《看得见风景的房间》的语用分析

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A Pragmatic Study of Fictional Communication as Reflectedin A Room with A View《看得见风景的房间》的语用分析ByQu JingA DissertationSubmitted to the Graduate Schooland Foreign Languages School in Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirements for the Degree of Master of English Languageand LiteratureUnderThe Supervision ofProfessor Zheng LixinShanghai Maritime UniversityJune 2009ContentsAcknowledgement .................................................. 错误！未定义书签。

Abstract ................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。

摘要.................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。

Chapter 1 Introduction (i)1.1 Lead-in remarks (1)1.2 Purpose of the study (2)1.3 Justification for the study (2)1.4 Methodology of the study (3)1.4.1 Combination of pragmatics and communication theory (3)1.4.2 Consideration of pragmatic study and fictional development (4)1.4.3 The nature of inter-disciplinary study. (4)1.5 Significance of the study (5)Chapter 2 Literary Review (6)2.1 A pragmatic study of literature at the theoretical level (6)2.1.1 Cooperative principle application in literary study (6)2.1.2 Politeness principle application in literary study (7)2.2 A pragmatic study of literature at the empirical level (8)2.2.1 Study with the purpose to improve the theory (8)2.2.2 Study with the purpose to improve literary study (8)2. 3 A Pragmatic study of literature in China (9)2.3.1 The study at the theoretical level (9)2.3.2 Empirical study (9)Chapter 3 Pragmatics and Literary Communication (11)3.1 Pragmatics (11)3.1.1 Cooperative principle (12)3.1.2 Conversational implicature (13)3.1.3 Politeness principle (14)3.2 Literary communication (16)3.2.1 Literary communication (16)3.2.2 Participants of literary communication (16)3.2.2.1 Author and reader (16)3.2.2.2 Character (16)3.2.2.3 Narrator (16)3.2.3 Means of literary communication (18)3.3 Pragmatics in literary communication (18)3.3.1 Applicability of pragmatics in literary communication (18)3.3.2 CP & PP in character language and narrator language (19)3.3.2.1 CP in character and narrator language (19)3.3.2.2 Implicature in character and narrator language (20)3.3.2.3 PP in character and narrator language (21)Chapter 4 A Room with a View and its Author (23)4.1 E. M. Forster’s life and literary career (23)4.2 Cultural thoughts in E. M. Forster’s novels (24)4.3 The story of A Room with A View (24)Chapter 5 A Pragmatic Study of A Room with a View (26)5. 1 CP & PP in communication during the first meeting of lovers (26)5. 2 CP & PP in communication during Lucy’s back to England (37)5. 3 CP & PP in communication when lovers meet again (41)5. 4 CP & PP in communication when Lucy takes actions (50)Chapter 6 Functions of Pragmatic Study of the Fiction (58)6.1 Function of CP&PP in character molding (58)6.1.1 Spiritual transformation of Lucy (58)6.1.2 Spiritual deficiency of Cecil (61)6.2 Function of CP & PP in revealing cultural thoughts (62)6.2.1 Deficiency of “Undeveloped hearts” of Engli sh middle class (62)6.2.2 Communication as the remedy of “Undeveloped hearts” (63)6.2 Function of CP & PP in plot development (64)Chapter 7 Conclusion (66)7.1 Findings of the study (66)7.2 Limitations of the study (67)Bibliography (66)AcknowledgementFirst and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Professor Zheng Lixin. Professor Zheng’s profound knowledge, remarkable expertise, and intellectual ingenuity have guided my study at Shanghai Maritime University. His insightful instruction and warm encouragement give me the best enlightenment. His valuable suggestions have contributed greatly to my writing of this thesis. It is Professor Zheng’s supervision that makes possible this degree paper.I should also express my great gratitude to Professor Cai Yongliang, Professor Rong Xinfang, Professor Wu Jianguo and Professor Zhang Yan. Their informative lectures either in linguistics literature benefit my study.My thanks also extend to many of my classmates and friends. Whenever I feel discouraged by the tough and huge task of writing, their kind encouragement and timely help make me keep up my spirit again.My last but most tender affection should be expressed to my mother. Her constant cares make me a healthy and spiritually integrated person. In return, this thesis is a gift to express my lifelong gratitude.AbstractLiterature is a sort of extension and application of certain properties of language. Linguistic study includes study of all languages, including literary language. Despite the complementary relationship between linguistics and literature study, to build a bridge between linguistics and literature is by no means a happy experience. Many opposing voices get in the way. Scholars in literary circle demean the rigid grammar and rules that ruin the aesthetic beauty of literature as an art, while literary men are criticized for their purely sensible judgment and appreciation which is lacking of scientific and systematic study of language. Despite of several opposing voices, some scholars still endeavor to build up bridges between linguistics and literature study. This becomes possible when linguistic theory develops in different branches. Among different linguistic branches, a scholarship named as “pragmatics” made its appearance in last two decades of 20th century. Several international conferences, pragmatics associations, journals, books all contribute to its later popularity. The prosperity of pragmatics results in a “pragmatic turn”, which is a shift from the earlier theories and hypothesis, in particularly the syntax-only approach of Chomsky to the emphasis of language use in human communication as determined by specific context. Pragmatics emphasizes meaning conveyed in human communication. Literary criticism also admits that literary writing and reading is a communication by the carrier of language and that the meanings are conveyed and understood in the specific context created by the literary text. Thus in the communicative perspective, pragmatics should also be valid in dealing with literary communication, not only daily conversation. This proposition makes the bridging between linguistics and literary study possible.Finally, pragmatics, with its primary aim to study language use in daily conversations, proves itself to be one of the sound approaches to study literarylanguage. More and more theoretical and empirical studies appear and these studies open up a new inter-disciplinary scholarship which successfully builds bridges between pragmatics and literary study.Based on the achievements by scholars in this field, this thesis makes an attempt to carry out a pragmatic study of fictional communication in the novel A Room with a View by British novelist E. M. Forster. It applies cooperative principle and politeness principle to analyze the character language and narrative language in the fiction and studies how these principles promote to convey and understand meanings in the specific context.The thesis firstly reviews the studies made in this field both at home and abroad. Scholars at the preliminary stage demonstrated the applicability of pragmatic theories into the study of literature. Later this was followed by more empirical study to apply certain pragmatic theories into the study of specific literary texts. In next part the thesis introduces necessary theories. It includes introduction of cooperative principle and politeness principle, participants of and means of literary communication. The next part is the body of the thesis. After giving a brief introduction to the fiction A Room with a View and its author, it chooses character language and narrative language as examples to show how pragmatic principles are of help in conveying and understanding meanings in the context. After the analysis of cases at micro level, the thesis discusses how this pragmatic study of literary language is of significance in revealing vivid personalities, profound cultural thoughts and attractive plot of the fiction. The final part concludes the findings, the limitations of the study and the potential for further research.It is expected that this study can be a preliminary attempt to incorporate pragmatics into literary study so as to shed some light on understanding and appreciation of literary text.Key words: A Room with a View; pragmatics; cooperative principle; politeness principle; literary communication摘要语言学研究的对象包括文学语言,同时文学也是一种语言形式的运用。