英国公司法讲义1
《英美公司法》讲义(2009)-133页PPT资料
It is an artificial intangible being created by state law, its formation and existence dependent on state enabling statutes.
Charter（公司章程）：may mean (i) the document filed with the Secretary of State, i, e., the articles of incorporation, or (ii) the grant by the State of the privilege of conducting business with limited liability. Charter is often used in a colloquial sense to refer to the basic constitutive documents of the corporation.
the interested party ：利害关系人 board of directors：董事会
separate legal identity ：独立的法人资 格
separate legal entity：独立的法人 fairness、justice：公平、公正
Shareholders or Stockholders （股东）are the persons who own shares of either common or preferred stock. The Model Business Corporation (1984) and modern usage generally tends to prefer “shareholder” to “stockholder” ，but the latter word is deeply ingrained（根深蒂固的） in common usage .
公司法英文版(1)_10完整篇.doc
公司法英文版（1）-; Where the board of directors or executive director cannot or does not perform its function, the shareholders meeting shall be convened and presided over by the board of supervisors or the supervisor in the absence of a board of supervisors. Where the board of supervisors or supervisor cannot or does not perform its function, the meeting shall be convened and presided over by shareholders representing more than one-tenth of the voting rights.; Article 42; All shareholders shall be notified fifteen (15) days prior to the convening of a shareholders meeting, unless otherwise stipulated by the articles of association or agreed upon by all shareholders.; The shareholders meeting shall prepare minutes regarding the decisions on matters considered at the meeting, which shall be signed by the shareholders present at the meeting.; Article 43; Shareholders shall exercise their voting rights at the shareholders meeting in proportion to their capital contributions, unless otherwise stipulated by the articles of association.; Article 44; Except as provided for in this Law, the rules of deliberation and voting procedures of the shareholders meeting shall be stipulated by the articles of association of the company.; Resolutions of the shareholders meeting on the increase orreduction of the registered capital, the division, merger, dissolution, or transformation of the company must be adopted by shareholders of the company representing two-thirds or more of the voting rights.; Article 45; Except as otherwise provided for in Article 51 of this Law, a limited liability company shall have a board of directors, which shall be composed of three to thirteen members. The members of the board of directors of a limited liability company invested in and established by two or more State-owned enterprises, or by two or more other State-owned investment entities shall include representatives of the staff and workers of the company. The members of the board of directors of other limited liability companies may also include representatives of the staff and workers. Such representatives of the staff and workers shall be democratically elected by the workers and staff members of the company through the congresses or assemblies of the staff and workers or other forms.A board of directors shall have a chairman and may have a vice-chairman. The method for the creation of the chairman and vice-chairmen shall be stipulated in the articles of association of the company.; Article 46; The term of the directors shall be prescribed by the articles of association, provided that each term may not exceed three (3) years.A director may continue to serve his post if he is re-elected upon the expiration of his term. Where a new elect is not yet available upon expiration of a director s term, or the number of the directors on theboard is less than the quorum due to the resignation of a director within his term, such director, before the new elect takes his office, shall continue the performance of his duties in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and the articles or association.; Article 47; The board of directors is accountable to the shareholders meeting and shall exercise the following powers:; (1) being responsible for convening shareholders meetings and presenting reports thereto;; (2) implementing resolutions adopted by the shareholders meeting;; (3) determining the company’s operational plans and investment programs;; (4) preparing annual financial budget plans and final accounting plans of the company;; (5) preparing profit distribution plans and plans to cover company losses;; (6) preparing plans for increasing or reducing registered capital of the company or issuing company bonds;公司法英文版（1）-; (7) drafting plans for merger, division, change of corporate form or dissolution of the company;; (8) determining the structure of the company’s internal management;; (9) appointing or removing the general manager of the company, appo inting or removing, upon the general manager’s recommendation, deputy managers of the company and the officer in charge of finance, and determining the remuneration for those officers;; (10) formulating the basic management scheme of the company;; (11) exercising other powers stipulated by the articles of association.; Article 48; A meeting of the board of directors shall be convened and presided over by the chairman. Where the chairman is unable to or does not perform his duties, the meeting shall be convened and presided over by the vice-chairman. Where the vice-chairman is unable to or does not perform his duties, the meeting shall be convened and presided over by a director jointly nominated by more than half of the directors.; Article 49; Except as otherwise provided for in this Law, the rules ofdeliberation and voting procedures at the meeting of board of directors shall be stipulated by the articles of association of the company.; The board shall prepare minutes relating to the decisions on matters considered at the meeting, which shall be signed by the directors present at the meeting.; In the voting process, one director shall represent one vote.; Article 50; A limited liability company shall have a general manager, to be appointed or removed by the board of directors. The general manager is accountable to the board and shall exercise the following powers:; (1) management of the company’s production and operation, and organizing the implementation of board resolutions;; (2) organizing the implementation of annual operating plans and investment programs of the company;; (3) preparing the plan for the structure of the company’s internal management;; (4) preparing the basic management scheme of the company;; (5) formulating detailed company rules;; (6) recommending the appointment or removal of a deputy manager and the officer in charge of finance;; (7) appointing and removing officers of the company other than those to be appointed or removed by the board of directors;; (8) exercising other powers delegated by the board of directors.; Where the articles of association stipulate otherwise in respect of the manager s powers, such stipulations shall prevail. The general manager shall be present at board meetings.; Article 51; A small-scaled limited liability company or a limited liability company with only a few shareholders may have an executive director without establishing a board of directors. The executive director may serve concurrently as the general manager of the company.; The powers of the executive director shall be prescribed in the articles of association.; Article 52; A limited liability company shall have a board of supervisors composed of no less than three (3) members. A small-scaled limited liability company or a limited liability company with only a few shareholders may have one or two supervisors without establishing a board of supervisors. The board of supervisors shall be composed of shareholders’ representatives and representatives of the sta ff and workers of the company. The number of the staff and workers representatives shall not be lower than one third of all the supervisors, the specific percentage of which shall be determined in the articles of association. The representatives of the staff and workers on the board of supervisors shall be democratically elected by the staff and workers through the congresses or assemblies of the workers and staff members or other forms. The board of supervisors shall have one chairman elected by more than half of all thesupervisors. The meetings of the board of supervisors shall be convened and presided over by the chairman of the board. In the event that the chairman is unable to or does not perform his duties, the meeting shall be convened and presided over by a supervisor jointly nominated by more than half of all the supervisors.公司法英文版（1）-; A director and a senior officer of the company shall not serve concurrently as a supervisor.; Article 53; Each term of a supervisor shall be three (3) years, and a supervisor may continue to serve his post upon expiration of his term if he is re-elected.; Where a new elect is not yet available upon expiration of a supervisor s term, or the number of the supervisors on the board is less than the quorum due to the resignation of a supervisor within his term, such supervisor, before the new elect takes his office, shall continue the performance of his duties in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and the articles or association.; Article 54; The board of supervisors or the supervisor, as the case may be, shall exercise the following authorities:; (1) reviewing the financial affairs of the company;; (2) monitoring the acts of the directors or the senior officers in the course of performance of their duties, and propose recall of the director or senior officer in violation of laws, administrative regulations or the articles of association;; (3) requiring the directors or the senior officers to make rectification when any act thereof causes harm to company interests;; (4) proposing for interim meetings of shareholders meetings, convene and preside over the meeting when the board of directors does not perform its function to convene and preside over a shareholders meeting as set forth in this Law;; (5) submitting proposals at the shareholders meeting;; (6) filing suit against the directors or senior officers of the company in accordance with the provisions of Article 152 in this Law;; (7) exercising other authorities prescribed by the articles of association.; Article 55; The supervisors may attend board meetings, present inquiry or proposal with regards to the issues to be determined by the board of directors.; The board of supervisors or the supervisors of a company that does not have the board may conduct investigations upon discoveryof any unusual operations of the company and, where necessary, engage an accounting firm to assist in such investigations at the expense of the company.; Article 56; The board of supervisors shall have a meeting at least once a year. An interim meeting may be convened at the request of supervisors.; Except as provided for in this Law, the rules of deliberation and voting procedures at the meeting of board of directors shall be stipulated by the articles of association of the company.; The resolution of the board of supervisors shall be adopted by more than half of all the supervisors. The board shall prepare minutes relating to the decisions on matters considered at the meeting, which shall be signed by the supervisors present at the meeting.; Article 57; Reasonable expenses necessary for the board of supervisors or supervisors of a company that does not have the board to perform their duties shall be borne by the company.; Section Three Special Provisions on One-Person Limited Liability Companies; Article 58; The provisions under this section shall govern the formation and the organizational structure of one-person limited liability companies. Where there are matters that are not covered by this section, the provisions of the first two sections under Chapter Oneshall apply.; A one-person limited liability company referred to herein means a limited liability company with a sole shareholder of either a natural person or a legal person.; Article 59; The minimum amount of the registered capital of a one-person limited liability company shall be RMB100, 000 which must be fully paid at the time of incorporation.。
英国公司法
英国公司法（Company Law）第一章注册公司的法律特征Company Law: Fundamental Principles, （2nd ed.） Stephen Griffin LLB, PITMAN Publishing, 1996THE LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A REGISTERED COMPANY本章主要讲述了注册公司的基本法律特征及其发展的历史。
公司在一定意义上可以被看作是一个虚构的实体，它只不过是其管理者和员工按照团体模式经营的一种方式或手段。
依照大陆法系的分类，这种观点似乎可以被看作是法人拟制说。
但是在法律上，按照公司法的规定注册的公司，这种虚构的本质在这种程度上被忽视了，从公司成立之日起，它就是一个公司实体。
正因为如此，注册公司是一个独立的法律主体，它像一个自然人那样享有权利和承担义务。
这是公司的第一个重要的特征。
除此之外，大量的公司都具有有限责任的特点。
公司的有限责任分为股份的有限和保证的有限。
（除有特别说明，本书将主要讲股份的有限。
）有限责任是指公司股东一旦（以股票的名义价值）完全出资认购了所持有的股份，他就不再对公司的债务承担任何责任。
公司的成立导致了公司和其股东地位的分离。
因此，公司的存在不再依赖于其成员的存在于否。
成立这样一个公司最大的好处是股东的有限责任，但最大的缺点是商业隐私的缺失。
与合伙不同，注册公司必须满足许多关于披露信息的要求。
公司的概念产生于19世纪中期，但在此之前，就已存在现代公司的前身。
首先产生的是特许公司。
从17世纪起，随着世界船舶贸易的发展，特许的股份公司产生了。
股份公司是一个通过王室特许产生的，有着复杂形式的合伙企业。
特许状通常授予其在特定贸易中的垄断权。
这种公司虽然也具有独立的法律身份，但是除非特许状有特殊规定，这种企业的成员没有任何形式的有限责任。
随着股份公司的发展，股票交易也日益增多。
到18世纪前期，股票成为一些公司投机的手段。
2024版《公司法》精品PPT课件[1]
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目录
• 公司法概述 • 公司的设立与组织机构 • 公司的资本与股份 • 公司的合并、分立与解散 • 公司的财务与会计制度 • 公司的法律责任与纠纷解决
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公司法概述
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公司法的定义与性质
公司法的定义
公司法是规定公司设立、组织、活动、解散以及其他对内对外关系的法律规范 的总称。
股份的转让
包括协议转让和集中竞价转让两种方式。协议转让需要双方达成协 议并办理过户手续，集中竞价转让则需要通过证券交易所进行。
股份转让的限制
如发起人、董事、监事、高级管理人员的股份转让限制，以及公司章 程可能对股份转让做出的其他限制。
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公司债券的发行与交易
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公司债券的发行 公司债券是公司依照法定程序发行的、约定在一定期限还 本付息的有价证券。公司债券的发行需要符合公司法、证 券法等法律法规的规定。
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公司的法律责任与纠 纷解决
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公司的法律责任概述
公司法律责任的种类
包括民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任。
行政责任
因违反行政法规而需承担的责任，如罚款、 吊销营业执照等。
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民事责任
主要涉及合同违约、侵权行为等，公司需承 担赔偿损失、恢复原状等责任。
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公司的解散与清算
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解散原因
包括公司章程规定的营业期限届满、股东会或股东大会决议解散、因 公司合并或分立需要解散等。
[法学]公司法讲义英文版
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THE LAW OF CORPORATIONS (For teaching purpose only)by Zhaibaohong2010. 08. 26OUTLINEChapter1 Concept of corporation (2)Section 1 Corporation and other forms (2)Section 2 Limited liability companies (7)Section 3 Piercing the corporate veil (12)Chapter 2 Establishment of corporation (15)Chapter 3 The Corporate Structure (20)Section 1 Traditional corporate structure (20)Section 2 The structure of companies limited by shares (23)Section 3 Code of Corporate Governance for Listed Companies (23)Chapter 4 The duty of care and loyalty (33)Section 1 Duty of care (33)Section 2 The business judgment rule (34)Section 3 Duty of loyalty (36)Chapter 5 Merger and consolidation (39)Chapter 6 Dividend policy, termination (41)Section 1 Concept, forms of dividend (41)Section 2 Dividend in China (42)Section 3 Termination (43)Consultative Materials1. ROBERT W. HAMILTON, THE LAW OF CORPORATIONS (4th), WEST PUBLISHING CO. 1996.2. BLACK’S LAW OF DISCTIONARY(7th), WEST GROUP, 1999.3. Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1996.4. DELAWARE GENERAL CORPORATION LAW. MAINE BUSINESS CORPORATION ACT. TEXAS BUSINESS CORPORATION ACT (GENERAL).5. COMPANY LAW OF CHINA, INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS RULE OF CHINA, CODE OF CORPROATE GOVERNNACE FOR LISTED COMPANIES, AND OTHER CHINESE LAWS, REGULATIONS.Chapter 1 The Concept of CorporationSection 1 Corporation and other business forms1. Partnership vs (versus). corporationChoosing a form （种类）of organization（组织）usually comes down to choosing between a partnership and a corporation（合伙企业和公司）, the third form of business is proprietorship（独资企业）.A corporation is an entity (usually a business) having authority under law (法定权利) to act as a single person distinct from (separate from) the shareholders （股东）who own it and having rights to issue stock （发行股份）and exist indefinitely; or a group of persons established in accordance with legal rules into a legal or juristic person （法人）that has legal personality distinct from the natural persons（自然人）who make it up, exists indefinitely apart from them, and has the legal powers that its constitution （章程）gives it.A partnership is an association of two or more persons or entities that conduct a business for profit as co-owners. In American, except in civil law （民法）as practiced inLouisiana, where a partnership, like a corporation, is considered as a legal person, a partnership is traditionally viewed as an association of individuals rather than as an entity with a separate and independent existence. A partnership cannot exist beyond the lives ofthe partners. （合伙人死后，合伙企业不能继续存在。
ACCA《F4公司法与商法》精选讲义第一章(1)
ACCA《F4公司法与商法》精选讲义第一章(1)本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处Session 1 The Nature, Source and Purpose of Management AccountingMain contents:1. Data and information2. The managerial processes of planning, decision making and control3. Responsibility accounting4. Management accounting and financing accounting5. Presentation of management information1.1 Data and Information· Data consists of raw materials, which include numbers, letters, symbols, facts, events and transactions, that have been recorded but not yet processed into a form suitable for use.· Information is data which has been processed in such a way that it is meaningful to the person to the person who receives it. （for decision making purpose）The attributes of good information can be identified by the “ACCURATE” as shown below:· Accurate: accurate enough for the purpose· Complete: all the necessary information· Cost- effective: benefit > costs· Understandable: clear and easy to understand· Relevant: relevant to purpose· Accessible: the best way to communicate with the related person· Timely: be available at the right time· Easy to use: by management1.2 The Managerial Process of Planning , Decision Making and ControlInformation for management is likely to be used for planning, control and decision making objectives:An objective is the aim or goal of an organization. A strategy is a possible course of action that might enable an organization or an individual to achieve its objective.Planning:· Planning involved the following two factors:Establishing the objectivesSelecting appropriate strategy to achieve those objectives· The link between structure and strategy （understanding）1）。
英国2006公司法
英国2006公司法前言从教材所能引用的最早判例,1612,至今,英国公司法已经发展了三百多年。
从第一部成文法即1844年股份公司法,到这一轮公司法改革之前曾经发挥重要作用的《1985年公司法》,这期间经历数次大的改革或修订。
比较有名的几次,例如引入有限责任公司的《1855年有限责任法》,标志着公司法进入崭新时代的《1856年股份有限公司法》,规定银行业可以采取股份公司形式的1857年和1858年股份银行公司法,引入私人公司、大幅度整合以前法律《1908年公司法》,增加控股公司与子公司之间关系、规定可赎回优先股的《1929年公司法》,强调会计公开的《1948年公司法》,修改公司信息披露方面规定的《1967年公司法》,加强公司信息披露要求的《1976年公司法》,引入欧盟公司法指令的1980和1981年公司法,以及融合了先前法律、其后施行二十多年的《1985年公司法》。
1998年英国又一次迎来了大规模的公司法改革。
这次改革的成果是,产生了英国历史上最长的一部成文法,即《2006年公司法》。
一、英国公司法改革进程这一轮公司法改革从1998年开始，到2006年暂告结束。
1998年，1英国政府(贸易工业部)成立公司法审议指导小组(Company Law Review Steering Group)，肩负着提出全面修改意见的任务，开始对以前公司法的实施情况进行综合审议。
审议分成四个阶段并且在各个阶1 “贸易工业部”(Department of Trade and Industry)已经改名为“商业/企业和管理改革部(Department of Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform, BERR)”。
1段发表了相关的报告:1999年2月发表的《战略性框架》(The Strategic Framework)阐述了审议的方法、方向、一些基本问题以及今后的工作;2000年3月发表的《发展框架》(Developing the Framework)分析了公司治理结构和小公司、私人公司，提出了建议;2000年11月发表的《完善结构》(Completing Framework)则进一步修改报告并且提出了建议。
ACCAF4 英国公司法与商法 翻译讲义(部分)
CHAPTER 181 资本维持原则随着公司有限责任制度的确立，为了加强对于公司债权人的保护，英国公司法上发展了旨在维持公司股份资本，保护债权人利益的“资产维持原则”。
概括地说，英国公司法以资本维持为目的的规则主要包括两类，一类是与股份支付有关的规则，其目的在于确保公司能够真实地募集到其声称的股份资本；二是旨在为了债权人利益保护而维持公司股份资本的规则。
资本维持原则特别禁止公司的股份资本在清算之前直接或间接地被返还给股东，在被认为具有里程碑意义的特雷弗诉英制螺纹一案中，英国上议院确立了一个根本原则：除非根据法院所批准的合法的减资程序，任何股份资本所代表的财产不得被返还给其股东。
该案之后的一系列英国法判例进一步发展了这里“资本返还”的含义：除了合法的利润分配（通常是股利）及经授权的减资或经其他合法授权程序之外的，任何公司资产向股东的转移或支付均被认为构成资本返还。
在这一领域相关的英国公司法规则主要包括：股份的回赎和回购规则；减资规则；禁止公司违法分配的规则；禁止对公司取得自己股份提供财务资助的规则。
2 股份资本的减少如果公司细则进行了授权且经过法院确认，一家股份有限公司可以通过特别决议以任何方式减少其股份资本。
如果必要，公司还可以更改章程以减少其股份资本和相应的股份数。
三种公司减资的方式：（1）减轻或免除股东对已认购但只部分缴付的股份的出资责任。
（2）取消已经损失或者没有对应资产的实收股份资本。
但需要注意的是，根据判例这里的资本损失必须是永久的，否则就会被看做是对债权人利益的侵害。
（3）向股东返还任何超过公司需要的实收股份资本。
但是，如果向股东的返还属于虚假，则法院会拒绝资本的减少。
股份有限私公司的股本减少的决议，在其通过后15日内，公司董事作出公司有偿债能力声明且依法被登记的，可不需向法院申请确认。
2.1有偿债能力声明，是每个董事对于声明之日的公司状况，没有理由可以发现公司当时不能缴付（或清偿）其债务等内容的声明。
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University of Exeter Business SchoolCorporate Law 2011/2012Part A (Sections 1-3): CREATING THE COMPANYSECTION 1 - THE COMPANY IN CONTEXTMaterial to accompany lectures and lecture slidesTypes of Business VehiclePartnership Act 1890PA 1890 s.1(1): Partnership is the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit.Companies excluded from definition: s. 1(2)The ‘firm’: s. 4(1) PA 1890Khan v Miah [2000] 1 WLR 2123Limited Partnerships Act 1907Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000S. 1 LLPA 2000:(1) There shall be a new form of legal entity to be known as a limited liability partnership.(2) A limited liability partnership is a body corporate (with legal personality separate from that of its members) which is formed by being incorporated under this Act ….S. 2 LLPA 2000: (1) For a limited liability partnership to be incorporated – (a) two or more persons associated for carrying on a lawful business with a view to profit must have subscribed their names to an incorporation document.LLP Regulations 2001Companies Act 2006S.7 CA 2006:(1) A company is formed under this Act by one or more persons –(a) subscribing their names to a memorandum of association …, and(b) complying with the requirements of this Act as to registration …(2) A company may not be so formed for an unlawful purpose.”Further information about the types of business enterprise is available at:Further information with a practical focus can be found at Business Link:/bdotg/action/layer?r.s=tl&r.l1=1073858805&r.lc=en&topicId =1085161962Types of CompanyS. 3: (1) A company is a “limited company” if the liability of its members is limited by its constitution. It may be limited by shares or limited by guarantee.(2) If their liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid of the shares held by them, the company is “limited by shares”.(3) If their liability is limited to such amount as the members undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up, the company is “limited by guarantee”.(4) If there is no limit on the liability of its members, the company is an “unlimited company”. s. 4(1): A “private company” is any company that is not a public company.(2) A “public company” is a company limited by shares or limited by guarantee and having a share capital –(a) whose certificate of incorporation states that it is a public company, and(b) in relation to which the requirements of this Act, or the former Companies Acts, as to registration or re-registration as a public company have been complied with …. Name: s. 58(2); s. 59(1)Small co: s. 382(3)Medium-sized co: s. 465(3)S. 1159(1): A company is a “subsidiary” of another company, its “holding company”, if that other company –(a) holds a majority of the voting rights in it, or(b) is a member of it and has the right to appoint or remove a majority of its board of directors, or(c) is a member of it and controls alone, pursuant to an agreement with other members, a majority of the voting rights in it, or if it is a subsidiary of a company that is itselfa subsidiary of that other company.(2) A company is a “wholly-owned subsidiary” of another company if it has no members except that other and that other’s wholly-owned subsidiaries or persons acting on behalf of that other or its wholly-owned subsidiaries.” (see also Schedule 6)S.99 A company may by re-registration under this Part alter its status-(a) from a private company to a public company (see sections 90 to 96);(b) from a public company to a private company (see sections 97 to 101);(c) from a private limited company to an unlimited company (see sections 102 to 104);(d) from an unlimited private company to a limited company (see sections 105 to 108);(e) from a public company to an unlimited private company (see sections 109 to 111). Locating Company LawWelton v Saffery [1897] AC 299:“These companies are the creature of statute” (Lord Macnaghten)Ooregum Gold Mining Co of India Ltd v Roper [1892] AC 125“ … the whole structure of a limited company owes its existence to the Act of Parliament, and it is to the Act of Parliament one must refer to see what are its powers, and within what limits it is free to act.” (Lord Halsbury)Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) (royal assent on 8 November 2006, gradually brought into force through 2007-9, completed 1 October 2009)Insolvency Act 1986 (IA 1986)Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 (CDDA 1986)Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSAMA 2000)。