirements irrespective of types or peculiar properties of bargains;inadmissibility of competition limitation during accreditation and certification;inadmissibility of combining the powers of state control (supervision) body and certification body;inadmissibility of combining the accreditation and certification powers by one body;inadmissibility of off-budget financing of the state control (supervision) over observance of the technical regulation requirements.A r t i c l e 4. Legislation of the Russian Federation on TechnicalRegulating1. The legislation of the Russian Federation on technical regulating consists of this Federal law, the federal laws adopted according to it and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation.2. Provisions of the federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, regarding the sphere of application of this Federal law (including those directly or indirectly providing for control (supervision) over observance of the technical regulation requirements), shall be applied regarding their parts not contradicting to this Federal law.3. Federal executive bodies have the right to issue in the sphere of technical regulating only the acts of recommendatory character, except for the cases established by Article 5 of this Federal law.4. If the international treaty of the Russian Federation in the sphere of technical regulating establishes other rules, than those stipulated by this Federal law, then the rules of the international treaty shall be applied. And if the international treaty provides for issuing of a national act for application of the treaty, then the rules of the international treaty and the Russian Federation legislation adopted on its basis shall be applied.A r t i c l e 5. Peculiarities of technical regulating regarding thedefensive and state secret-safeguarded products(works, services)1. In case of absence of technical regulation requirements for the defensive products (works, services) delivered for federal state needs under the state defensive order, for the products (works, services) used for the purpose of safeguarding the state secret data or categorized as the information of restricted access and safeguarded according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, and for the state secret-safeguarded products (works, services), the obligatory requirements shall be those for products, their performances and requirements for processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, established by federal executive bodies being the state customers of the defensive order within the limits of their competence, and (or) by the state contract.2. The order of development, adoption and application of documents on standardization regarding the products (works, services), specified in Clause 1 of this Article, shall be established by the Government of the Russian Federation.3. The conformity assessment (including the state control (supervision) over observance of obligatory requirements for products (works, services), specified in Clause 1 of this Article, shall be carried out in the order, established by the Government of the Russian Federation.4. The obligatory requirements for products (works, services), specified in Clause 1 of this Article, shall not contradict the technical regulation requirements.Chapter 2. TECHNICAL REGULATIONSA r t i c l e 6. The Purposes of Adoption of Technical Regulations1. The technical regulations shall be adopted for the purpose of:protection of life or health of people, property of natural or legal persons, state or municipal property;protection the environment, life or health of animals and plants;prevention of actions misleading the purchasers.2. Adoption of technical regulations for other purposes is not allowed.A r t i c l e 7. The Matter and Application of Technical Regulations1. The technical regulations, taking into account the risk degree of causing harm, shall establish the minimally necessary requirements, providing:emanation safety;biological safety;explosion safety;mechanical safety;fire safety;industrial safety;thermal safety;chemical safety;electrical safety;nuclear and radiation safety;electromagnetic compatibility regarding safety operation of devices and equipment;uniformity of measurements.2. The requirements of technical regulations may not serve as a barrier to realization of business activity in the greater degree, than it is minimally necessary for execution of the purposes specified in Clause 1 of Article 6 of this Federal law.3. The technical regulation shall contain the exhausting list of products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, in relation to which its requirements are established, and the rules for identification of technical regulating object for the purposes of application of the technical regulation. The technical regulation, with a view of its adoption, may contain the rules and forms of conformity assessment (including the schemes of conformity assurance), defined in view of a risk degree, deadlines of conformity assessment in relation to every technical regulating object and (or) the requirements for terminology, packing, marking or labeling and the rules of their affixing.The conformity assessment shall be carried out in the form of state control (supervision), accreditation, testing, registration, conformity assurance, acceptance and commissioning of an object whose construction is completed, and in other forms.The obligatory requirements, contained in technical regulations, for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, the rules and forms of conformity assessment, the rules of identification, the requirements for terminology, packing, marking orlabeling and the rules of their affixing shall be exhausting, shall have direct action in the whole territory of the Russian Federation and may be changed only by inserting of amendments and addenda in the appropriate technical regulation.The requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, the rules and forms of conformity assessment, the rules of identification, the requirements for terminology, packing, marking or labeling and the rules of their affixing, not included into technical regulations, may not be the obligatory ones.4. The technical regulation shall contain the requirements for product performances, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, but shall not contain the requirements for design and modification, except for the cases, when the reaching of the purposes of the technical regulation adoption, specified in Clause 1 of Article 6 of this Federal law, is not ensured because of absence of the requirements for design and modification in view of a risk degree of causing harm.5. The technical regulations, in view of a risk degree of causing harm, may contain the special requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, the requirements for terminology, packing, marking or labeling and the rules of their affixing, providing the protection of separate categories of people (minors, pregnant women, nursing mothers, invalids).6. The technical regulations shall be applied in identical way and in equal measure irrespective of the country and (or) place of product origin, realization of processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, types or peculiarities of bargains and (or) natural and (or) legal persons being manufacturers, executors, sellers, purchasers, taking into account the provisions of Clause 9 of this Article.7. The technical regulation may not contain the requirements for the products, causing harm to life or health of people, which is accumulated during long use of these products and depends on other factors, not allowing to determine the degree of permissible risk. In these cases the technical regulation may contain the requirement concerning the informing of the purchaser on possible harm and on factors upon which it depends.8. The international standards and (or) national standards may be used in full or in part as a basis for development of draft technical regulations.9. The technical regulation may contain the special requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, terminology, packing, marking or labeling and the rules of their affixing, applied in separate places of the products origin, if the absence of such requirements can result, taking into account the climatic and geographical peculiarities, in non-reaching of the purposes specified in Clause 1 of Article 6 of this Federal law.The technical regulations shall also establish the minimally necessary veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures in relation to productsoriginating from the separate countries and (or) places, including the restriction of import, use, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, providing biological safety (irrespective of the ways of safety assurance used by the manufacturer).The veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures may provide for the requirements for products, for methods of product processing and production, for procedures of product testing, inspection, conformity assurance, the quarantine rules, including the requirements connected with transportation of animals and plants, for materials necessary to ensure life or health of animals and plants during their transportation, and also for methods and procedure of sampling, for methods of research and evaluating of risk and other requirements contained in technical regulations.The veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures shall be developed and applied on the basis of scientific data, and also taking into account the appropriate international standards, recommendations and other documents of the international organizations with a view of observance the necessary level of veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary protection, which is defined taking into account the degree of actual scientifically justified risk. When evaluating the risk degree there may be taken into consideration the provisions of the international standards, recommendations of the international organizations, whose participant is the Russian Federation, prevalence of diseases and pests, and also the measures taken by suppliers for struggle against diseases and pests, the ecological conditions, the economic consequences connected with possible causing of harm, the volume of expenses for preventing of causing the harm.When the urgent application of veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures is necessary for achievement of the purposes of veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary protection, and the appropriate scientific substantiation is insufficient or can not be obtained in proper time, the veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures, provided for by technical regulations in relation to definite types of products, may be applied on the basis of available information, including the information obtained from the appropriate international organizations, authorities of the foreign states, information on appropriate measures applied by others states or other information. Before adoption of the appropriate technical regulations in the case, established by this paragraph, veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures are valid according to Clause 5 of Article 46 of this Federal law.The veterinary-sanitary and phytosanitary measures shall be applied taking into account the appropriate economic factors - potential injury from reduction of volume of product manufacturing or sales in case of penetration, assimilation or spreading of any pest or disease, expenses for struggle against them or their liquidation, efficiency of application of alternative measures for limitation of risks, and also the necessity ofminimizing the effect of the pest or disease on environment, production and circulation of products.10. The technical regulation, adopted by the federal law or by decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, inures not earlier than in six months from the date of its official publication.11. The rules and methods of researches (tests) and measurements, and also the rules of sampling for carrying out the researches (tests) and measurements, necessary for application of technical regulations, shall be developed, with observance of provisions of Article 9 of this Federal law, by federal executive bodies within the limits of their competence within six months from the date of official publication of technical regulations, and shall be affirmed by the Government of the Russian Federation.12. The government of the Russian Federation shall develop proposals on ensuring of conformity of technical regulating to interests of the national economy, to a level of development of material basis and technological level, and also to the international norms and rules. For these purposes the Government of the Russian Federation shall affirm the program of development of technical regulations which is specified and published yearly.The Government of the Russian Federation shall organize the continuous registration and analysis of all the cases of causing harm, as a result of violation of requirements of technical regulations, to life or health of people, property of natural or legal persons, state or municipal property, environment, life or health of animals and plants, taking into account the weight of this harm, and also shall organize the informing of purchasers, manufacturers and sellers on the situation in the field of observance of technical regulation requirements.A r t i c l e 8. Types of Technical Regulations1. The following technical regulations are valid in the RussianFederation:general technical regulations;special technical regulations.Obligatory requirements for separate types of products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization shall be defined by set of requirements of general technical regulations and special technical regulations.2. The requirements of general technical regulation are obligatory for application and observance in relation to any kinds of products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization.3. The requirements of express technical regulation shall take into account technological and other peculiarities of separate types of products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization.4. General technical regulations shall be adopted regarding:safe operation and utilization of machines and equipment;safe operation of buildings, structures, constructions and safe use of territories adjoining to them;fire safety;biological safety;electromagnetic compatibility;ecological safety;nuclear and radiation safety.5. Special technical regulations shall establish the requirements only for those separate types of product, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, in relation to which the purposes, defined by this Federal law for adoption of technical regulations, are not ensured by the requirements of general technical regulations.Special technical regulations shall establish the requirements only for those separate types of products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, whose risk degree of causing harm is higher than the risk degree of causing harm, taken into account by general technical regulation.A r t i c l e 9. Order of Developing, Adoption, Amending andCancellation of Technical Regulation1. The technical regulation shall be adopted by a federal law in the order established for adoption of federal laws, taking into account the provisions of this Federal law.2. Any person may be the developer of draft technical regulation3. The notification about development of draft technical regulation shall be published in the print of federal executive body on technical regulating and in information system of general-purpose in electronic-digital format.The notification about development of draft technical regulation shall contain the information on products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, marketing and utilization, in relation to which the requirements being developed shall be established, with summary of the purpose of this technical regulation, with substantiation of necessity of its development and with specifying of those requirements being developed which differ from provisions of the appropriate international standards or obligatory requirements, which are valid in the territory of the Russian Federation at the moment of development of this draft technical regulation, and besides that the information on a method of familiarization with draft technical regulation, the denomination or surname, name and patronymic of the developer of the given draft technical regulation, the postal and e-mail (if any) addresses for receipt of written notices from the interested persons.4. From the moment of publication of the notification on development of draft technical regulation this draft shall be available to the interestedpersons for familiarization. The developer is obliged on demand of the interested person to give him the copy of draft technical regulation. The payment for giving of this copy may not exceed an expenditure for its manufacture.The developer shall update draft technical regulation taking into account the written notices of the interested persons, shall carry out public discussion of draft technical regulation and make the list of written notices of the interested persons with summarized contents of these notices and results of the discussion.The developer is obliged to save written notices of the interested persons up to the date of coming into force of technical regulation, adopted by the appropriate normative legal act, and to grant them to deputies of State Duma, to representatives of federal executive bodies and expert commissions on technical regulating, specified in Clause 9 of this Article, at their inquiries.The period of public discussion of draft technical regulation from the date of publication of the notification about development of draft technical regulation up to the date of publication of the notification about completion of public discussion may not be less than two months.5. The notification about completion of public discussion of draft technical regulation shall be published in the print of federal executive body on technical regulating and in general-purpose information system in electronic-digital format.The notification about completion of public discussion of draft technical regulation shall include the information on a method of familiarization with draft technical regulation and the list of written notices of the interested persons, and also the denomination or surname, name and patronymic of the developer of draft technical regulation, the postal and e-mail (if any) addresses for contact with the developer.From the date of publication of notification about completion of public discussion of draft technical regulation the updated draft technical regulation and the list of written notices of the interested persons shall be available to the interested persons for familiarization.6. The federal executive body on technical regulating is obliged to publish in the print the notification about development of draft technical regulation and of completion of public discussion of this draft within ten days from the moment of payment for publication of notices. The order of publication of notices and amount of payment for their publication shall be established by the Government of the Russian Federation.7. The submission of draft federal law on technical regulation to State Duma by a subject of legislative leadership right shall be carried out in the presence of the following documents:substantiation of necessity of adoption of federal law on technical regulation with specifying of those requirements, which differ from provisions of the appropriate international standards or obligatory。
第 16章 俄罗斯法[19页]
第二节 苏联的法律制度
一、苏联的立法概况
（一）苏维埃社会主义法的初创（1917年—1919年） 1.宪法性文件：《告工人、士兵和农民书》、
（五）国家机构
苏联最高国家权力机构是苏联最高苏维埃，即人民代 表苏维埃 。国家管理机关体制包括苏联部长会议、加盟 共和国和自治共和国的部长会议、各部各国家委员会以及 其他中央和地方的行政部门。苏联最高国家管理机关为苏 联部长会议。
（六）苏联宪法的特点
1.苏联宪法是社会主义性质的宪法。 2.苏联宪法确认共产党领导一切。 3.苏联宪法的思想理论基础是马克思列宁主
义。
三、苏联民法制度
（一）1922年《苏俄民法典》 第一，法典在体例上独具特色，其创新性表现于民事
法律关系规定得不完全，没有一体化，法典由总则、物权、 债和继承四篇组成，将大陆法系民法典中的应有内容如土 地制度、婚姻家庭制度和监护制度以另典处理，而没有在 民法典中加以规定。
第二，法典开创了社会主义民法的新原则。 第三，法典凸显的一个重要原则是，民事权利的行使 只有与社会经济发展的目的相一致时，才受到保护。 第四，法典的编纂借鉴和吸收了古今中外有关的立法 经验，特别是大陆法系民事立法的经验，同时，因其社会 主义公有制的性质而具有革命性的创新，该法典是一部典 型的早期社会主义民法典。 第五，它是苏联各加盟共和国民事立法中最具有代表 性而被广泛适用的一部民法典，该法典适用于部分加盟共 和国和自治共和国，并为其他社会主义国家的民事立法树 立了典范。
1.指导思想及其理论基础是马克思列宁主义。 2.苏联社会主义法的产生，以十月革命的胜利和世界上 第一个无产阶级专政的苏维埃政权建立为前提条件。 3.苏维埃法是产生最早的社会主义法，同时也是人类历 史上一种前所未有的法的新模式，开创了当时独一无二的 世界新秩序。 4.苏联法为成文法，制定法是其最主要的法律渊源，判 例不被认为是正式渊源。
《俄罗斯法律》课件
2
财产和承继
民法中关于财产和承继的规定，包括财产权和遗产继承。
3
民事责任
俄罗斯民法中规定的民事责任制度，包括合同责任和侵权责任。
刑法
1 犯罪和刑事责任
刑法中定义的犯罪类型和相应的刑事责任，包括刑罚和挽救措施。
2 审判和罚款
刑法中关于审判程序和罚款制度的规定，确保公正和效率。
商法
物权和合同
商业和贸易
建筑安全和维护
建筑安全和维护的法律责任和 标准，确保建筑的可持续发展 和使用。
劳动法和社会保障法
1
劳动权利和福利
俄罗斯劳动法中规定的劳动权益和福利制度，包括工资、工时和休假。
2
工伤和社会保险
工伤保险和社会保险的法律规定，确保劳动者的健康和社会保障。
3
养老金和福利金
俄罗斯养老金和福利金的发放制度和标准，确保退休者的生活保障。
俄罗斯联邦宪法
基本原则
宪法中明确规定的基本原则和 价值观，如平等、自由、民主 和司法独立。
权利和自由
宪法保护的公民权利和自由， 包括言论自由、宗教自由和人 身权利。
Байду номын сангаас
联邦机构和权力机关
宪法规定的联邦机构和权力机 关，如总统、政府和立法机构。
民法
1
婚姻和家庭
俄罗斯的婚姻和家庭法律制度，包括结婚、离婚和子女抚养。
公司法和税法
商务交易中的物权和合同法律规 定，确保交易的有效性和公正性。
商业和贸易法律的要点，包括商 标注册、不正当竞争和国际贸易。
公司法和税法的要点，包括公司 注册、纳税义务和税收政策。
建筑法和房屋法
建筑管理和规划
建筑项目的管理和规划法律制 度，确保建筑质量和公共安全。