西方文明史复习资料 2

西方文明史复习资料备注:所有名词解释和论述题第二题各带中文，英文翻译是百度翻译而来，肯定有语法错误，请注意！名词解释：1.文艺复兴（Renaissance）文艺复兴是14世纪在意大利各城市兴起，16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了现代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。

马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。

（下面是翻译）The Renaissance was fourteenth Century the rise in Italy City, an ideological and cultural movement that flourished in Europe in sixteenth Century, brought a period of revolution of science and art, opened a prelude to modern European history, is considered to be the middle ages and modern dividing line. Marx's historians believe is the division between the age of feudalism and capitalism era.2.启蒙运动（Enlightenment）启蒙运动是发生在17、18世纪欧洲的一场反封建、反教会的资产阶级思想文化解放运动，它为资产阶级革命作了思想准备和舆论宣传，是继文艺复兴运动之后欧洲近代第二次思想解放运动。

（下面是翻译）The Enlightenment was occurred in 17 in Europe in eighteenth Century, an anti feudal, anti church bourgeois ideology liberation movement, the bourgeois revolution made ideological preparation and propaganda, is following the Renaissance of modern European second ideological liberation movement.3.光荣革命（Glorious Revolution）1688年英国资产阶级和新贵族发动的一次政变。

1685年詹姆士二世即位后，企图恢复天主教会和专制统治，遭到人民反对。

资产阶级和新贵族害怕人民运动再度兴起，便向封建贵族妥协，邀请詹姆士二世的长女玛丽和她丈夫、荷兰执政威廉来英国当女王和国王，詹姆士二世被迫逃亡。

玛丽和威廉即位后批准国会提出的《权利法案》，从而确立了君主立宪制。

由于这次政变没有引起内战，所以资产阶级史学家称之为“不流血革命”或“光荣革命”。

（下面是翻译）A coup in 1688 the British bourgeoisie and new nobility launched. In 1685 James S came to the throne, in an attempt to restore the Catholic Church and autocratic rule, was against the people. The bourgeoisie and new nobility is afraid of people's movement to rise again, the feudal aristocracy compromise, invited James S's daughter Marie and her husband William, Holland's ruling to Britain when the queen and the king, James S was forced to flee. Marie and William ascended the throne after the approval of Congress "bill of rights", which established the constitutional monarchy. Because of the coup did not cause a civil war, so bourgeois historians called the "bloodless revolution" or "the glorious revolution".4.地理大发现（Geographical discovery）西方历史学中对15～17世纪欧洲航海者发现新航路的通称。

或以哥伦布发现美洲新大陆等事件为代表的15～17世纪欧洲国家进行的海上新航路的开辟和对其已知世界以外的地球上新的地理单元的发现。

（又称大航海时代，即新航路的开辟），欧洲航海者开辟新航路和“发现”新大陆的通称，它是地理学发展史中的重大事件.(下面是翻译)In 15 ~ seventeenth Century European navigators found in western history known as the new air route. With the discovery of the Americas or Kolumb events such as the representative of the 15 to the new route sea seventeenth Century European countries opened up and outside of the known world earth unit of the new geographical discoveries. (also known as the age of sail, namely, the opening of new routes), European navigators to open up new routes and the "discovery" of the new continent is known, it is a major event in the history of the development in geography.简答：)1.三次工业革命中的一次进行描述(三选一．．．第一次工业革命（The first industrial revolution）The industrial revolution first appeared in the workshop handicraft industry emerging cotton textile industry. In 1733, the mechanic Kay invented the flying shuttle, greatly improving the weaving speed, cotton was in short supply. In 1765, the weaverHargreaves invented the" spinning Jeanne", greatly increased production of cotton yarn. " Jeanne spinning machine " appeared firstly in the cotton textile industry in the machine of the invention, innovation of chain reaction, opened in the industrialrevolution. Thereafter, in the cotton textile industry has emerged in the mule machine, water conservancy machine weaving machine. Soon, in the mining, metallurgical and many other industrial sectors, also have the machine production. With the increase of machine production, original power such as animal, hydro and wind have been unable to meet the needs of. Bermingham in the UK, 1785, Watt made improved steam engine put into use, and provide more convenient power, get be popularized quickly, greatly promoted the spread and development of machine. The human society enters" the age of steam". The first industrial revolutionAlong with the industrial production of machine production gradually replaced manual operation, a new production organization form -- bourgeois factory was born. Around 1840, the British big machines has been largely replaced by factories and handicraft production, the industrial revolution completed. The British became the world 's first industrial nation.第二次工业革命（The second industrial revolution）The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War I. It is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production line.The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by the build out of railroads, large scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, and by electrical communications.The Second Industrial Revolution saw rapid industrial development, primarily in Britain, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries and Japan. It followed on from the First Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the late 18th century that then spread throughout Western Europe and North America.第三次工业革命（The third industrial revolution）（不推荐写第三次工业革命）The Digital Revolution is the change from analog mechanical and electronic technology to digital technology that has taken place since c. 1980 and continues to the present day. Implicitly, the term also refers to the sweeping changes brought about by digital computing and communication technology during the latter half of the 20th century. Analogous to the Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution, the Digital Revolution marked the beginning of the Information Age.Central to this revolution is the mass production and widespread use of digital logiccircuits, and its derived technologies, including the computer, digital cellular phone, and fax machine.2.英国资产阶级革命（English bourgeois revolution）Bourgeois revolution in Britain from 1640 Charles I held three meetings of the beginning to the abdication of James II in 1688 ended the event in order to overthrow the new aristocracy of the feudal ruling class, represented by established British social revolution in the capitalist system, also known and said the English Civil War, the Puritan Revolution.Reason(1) the economic development of British capitalism, the bourgeoisie, the growth of a new aristocracy, so they asked the political power, economic development and capitalism. (2) Stuart James I, Charles I's feudal autocratic rule a serious impediment to the development of capitalism, the bourgeoisie damage, the new aristocracy of the interests of the intensification of class contradictions in a number of new students.OverviewTime: 1640 ~ Charles reconvene the Estates of James II abdicated in 1688 (the Glorious Revolution) root cause: Stuart serious obstacle to the rule of the feudal towards the development of capitalism, class conflicts intensified. Mission: the overthrow of the feudal autocratic rule, the development of British capitalism. Leading the class: the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy. Two representatives: Cromwell, Charles I the main revolution: peasants, artisans and urban poor. Results: 1689's "bill of rights" that the British established a constitutional monarchy dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Because this is a struggle between the bourgeoisie and feudal autocracy.论述题1.一战与二战的区别与关联性（World War Ⅰand Ⅱ difference and relevance）Difference:(1) Different backgrounds: Before the outbreak of the First World War, the world'sonly capitalist system; major capitalist countries form the two wars of aggression Group continues to manufacture a crisis; Balkan region is the focus of the two sides compete and become the arsenal of war. Before World War II broke out, with the exception of the capitalist system, there is a socialist country.(2) The purpose and nature of the war is different: a wartime belligerents mainpurpose is to divide the colony, competing markets and sources of raw materials, the two sides of the unjust imperialist predatory war. When World War II fascist countries not only want to beat each other, but also to establish a fascist regime in the world; contrast, countries and peoples of the world liberal capitalism,carried out in the defeat of the fascist compete for human security and socialprogress for the purpose of the anti-fascist just war.Relevance:1.The First World War, the imperialist built up Versailles - Washington System and cannot handle the relationship between the victors of the vanquished punishment is too intense, overly restrictive measures in Germany is certainly unlikely to last long. This is a political reason for the outbreak of World War II.2. The late 1930s led to the global economic crisis to go the way of different countries to resolve the crisis, the economy nearly collapsed in the rise of fascism in Germany make Germany a step onto the road of militarism, is bound to provoke a war, the most drastic means to solve economic problems. This is the outbreak of World War II economic reasons.3. When Germany, Japan, Italy, the fascist state in local wars waged after a few large countries adopted a policy of appeasement that the three countries have nothing to fear, and gradually escalating the war, eventually leading to the evolution of local war into a world war.2.冷战后的恐怖主义（Terrorism after the Cold War）首先，从经济方面上分析，贫富分化的加剧是恐怖主义赖以滋生的经济根源。