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The United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern IrelandChapter 1 Geography, People and Language全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列颠联合王国）and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）.由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain（大不列颠）and Ireland（爱尔兰）The River Thames(second longest and most important), originates（起源于）in southwestern England -----North Sea.Scotland ( Edinburgh爱丁堡) important river:Clyde River kilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales( Cardiff加迪夫，著名港口). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England.Northern Ireland(Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles.Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul’s Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。

英语国家概况(名词解释)

英语国家概况(名词解释)第一部分英国概况1 the Commonwealth:It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.2. British Empire:Britain has been one of the most important countries in the world. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. It had colonies ont only in North America, but also I Asia, Africa and Australia. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent one after another . The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.3 Alfred the Great: Alfred was the King of Wessex, who was strong enough to defeat the invading Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as ‘the father of the British navy.’He also reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. He translated a Latin book into English. All these make him worthy of his title ‘ Alfred the Great’4Heptarchy:During the Anglo-Saxon’s time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia,Mercia and Nothumbria have beengiven the name of Heptarchy.5the Witan: The Witnam was thecouncil or meeting of the wisemen. Itwas created by the Anglo-Saxons toadvise the king. It’s the basis of thePrivy Council which still exists today.6 English feudal system: In thissystem, the King owned all the landpersonally, who gave his barons largeestates in England in return for apromise of lilitary service and aproportion of the land’s produce.7 the Black Death: It was the modernname given to the deadly bubonicplague, an epidemic disease spread byrat fleas through Europe in the 14thcentury, particularly in 1347-1350. Itswept through England in the summerof 1348 without warning, and withoutany cure. It killed between one half andone third of the population of England,causing far-reaching economicconsequences.8 Oliver Cromwell: He was the leaderof the Parliamentary Army during theEnglish Civil War in the revolutionaryperiod of the 17th century. He defeatedKing Charles I and condemned him todeath in 1649. After that, he establishedthe Commonwealth in England andbecame the Lord Protector of thecountry. The Commonwealth endedwith the Restoration of Charles II in1660.9 Blood Mary: It is the nicknamegiven to Mary I , the English Queenwho succeeded to the throne afterEdward VI. She was a devout Catholicand had so many protestants burnt todeath that she is remembered less byher official title Mary I that by hernickname Blood Mary.10 the Industrial Revolution :It referto the mechanization of industry andthe consequent changes in social andeconomic organization in Britain in thelate 18th and early 19th centuries.Britain was the first country toindustrialize in Europe.11 Whigs(in Britain):The name ofWhigs originated with the GloriousRevolution. It was known by thenickname. It was a derogatory name forcattle drivers. Loosely speaking, theWhigs were those who opposedabsolute monarchy and supported theright to religious freedom forNonconformists.12 Tories (in Britain) : The name ofTories originated with the GloriousRevolution . It was known by thenickname. It was an Irish wordmeaning thugs. The Tories were thosewho supported hereditary monarchyand were reluctant to remove kings.The Tories were the forerunners of theConservative Party, which still bearsthe nickname today.13 the House of Lords: The House ofLords is a part of Parliament . It ismade up of the Lords Spiritual and theLords Temporal. The main function ofthe House of Lords is to bring the wideexperience of its members into theprocess of law-making.14 the House of Commons:TheHouse of Commons is a part ofparliament , and its members areelected by universal adult suffrage. Itconsists of 651 Members of Parliament(MPs). It has the ultimate authority inmaking laws.15 constitutional monarchy : It is aform of government in which themonarch’s power is limited byParliament. The United Kingdom is aconstitutional monarchy: the head of State is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereigh reigns, but does not rule. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her majestry’s Government.16 the Cabinet:The Cabinet consists of usually 20 most senior ministers. Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsibl to Parliament for the work of their departments.17 the Privy Council:The Privy Council is a consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Gloious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.18 the Metropolitan Police Force:The police service for the United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary.19NHS:The full name of NHS is National Health Service. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical service. The service was established in the United Kingdom in 1948. 20 bank holidays:Official publicholidays are also called ‘bank holidays’.The term ‘Bank Holidays’ goes back tothe Bank Holidays Act of 1871, whichowes its name to the fact that banks areclosed on the days specified.21Remembrance Sunday:The onlyreally important patriotic festival isRemembrance Sunday. It is also calledArmistice Day, which is the Sundaynearest to November 11. On thisSunday the dead of both world wars areremembered in special church servicesand civic ceremonies, the chief ofwhich is the laying of wreathes at theCenotaph, London by members of theroyal family in the presence of leadingstatesmen and politicians.22 Church of England:Church ofEngland is the most importantestablished church in Britain. It islegally recognized as official church ofthe State. It is uniquely related to theCrown in that the Sovereign must be amember of that Church and mustpromise to uphold it. The Church isalso linked with the State through theHouse of Lords, in which the twoarchbishops and some other bishopshave seats.23 Boxing Day:In Britain December26th is called Boxing Day because itwas formerly the custom to give‘Christmas boxes’, or gifts of money ,to servants and tradesmen on this day.24Open University:The OpenUniversity is a non-residentialuniversity. It is so named because it isopen to all to become students. TheUniversity was founded in 1969 andbegan its first courses in 1970. TheUniversity offers degree and othercourses for adult students of all ages inBritain and the other member countriesof the European Union. It uses acombination of specially producedprinted texts, correspondence tuition ,television and radio broadcasts andaudio/ video cassettes.25IRA :The full name for IRA is IrishRepublic Army. It is a nationalistorganization formed by MichaelCollins after the Easter Uprising of1916. The IRA opposed the separationof Northern Ireland from the Republicof Ireland in the 1920s by terroristmethods. It has been responsible formany raids and bomb explosions inEngland and in Northern Ireland.26the Anglo-Irish Treaty: In 1921 theBritish signed the Anglo-Irish Treatyestablishing an Irish Free State withdominion status with a separategovernment in theProtestant-dominated Northern Ireland.27the Great Famine:The GreatFaminine began in Ireland in 1845. Itwas caused by the failure of potatocrop. One of the most dramatic,large-scale sociological consequencesof the Great Famine was a significantpopulation decline in Ireland. Manypeople died of hunger. There was also abig flow of emigration from Ireland.About 6 million people left Irelandeither for Britain, the United States orCanada in the century following theGreat Famine.第二部分美国部分1Ellis Island: Ellis Island of New Yorkas an important immigration receptionspot in the 1890s and at the turn of thecentury.2baby boom: Baby boom refers to thegreat increase of birth ratebetween1946 and 1964. Nearly 80million Americans were born in thisperiod . People born in this period arecalled baby boomers.3 ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’:The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. For a long period of time they were concentrated in the agricultural South, working on plantations growing cotton and tobacco. Their life was no better than that of cattle. In order to keep the black slaves under control, the slave-owners resorted to brutal methods. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the novel giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves.4the Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered to be the most far-reaching act on civil rights in modern times, forbidding discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender and national origin. It’s the result of a strong Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. The act added protections for the rights to vote, to use public facilities and to enjoy the same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities.5 the Puritans: The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritan leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those he meant to save.6 ‘No taxation without representation’:This was the slogan of the people in the colonies before the War of Independence. They opposed the British policies toward the colonies. By the slogan they declared that, without their representatives taking part in decision-making, they had no obligation to pay taxes.7the Bill of Rights:In 1789, JamesMadison introduced in the House ofRepresentatives a series ofamendments which later were draftedinto twelve proposed amendents andsent to the states for ratification. Ten ofthem were ratified in 1791 and this firstten amendments to the constitutionwere called the Bill of Rights.8 abolitionists:They were people,mostly Northern humanitarians, whostrongly opposed slavery and aimed toabolish the system.9 the Gettysburg Address:TheGettysburg Address refers to the shortspeech made by President Lincolnwhen he dedicated the nationalcemetery at Gettysburg. He ended hisspeech with ‘the government of thepeopled, by the people, for the people,shall not perish from the earth’10 the Emancipation Proclamation:After the Civil War began, Lincolnissued the Emancipation Proclamationto win more support at home andabroad. It granted freedom to all slavesin areas still controlled by theConfederacy.11 the First Bontinental Congress: In1774, the First Continental Congresswas held in Philadelphia, whichencouraged Americans to refuse to buyBritish goods, and organized colonialmilitia units.12 the New Deal: The program wasput forward by President Franklin D.Roosevelt in 1932 to deal with theGreat Depression. Roosevelt madeCongress pass a large number of NewDeal acts and helped to set up manyefficient social economical andfinancial systems. The New Deal didhelp overcome the most seriouseconomic crisis of the capitalist systemup to that time.13 the Muchrakers: At the turn of the20th century in the United States, thereemerged a group of reform-mindedjournalists, who made investigationsand exposed various dark sides of theseemingly prosperous society.President Theodore Roosevelt calledthem Muchrakers.14 The stock market crash of 1929:On October24, 1929, the New Yorkstock market crashed. It was calledBlack Thursday, because it was thebeginning of a long economicdepression. The Great Depression hadfar-reaching consequences. It sweptthrough the globe quickly. The rate ofunemployment increased rapidly. Agreat deal of companies and businessesclosed and went into bankruptcy.American economy didn’t recover untilthe New Deal was put forward.15 the Ku Klux Klan: The Ku KluxKlan was the first organized in 1866and then reformed in 1867. The KuKlux Klan terrorized and attacked notonly blacks, but also progressives,labor union organizers ,Communist orsocialist party members.16. McCarthyism:Joseph R.McCarthy was a senator. He started acampain of wild accusation and arrestsin 1950. His full-scale anti-Communisthysteria in American history was calledMcCarthyism . In December 1954,theSenate condemned him for certainimproper, extreme behavior andMcCarthysim ended.17 Richard Nixon: Richard Nixon wasthe former President of the UnitedStates of America. In the early 1970s,he was involved in the Watergatescandal, for which he was forced toresign from the presidency.18Truman Doctrine:On March 20, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.19 monetarist policies:Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian approach was replaced by new monetarist policies, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand. On the one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.20 the US Federal system:It is a system of government in which has two layers of rule. There is central or federal government for the nation which alone has the power to answer questions that affect the nation as a whole. There are also state and local governments . Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution. 21 separation of power:It refers to the principle that the national government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. In the legislative branch, power is divided further nto two houses. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.22 US presidential inauguration: In the US the presidential term of four years begins on January 20. The President starts his official duties with an inauguraton ceremony, traditionally held on the steps of the US Capitol. The President publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the United States. Theoath-taking ceremony is usuallyfollowed by an inauguration address.23 public school: Public schoolsusually larger in size, are operated bypublicly elected or appointed schooloffcials. The program and activities ofthe schools are under the control ofthese officials. The schools aresupported mainly by public funds.24 private school: Private schools arecontrolled by an individual or by anagency other than a state, a subdivisionof a state or the federal government .They are usually supported by fundswhich are not public funds and theoperation of the school’s program restswith people who are not publiclyelected or appointed officials.25 school districts: They aresubdivisions of the states.Currently,there are some 15,500 operating localpublic school districts. Each localschool district has a governing boardwhich is usually elected by thevoters.Its major responsibilities are thehiring of professional and support staff,determining the most suitable localcurriculum, and developing andapproving a budget to carry outeducational program.26 Easter Sunday:Easter Sunday isthe second of the two most importantreligious holidays for Christians. It’s onthe first Sunday after the full moon thatoccurs on or after March 21, and it’sfor celebrating the rising of JesusChrist from his tomb, where he hadlain for three days following his death.On the Easter morning, millions ofpeople gather together to salute anotherEaster dawn. The Easter Parade is verypopular in the United States. There areseveral symbols for Easter. The eggand the hare are those most frequentlyassociated with Easter.27 Halloween:Halloween is anight-time children’s day and a time forfrightening costumes, masks , parties,games and tricks--- all for fun.Children with curious masks fo fromhouse to house to frighten friends orneighbours and threaten them with‘Trick or treat’.第三部分加拿大，澳大利亚28the Canadian Shield : Almost halfof Canada is covered by the CanadianShield. It is a semicircular band ofrocky highlands and plateaus aroundHudson Bay from the northern shoresof Quebec to the Artic shores of theNorthwest Territories. It is a region ofrounded hills, tens of thousands oflakes and swamp. The Shield containsa wealth of minerals , much water andgreat forests.29 the Statute of Westminster: By theStatute of Westminster in 1931 theBritish Dominions, including Canada,were formally declared to be partnernations with Britain and ‘equal instatus, in no way subordinate to eachother’, and bound together only bytheir loyalty to a common Crown.Since then, Canada became a memberof the Commonwealth of Nations.30 Bilingualism in Canada:Bilingualism means having twolanguages. In Canada the officialLanguage Act went into effect in 1969.The Act made English and French theofficial languages of Canada. Theyhave equal status and rights in allinstituations of Parliament and theFederal Government.31 Multiculturalism:For a long timethe Canadian Government pursued apolicy of assimilation , that is toassimilate different minority groups into the mainstream Canadian culture. But immigrants from different countries still kept their own cultures, religious, languages, and ways of life. So in 1976, the Canadian Government adopted a policy of multiculturalism. Accordingly immigrants may be instructed in at least one official language to help them become full participants in Canadian society and, at the same time, are encouraged to maintain their particular cultural heritage.32 school of air :children learn their lessons through a radio educational system called School of the Air. Lessons are transmitted by radio. Homework is now exchanged by fax.33 the Flying Doctors:It is a special health service which provides medical care for people living in isolated areas in Australia. Doctors travel by plane from their base and keep in touch with their patients by radio.34 Maoritanga:In New Zealand, Maoritanga in Maori culture, the Maori way of life and view of the world. Maori views of the world, of nature, of education, of spirituality and of death, are becoming more and more part of the New Zealand way of life.35 Kiwi:The kiwi is a noctural bird that can’t fly in New Zealand. The kiwi is a national symbol an New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.36 the Treaty of Waitangi:The Treaty of Waitangi was an agreement between the chiefs of the Maori people and the British Crown in 1840.37 Waitangi Day:In 1840, the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representng QueenVictoria, and some Maori chiefs,signed the Treaty of Waitangi. ModernNew Zealand was founded. Theanniversary of the signing, February 6,is celebrated as New Zealand NationalDay, Waitangi Day, and is a nationalholiday.38Mark Twain: Mark Twain’s realname was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.He gained a wide knowledge ofhumanity through his life experience.In 1865, he became nationally famouswith his short story The CelebratedJumping Frog. The Adventures of TomSawyer was an immediate success as‘a boy book’, and The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn became his masterbook. All stories of his novels aresimple and he presented Americansocial life through portrayal of localplaces he knew best and through hiscolloquial style. His other famousbooks are: A Tramp Abroad, Life on theMississippi, The Gilded Age andInnocents Abroad.39Walt Whitman:Walt Whitman is anAmerican poet. He broke free from theconvention of the poetic rhymeexhibiting a freedom in form unknownbefore. In his masterpiece Leaves ofGrass, he praised the ideas of equalityand democracy and celebrated thedignity, the self-reliant spirit and thejoy of the common man. He was thefirst to explore fully the possibilities offree verse. He invented a completelynew and completely American form ofpoetic expression.40knicherbockers era: In the early partof the nineteenth century, New YorkCity was the centre of Americanwriting. Its writers were called‘Knickerbockers’and the period from1810 to 1840 is known as the‘knickerbockers era’of Americanliterature. The name comes from AHistory of New York, by DiedrickKnickerbocker written by WashingtonIrving.41 Ernest Hemingway:ErnestHemingway was one of the mostimportant American writers in the 20th ,and was the spokensman for the ‘LostGeneration’ of young intellectuals whobecame disappointed and bitter afterWorld War I. He was awarded theNobel Prize for Literature in 1954. Hisfirst important novel The Sun AlsoRises is a description of young peoplein the post-war era.He wrote a lot ofother novels and short stories. AFarewell to Arms and For Whom theBell Tolls are two novels about the Firstand Second World Wars. The Old Manand the Sea is considered to be hisrepresentative work . He is also famousfor his simple style and carefulstructuring of his fiction.42 Theodore Dreiser:TheodoreDreiser was one of the naturalists whoin their works reported truthfully andobjectively the life in the slums. Hisfirst novel Sister Carrie traces thematerial rise of Carrie Meeber and thetragic decline of Hurstwood. Hispursue was to describe the actual stateof things in the United States. Hisdescription of the sharp contrast ofwealth and poverty in Chicago andNew York was another example. Hewas also famous for his Trilogy ofDesire and An American Tragedy ,which is considered to be his best.。

英美概况笔记（中英文对照整理版）[1]

英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

自考英语国家概况名词解释

⾃考英语国家概况名词解释英语国家概况名词解释1 The British Empire ⼤英帝国About a hundred years ago, as result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled and empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. The two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nation in 1931.2.Stonehenge-It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes. The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50 members counties whit in the commonwealth (1991). 是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独⽴构成的⾃由联合体。

英语国家概况各历史事件发生时间明细-自考必备

英语国家概况各历史事件发生时间明细-自考必备UKThe geographical names for the UK are the British Isles, Great Britain, England.On the island of Great Britain, there are three political divisions-England, Scotland, and Wales.At present, there are 50 member countries within the commonwealth(1991).The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east.The Celts began to arrive about 700B.C.In the mid-5th century, a new wave of Teutonic invaders came to Britain. The three tribes were Jutes, Saxons, Angles.Jutes, Angles and Saxons from northern Europe started to invade England in the mid-5th century.The small kingdoms of Essex, Sussex and Wessex in the southwest of Britain were established by the Saxons in the 5th century.The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.The battle between English troops led by Harold and the Norman troops led by William was fought at Hastings in 1066.The Celts arrived in Britain between 600BC-150BC.Julius Caesar led his army and invaded England in 55BC.For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.Christianity was brought to Britain by St. Augustine in 597.The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Romanmissionaries gained the upper hand in 664.The Norman leader William established the Norman rule in England in 1066.The English language was introduced into England by the Anglo-Saxons who started to invade England in the mid-5th century. According to historical record, it appeared that in 1086 about half of the cultivated land in England was in the hands of 170 tenants-in chief.The Great Charter was signed in 1215 and had 63 clauses.The Hundred Years' War between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453.The Hundred Years' War could be divided into three outstanding stages.Black Death reduced England's population from 4 million to 2 million by the end of the 14th century.Black Death, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas, spread though Europe in the 14th century.The Black Death swept through England on the summer of 1348 without warning.Elizabeth I came to the throne when she was 25 and then she reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years.The Armada was defeated by England in 1588.The Renaissance began in Italy in the early 14 century.England and Scotland was officially united into Great Britain by the Act of Union of 1707.In 1707, the name Great Britain came into being.In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485. Traditional farming involved the open field village, a system that dated back to the 5th century.The open field system lasted till 18th century.By the early 19th century, Britain had a rod network of some 125000 miles.In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Radicals in the Parliament were greatly influenced by ideals of Jeremy Bentham known as “Utilitarianism”.The Chartist Movement was officially launched at a great 1838 meeting in Birmingham, with the aim of pressing the Parliament to accept the People's Charter.In England no females were allowed to vote in national elections before 1918.V otes were granted to English women in the same terms as men after World War I.The spark of the First World War was struck at Sarajevo on June 28 1914, when the Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.Queen Elizabeth II was born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953.The foundation of the welfare state of Britain was laid during the years immediately after World War II.The 1960s were known as the Swinging Sixties, the permissive age in Britain.In the general election, an MP candidate must deposit 500 pounds, which is returned if he or she receives 5% or more of the vote cast. The British monarchy can be traced back to at least the 9th century.Either the Conservative Party or the Labor Party has held power since 1945 in Britain.Sovereign's birthday is officially celebrated in June every year by Trooping the Color on Horse Guards Parade.The Houses of Parliament were rebuilt between 1835 and 1857 to the design of Sir Charles Barry after having been destroyed by fire. The House of Commons in the U.K. Consist of 651 Members of Parliament.In Great Britain, almost 80% of medical prescription items are supplied free.The first women priests of Church of England were ordained in March 1994.The position of the Church of Scotland was defined in the Treaty of Union, 1707, and further safeguarded by the Church of Scotland Act, 1921.Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973.The National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based at first on Acts of Parliament.There are nine public holidays in Great Britain, such as New Year's Day, Bank Holiday, Boxing Day, etc.In Britain education is compulsory and free for all between the ages of 5 and 16.About 90% of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attends comprehensive school.First degree courses are mainly full time and usually last 3 years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.In Britain, medical and veterinary courses normally require five years.There are some 90 universities in UK, including the Open University.There are about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published in Britain.The professional football season runs from August until May in U.K.Soccer has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century.The University Boat Race, between eight-oared crew from Oxford and Cambridge, has been rowed on the Thames almost every spring. Pantomime is a kind of play based on a traditional fairy tale and performed at Christmas time.IrelandThe Republic of Ireland's border with Northern Ireland is 434km.The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million, and was expected to reach 4 million by 2000.Migration in Ireland declined sharply after the establishment of the Irish Free State.The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 established an Irish Free State.The creation of Northern Ireland dates from 1921 when the Irish Free State was set up.Ireland declared itself a republic in 1949.The first census of Ireland began in 1821.Eire became the Republic of Ireland in April 1949.The name of the country was officially changed to Ireland in 1937.Today 93% of the Irish population are Roman Catholics.USAThe United Stated had a more or less open-door policy to immigration from independence until the 1960s.By the year of 2050, American population is expected to climb to 383 million.The biggest city in America is New York with a population of18 million (in 1990).The United States has less than 6% of the world's population; yet it produces about 25% of the total world output.The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.The first Negro slaves were brought to Virginia in 1619.Between 1607 and 1773, the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.Britain and America signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783 which recognized the independence of the United States.The American Constitutional system was went up to in 1791.The War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783.During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the old Northwest.The American Civil War broke out in 1861 and ended in 1865.The Civil War was won by the Union, but Lincoln was shot dead by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.The great Puritan immigration began in 1630.The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.The Purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803 from France almost doubled the size of the United States.The war with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848.The Civil War cost America 618000 lives.By 1900 there were 193000 miles of railroad in the United States.The United States government declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917.As a result of WWI, the US had changed from a debtor nationto a creditor.The Second World War finally ended in 1945.China and the United States established formal diplomatic relations in 1979.The U.S. Has less than 6% of the world's population, but it produces about 25% of the total world output.The US imports about 13% of all world imports.In 1991, the America's financial deficit reached a record of 268.7 billion.The estimated number of the people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which makes up 14% of the total population. The first ten amendments to the Constitutions, as the foundation of the American constitutional system, were called the Bill of Rights. Woman obtained voting right from the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.In the United States, the first period of the party system arose in the last years of the 18th century over the debate on the ratification of the Constitution.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in the U.S.The US Constitution was officially adopted on March 4, 1789.The federal system set up by the U.S. Constitution has two layers of rule.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The drafters of the U.S. Constitution devised a dual process by which the Constitution could by changed.The Articles of Confederation in the US provided that each state had one vote in Congress, a lawmaking body set up according to the Articles.In the dual process by which the Constitution could be charged, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.Urbanization was realized in the US after WWI.Some of the 77% population in the US lived in more than 283 city areas in 1988.Eduction was made a function of the state under the T enth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.Public education in the United States covers twelve years.Elementary and secondary education in the United States covers 12 years.The total financial support for public schools makes up about 7 percent of the American GNP.High schools are made up of three different types of schools with somewhat different tasks in the U.S.Higher eduction in the U.S. Consists of six types of institutions.The community college made its appearance in the early 1900s.Easter falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon that coincides with, or comes after, the spring equinox.The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts on December 13, 1621.CanadaCanada is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Generally speaking, Canada can be divided into six geographical regions.The bare, thinly populated region of Northern Canada takes up four fifths of the country.The European discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the 15th century.The English Hudson Bay Company was established in 1670.Since the Statute of Westminster in 1931, Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.Canada has admitted over 11 million immigrants since Confederation in 1867 and approximately 4.5 million since the end of WWII. AustraliaAustralia is in the southern hemisphere.Australia lies south of the equator(赤道).Australia is located between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.Australia is surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean.In 1996 Australia's population is about 18 million, or about two people to the square kilometer.80% of Australians live in the south and east.Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world with 80% of its population living in the suburbs of coastal cities and towns.About 60% of the land in Australia is used for sheep and cattle grazing on large properties called stations.With regard to its size, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world.New ZealandNew Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean.New Zealand is situated about 1500 km to south east of Australia.Because the country is very narrow, no place in New Zealand is more than 110km from the sea.Over ? of the land in New Zealand is more than 200 metres above sea level.New Zealand's climate is temperate and various.。

英语国家概况(汉英对照)

英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。

这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, Great Britain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are they different?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。

两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。

这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—the northern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There is another country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder of Ireland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

英语国家概况全篇翻译

第八章英国法律与司法机构联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。

但是英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各自独立的法律制度却有大体的相似之处。

苏格兰的法律制度与英国其他地方的制度相异之处更多，但在许多方面有本质上的同一性。

联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有一部完整的法典。

法律来源包括：(1)成文法(议会法案和经议会授权制订的补充法规)；(2)大量的"不成文"法或称习惯法，源于法院或其他的许多判决；(3)平衡法(对习惯法中没有包括到的那些案例的一种补充性法律手段)；(4)欧共体法，英国加入欧盟后要遵守的法律，主要局限于经济和社会问题。

另一共同特点是刑法和民法之间的区别(刑法处理的是针对整个社会的犯罪行为，而民法处理的是个人之间就权利、责任和义务而产生的纠纷，以及个人与群体，群体与群体之间的交往)Ⅰ.刑事诉讼程序在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。

在苏格兰，检察总长，即皇家司法长官负责向高级法院、郡法院和地区法院起诉。

法律规定在全英国任何地方逮捕人，都必须尽快起诉并把其送到到法庭受审。

如果24小时内不能开庭，除非被控人的案情严重，否则皆可保释。

所有刑事审判都在法院公开进行。

因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的，并采取一切可能的步骤不使原告比被告处于有利地位。

审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，若被告的确发表陈述，除非已经以适当的措辞提醒过他，否则他的话不能用作审判他的证据。

不许强迫被告提供证据或在法庭上回答诉方的盘问。

每位被告都有权雇用律师为其辩护，如果他不能支付律师费，可用公共费用提供帮助。

如果他被指控谋杀，自己又无充足的财力，那就必须向他提供法律援助。

在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑(所有审判皆如此)，但陪审团决定是否定罪。

陪审团由法院召集，由普通的独立公民组成。

在英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰陪审团为12人，苏格兰为15人。

英语国家概况一句话简答,,中文版

英语国家概况一句话简答,,中文版1.什么是联合王国的完整名称？它是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

2.什么是两个大岛组成不列颠的？他们是英国和爱尔兰。

3.什么是英国的四个政治分歧？他们是英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

4.联合王国甚么温和的气候，即使它位于北远比我们黑龙江省呢？由于英国的气候受墨西哥湾暖流。

5 英国有.有多少大都市区？英国有七个大都市区。

6.什么是英格兰脊梁呢？它是Pennines。

7.什么是英国第一大湖？它是过冬。

8.从哪种语言是英语得来的？英国主要源自格鲁-撒克逊与诺曼法语的语言。

9.什么是参赛？参赛是诗歌、音乐和其它艺术的威尔士节日。

10.什么苏格兰人过著名的？苏格兰人已成激烈的战士技能、多彩的格子kilts、严密的宗族而闻名。

11.多长时间是在罗马占领下的英国？英国是下近400 年的古罗马人占领。

12.为什么是罗马的英国人出奇有限的影响？罗马对英国人的影响是非常有限的因为罗马人始终被当作奴隶类主体人的英国人，他们从不通婚与本机的英国人。

13.当盎开始在英国定居？盎开始在英国定居在 5 世纪。

14.当英国开始将Christianized？英格兰开始将在579 Christianized。

15.什么是664 惠特比在约克郡的议会的结果？惠特比议会的结果是罗马的传教士占了上风，对凯尔特人的传教士。

16.哈罗德·时候做什么他获悉由T ostig 和Hardrada 哈罗德·诺森堡入侵？他在南方抵制诺曼底的预期的攻击的准备工作。

17 哈罗德· Tostig 和Hardrada.凡打败？哈罗德·击败T ostig 和哈罗德· Hardrada 在斯坦福桥。

18.由谁是威廉·加冕英格兰国王在西敏寺？威廉·加冕英格兰国王在西敏寺由纽约大主教。

19.做威廉后他压抑中北部的撒克逊risings 做？他建了一个字符串的防御城堡，确保整个国家的军事控制。

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17世纪，托马斯，妮卡-第一台蒸汽机。
1756-1763英法，七年战争，1763（巴黎条约）加拿大交给英国
1800s /18世纪末，19世纪初，《圈地法》地公布.The open field system
1806年，DomesdayBook英国国王土地志,《末日审判书》
1830，英国成为世界工厂
1832，rotten borough（英国1832年前）有名无实的选区
1922.Rose Perot罗斯·佩罗run for thepresidentindependent candidate and gain 19% of votes
1929.10.24The Great Depression大萧条black Thursday黑色星期四
1932，罗斯福新政FranklinD.Roosevelt, the new deal
1978,the new federal immigration act
澳大利亚
1971，采纳多元文化政策
新西兰
1840，（外坦基条约）毛利人和英国人。The treaty ofwaitangi
1947，杜鲁门向希腊和土耳其提供援助
1947,6月5日。Marshalplan马歇尔计划
1950.麦卡锡主义，McCarthyism
1954，9月US sign a mutualdefencetreatywithTaiwan共同防御条约
1960年以后，美国,open-door policy移民政策有改变
1835-1857. UK parliament英国议会被烧
1836—1848,Thecharistmovement宪章运动
1914到1918年第一次世界大战WWI.
1918.允许妇女参加选举National election inEngland1918 allow female to vote
1926, ElizabethII,诞生，thronedin 1952,crowned in 1953
加拿大
1535,two man discoveryCanada,JohnCabot(ltalian,seacaptian)&Janquescariter(frence,Navigator)
1896, to 1911canadawas ruled bythe liberal partyunderSir Wilfred Laurier.威尔弗里德·劳雷尔爵士
1938,慕尼黑公约Munichagreement,AdolfHitler, / the British policy of appeasement /
1939年至1945年，第二次世界大战WWII.
1948，国民保健制度建立。
1970, Wales andScotland, nationalismgrowth
1960,越战1950—1975
1962，肯尼迪PresidentKennedy,decideon the use of Navy againstCuba/古巴导弹危机
1965，选举权修改，保证黑人的合法选举权利
1970，里根保守主义New Right conservatism
1972年2月，尼克松访问中国，1979年1月，中美建交
英语国家概况时间中文说明
英国
公元700，celts，开始入侵英国
BC 500 Roma入侵英国
5世纪，Angle—Saxon入侵英国，jutes,sasxons, angles先后三波移民
597年，英国开始信基督教christianized，坎特伯雷教堂Canterbury，英格兰，579年。
1
8世纪，挪威海盗和丹麦人，入侵英国，直到9世纪，国王阿尔弗雷德（公元871--899）打败丹麦人
1642—1646.英国第一次内战1stcivil war(the Puritan revolution) CharlesI.-Cavaliers,保皇党。
1660年，英国复辟Restora尔斯二世
1673年，颁布法律《宣誓法》（The Test Act）,禁止天主教徒担任公职,规定凡公职人员就职时必须效忠国王、信仰国教
1789,4,30—华盛顿在纽约就职。1790，迁都费城
1789年4月30日。美国宪法诞生the US constitution officially adopted.
1803，法国1500万USD，卖路易斯安那州给美国
1812，英美二次战争
1829，安德鲁·杰克逊,第七任美国总统Andrewjackson（1829年—1837年）
1932，美国孤立主义isolationist直到1941年12月7日日本偷袭珍珠港Pear Harbor Attack
1940,史密斯法案the SmithAct, in1940,规定任何人任何组织不能以暴力方式反对政府
1943，三大会议, Teheran(1943,11), Yalta(1945,2) ,Potsdam(1945,7-8)
1944.overlandFranceNormandy法国，霸王计划，诺曼底
1945. Yaltaconference, organizethe united nation联合国
1945,美国经济发展，持续25年。汽车，住房，国防工业
1946，T.S.Eliot.获得诺贝尔文学奖
1946---1964.baby boom.(63million)
1850，西扩运动westward movement
1861-1865(1861.4.12---1865.4.9)美国内战和废奴运动
1865,4月14日。林肯遇刺Lincoln, was shot by Wilkes Booth
1865,13次宪法修改
1890-1920.immigrant receptionspot. EllisIsland.
1937,thename of country to Ireland(Eire inGealic)爱尔兰共和国
1948,Ireland voted itself out of the commonwealth
1949 April 18--- declared itself a republic
1690，爱尔兰加入大英帝国
1973年1月，英国加入EC，欧共体
1979，撒切尔thatcher(conservative party)，英国女首相
1994, first women priest of church of England.女牧师。
爱尔兰
1916, Easter Uprising复活节起义
1921, The Anglo-Irish Treaty英爱条约established an Irish Free State
1972年，水门事件president Nixon resign due to theWatergatescandal
1991，美国财长赤字theAmericanfinancial deficit reach $268.7billion/
1995，population was 35.7million,which make up 14% of the world total output
1848，美墨(Mexio)战争
1848，Mexiogive California & NewMexioto USA（payment 1,000万USD）
1853，加兹登Gadsden Purchase, US get another 30,000 square miles fromMexio( payment 1,500万USD)
1787,9月。联邦条例the Articles of Confederation/在费城签署Phialdelphia。74名代表55名到场
1787，除了罗德岛Rhode island，所有的州都参加the constitution convention
1789，麦迪逊，十二条修正案，1791年，通过十条（人权法案），建立美国宪法制度。
1776,7月4日，美国独立宣言，托马斯，杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson，起草。
1781,10月，英军退守到被开罗那的一个小镇。
1783，9月英美在法国巴黎签署和平协议the treaty of Paris.
1777,11月大陆会议Continental Congress通过联邦草案
1781，3月第二次大陆会议the secondcontinentalcongress adopted联邦条例
1914，威尔逊总统，宣布美国中立。
1914,6月。美国参加一战
1917,4月6日。美国宣布德国投降。
1919,1,18--（巴黎和会）瓜分世界
1919-1920，红色恐怖，the red scare.
1920,妇女得到选举权。Blackliterature,HarlemRenissance.黑人文艺运动
1350-1650，文艺复兴
1351年，政府颁布法律，禁止农民要求更多的工资。
1381，农民起义，反对律师，地主，神职人员领导者（wattyler/
Lollards（英）基督教罗拉德派
1455—1485，英国，玫瑰战争，plantagenet金雀花王朝
1485，英国文艺复兴English Renaissance
1564年，Shakespeare诞生在Avon inWarwickshire.England, in 1564.埃文河畔的斯特拉特福
1558-1603年，ElizabethI,伊丽莎白一世
1588年，打败西班牙无敌舰队Spanish Armada
1603年，JamesVI建立theStuartdynasty (斯图亚特王朝)
1688光荣革命，辉格党（反对国王，支持新教徒和宗教自由）和托利党（保守党前身）