常用前缀的小结

常用前缀的小结(2010-11-16 15:51:35)转载▼标签：教育“a-”：①古英语前置词on的缩写形式，含义为“在…之上”，“在…之中”，“进入到…”，“到…”，构成一个谓语或状语成分：aside等；②古英语前置词of的缩写形式：afresh; anew 等；③少数情况下不指动作的全过程，只涉及其终结：abide (by)等；④ab的异体字，用在字母p和v之前。

“ab”含义为“从，离开”，含义相当于off：absent; abstract；⑤ad的异体字，亦作a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap, ar-, as-, at-等。

通常有“向；增加，增长”的含义，相当于off：absent; abstract。

需要和介词构成搭配；⑥an的异体字，通常有“无，缺少”的含义：anecdote等。

“be-”：含义为“附近，到处，周围”，有强调的意味，也常有轻蔑，贬低的意味。

常用使不及物动词、名词、形容词等变为及物动词。

“bi, by”为其非强调形式。

“com-”：表示“与”，“共”，“合”，“全”，“完整”，“相关”等，有co-, con-, col-, cor-等变体形式。

“contra-”：①“反对”，“相反”，“针对”：contrast等；②“低”，“下”。

“counter-”：①“反对”，“相反”，“针对”，“面对”，“响应”等；②“补充”，“对应”，“类似”，“报答”等；③“替代”，“副本”等。

“de-”：①“否定”，“取消”，“相反”，“颠倒”：decentralize；②“向下”，“下降”：decline；③“离开，脱离”（di-,dis-为变体形式）：derail, detrain；④“完全地（加强语气）”（dia为变体形式）：defunt, denude等；⑤异体字“di”含义为“经过”，“在…之间”，“越过”，“属于”。

“di-”：①“二”；②异体字“dia”，“彻底”，“完全的”；③异体字“dia”含义为“经过”，“在…之间”，“越过”，“属于”。

“dis-”：①否定或相反的含义（见de-, un-）；②“除去的”，“分开的”，“离开”；③存在变体“bi”：“完全地”；④变体“di”近似“bi”，含义为“二”。

“en-”：该前缀存在“em-”等变体。

①“在里面”，“进入”，“放进”，“放在…上面”；②“使”，“使成为”，“使处于…状态”；③加在动词的前面，使它们成为及物动词；如果本身就是及物动词，则赋予它们及物的符号。

“epi-”：①“在…上面”，“在…之上”；②“在…旁”，“在…附近”；③“在…之前”，“在…之后”。

“ex-”：该前缀存在“e-”，“ec-”，“ef-”，“el-”，“em-”，“is-”等变体。

①“出自”，“从”；②有时还有相反或否定的含义；③该前缀含有“全部地”，“彻底地”的含义。

“fore-”：①“前”，“先”，“预”；②前部的；（位置）在上的；③变体为“for-”：“离去”，“极度”，“过度”，“不当”。

“in-”：①（有变体en-; em-; im-; ir-等）与动词结合，起及物与强调作用；②（有变体ig-; il-; im-; ir-等）具有反义和否定的作用，可以自由地和英语单词结合构成新词，尤其可与英语的形容词及其派生词、名词结合。

“inter-”：含义主要有：“在…之间”，“在…之中”，“相互地”，“在一起”。

“intra-”：含义主要有：“在内”，“进入”，“向内”。

“meta-”：含义主要有：“继…后”，“带有”，“同…一道”，“超过”，“在…中间”，“位于…后”等。

其他前缀“ortho-”以及“para-”有类似的用法。

“mis-”：①单纯的否定；②“坏”，“误”，“错误”，“不正确的”等。

“non-”：通常起到单纯的否定作用。

“ob-”：变体形式为“o-”，“oc-”，“of-”，“op-”等。

①含义为“向”，“到”，“在…上面”，“在…上空”，“对…”等；②现在用来表达“逆”，“反”，“非”，“倒”等。

“out-”：出现于各种意义的复合词中，亦可构成许多及物动词，表示在某种指明的行动中的超出、超越或胜出。

“over-”：出现于各种意义的复合词中，尤用于下列含义：“超过界限”，“过度”，“过分”，“太”，以构成动词、形容词、副词和名词。

“para-”：①含义为“旁”；有时还有“附近”，“超越”，“侧面”，“偏差”等含义；②含义为“保护”，“防护”，“防止”，“为防止…而作好战斗的准备；避开…（危险）”等。

“per-”：变体为“pol-”。

①“通过”，“彻底地”，“完全”，“十分”等；②“高”，“过”等。

“peri-”：含义为“大约”，“附近”，“周围”，“超过”等。

“post-”：含义为“后…”，“次…”等。

“pre-”：①含义为“在前…”；②“在…之前”，“早的”，“预先的”，“在前的”以及其他的比喻用法。

“pro-”：变体形式为“pur-; por-”。

①含义为“亲”，“赞成”，“偏袒”，为“anti-”的对立面；②表示“在空间或时间上优先”，尤其包含“向前进，向前或向外突出”等；③常加在不用作词的词干前面。

“re-”：①“回复，回报，相互”：repay, restore, react, revenge；②“又，再，重新，反复”：remarry, reappear, retell；③“反对，对立”：rebel, repel, resist；④“在后，往后”：recall, remain, repent, retard, revert；⑤“退隐，隐秘”：recluse, reticence；⑥“离开，放掉，去，下”：resign, repress等。

“se-”：含义主要有：“离去”，“离开”，“往侧面移动，离开”。

“sub-”：变体形式有“su-”，“suc-”，“suf-”，“sug-”，“sum-”，“sup-”，“sur-”，“sus-”等。

①“在…下面”，“在…下方”等；②“轻微地”，“不完整”，“近乎”等；③“次要的”，“次要的”，“附属的”。

“super-”：变体形式为“sur-”等。

①“上”，“超”等；②“上面”，“超出”，“另外”，“过度”等。

“syn-”：①“与”，“共”，“同”，“合”等；②“同时”等；③“相同”，“相像”，“相似”等。

“trans-”：①“横过”，“穿过”，“超越”，“贯通”，“通过”，“切地改变”，“横断”等；②“切”等。

“un-”：①“不”，“非”，“未”等；②构成动词的前缀，在英语中用法自由，表示相反的动作或状态，或去除，剥夺或解脱。

“under-”：前缀定语性用法，表示：①（地点或位置）“在…下”，“低于”等；②（级别或地位）“次于”，“低于”；③（程度，范围或数量）“低于”，“少于”或“不足”等。

“with-”：①“往回，离去”：withdraw；②“反对，对抗”：withhold, withstand。

特别提示】在英语语言历史演变的过程中，单词的词形和词义都会发生或多或少的变化，但是“万变不离其宗”。

词根、词缀是构成英语单词的元素，了解、牢记和把握这些元素，可以牢固地掌握单词的意义，达到事半功倍的学习效果。

对于应试的读者，词根在篇章中所起到的一致性和连贯性的作用更是非同小可。

本词根表中，出现的词汇仅仅为考试大纲词汇表所要求的，但是如果掌握好这些词根，也同样为将来的学习打下了坚实的基础。

“-acer-/-egr-”: sour; sharp（酸；锋利）→acid; acute; acrimony; eager; vinegar“-act-/-ag-”: do; perform; drive（做；行为；冲）→act; action; actor; activate; activity; agency; agent; agenda; agitate; essay; exact; interact; react; transaction; activist*; agile*“-aer-/-air-”: air; mist（空气）→aerial; aeroplane; airplane; aerobics; air; aircraft; airline; airport “-aesm-/-aesti-”: estimate; value（估计）→aim; estimate; esteem“-agri-/-ager-”: field; land（田野；地）→agriculture; agrarian; pilgrim“-add-/-dere-/-agger-”: heap; put（堆积；放置）→add; additional; addition; exaggerate “-agon-”: struggle; anguish（痛苦）→agony“-aisl-/-isle-”: wing（翼）→aisle“-ali-/-alt-/-el-”: foreign; other; (change)（外；其他；变化）→alien; alter; alternate; altruism; else; elsewhere; unalienable*; adulterate*“-alti-/-alto-”: high; top（高；提高）→altitude; alto; enhance; old“-am-/-ama-/-ami-”: love（爱）→amateur; amiable; enemy“-ambi-”: going around（走动）→ambassador; ambiguous; ambition; ambulance; amble “-amplus-”: spacious（大；宽敞）→ample; amplify; amplifier“-anima-”: life; breath; mind（生命）→animal; animate; unanimous; animate*“-ann-”: years（年）→anniversary; annual“-ante-/-ant-/-anti-”: before（前；之前）→anticipate“-apt-/-ept-”: fit; fitted; suitable; fasten（适当；紧）→apt; adapt; adaptation; inept“-arc-”: bow（弓）→arch“-archi-”: chief（主要）→architect; architecture“-arm-”: weapon（武器）→arm; alarm“-art-/-arti-/-ert-”: craftsmanship（艺术；技艺）→art; artist; artificial; inertia“-aster-/-astr-”: stars（星星）→astronaut; disaster; disastrous“-atmo-”: vapor（气）→atmosphere“-auc-/-aug-/-auth-”: increase; growth（增加）→auction; augment; author; authority; auxiliary “-aud-/-aur-/-edi-”: hear; hearing; ear（听）→audience; audit; aural; obedience; obedient; obey“-auto-/-auth-”: self; genuine（自己；真正的）→authentic; automate; automobile; automatic; automation“-avan-/-aban-/-ante-”: set out before（前）→advance; advanced; advantage; disadvantage; vantage“-avia-”: bird（鸟）→aviation“-balk-/-balc-”: beam; ridge（横梁；阻碍）→balcony“-ball-/-bull-/-bu-/-bow-/-pill-”: dance; globe（球；圆）→ball; ballet; balloon; bowl; bowling; bubble; bulb; bull; bullet; bulletin; bully; pill“-band-/-bend-/-bond-/-bind-/-bunc-”: join; combine (limit)（结合；限制）→abandon; ban; band; bandage; bend; bind; bond; binding; bound; boundary; bunch*; bondage*“-bank-/-bench-/-banqu-”: bench（长凳“过去为金融交易的地方”）→bank; bankrupt; bench; banquet; bench“-bar-”: stick; rod（长木条）→bar; barrel; embarrassment“-bas-/-bass-”: of low height; pedestal（基础）→base; baseball; basic; basis; database“-bat-/-bar-/-bell-”: club; hit（木棍；打击）→bar; barrel; barrier; bat; battery; battle; combat; debate; batter*; belligerent*; abate*; baton*; billiard*; rebuke*“-bene-/-bon-”: good（好；善）→benefit; beneficial; bonus“-bi-/-bin-/-bo-”: two; twice（二；两；双）→binary; balance; bicycle; billion; biscuit; both; combination; combine“-biblio-”: books（书）→Bible; bibliography“-bill-/-bull-”: seal; document; boss（玉玺；印章）→bill; bulletin; bull; bully“-bio-/-bi-”: life（生命）→biography; aerobics“-blam-/-blasm-”: blaspheme（亵渎）→blame; blaspheme*“-brac-”: arms（双臂）→brace; bracket; brake; embrace“-bread-/-breed-/-brib-”: crumb; morsel（面包）→bread; breed; bribe; bribery“-break-/-breach-/-brick-”: break（打破）→break; breach; brick; brisk“-brev-/-brief-”: short（短；简）→brief; brevity“-bri-/-brill-”: shine（闪耀）→bright; brighten; brilliant“-cal-/-car-/-char-”: heat（热量）→calm; calorie; carbon; charcoal; coal“-camp-/-champ-”: field; plain; battlefield（战场；田地）→camp; campus; campaign; champion“-can-/-chan-/-cap-/-cat-/-chief-”: ①small vessel; tube; ②head; chief（小容器；管/头；首）→achieve; cabbage; can; canal; candy; canoe; cannon; cap; cape; capital; capitalism; captain; cattle; chapter; cheek; chef; chief; choke; escape; channel; *cane; canyon*; cunning*; uncanny*“-cap-/-cab-/-cip-/-cas-/-cach-/-chas-/-ceiv-/-cept-/-ceit-/-cup-”: take; catch; seize; realize; contain; hold（拿；抓；捕；握）→anticipate; accept; capture; captivity; cable; capable; capacity; capsule; captive; captivity*; case; cash; cashier; cassette; catch; cater; chase; conceive; concept; conception; cop; copy; deceive; deceit; except; exception; occupation; occupy; participate; perceive; prince; receipt; receive; reception; recipe; reciprocal; recover; recovery; susceptible; capricious*; capsize*; conceit*; recuperate*; apperceive*; caption*; covert*; disciple*; encapsulate*; precept*; preoccupy*; receptacle*“-car-/-char-”: cart; carry; wagon; load（车；载）→car; career; cargo; carpenter; carriage; carrier; carry; cart; charge“-card-/-chart-”: paper（纸）→card; chart; charter“-cav-”: cave; hollow（洞穴）→cave; cavity*; concave*“-ceal-/-cel-/-cul-”: hide（躲藏）→conceal; occult*“-cel-/-cell-/-celer-”: rise up; swift; high（升高；快速）→excel; excellent; accelerate; decelerate; culminate*“-cent-/-cens-/-chant-”①: sing; song; chant（歌唱）→accent; charm; chorus; incentive; cant*; enchant*“-cent-”②: a hundred; hundredth（百；百分之一）→cent; centigrade; century; centimeter “-cent-/centr-”③: center（中心）→center; central; concentrate; eccentric“-cern-”: mingle with; mix（混合）→concern; discern; discreet; decree*“-cerp-/-carp-”: select; pluck（选择）→excerpt; scarce; scarcely“-cert-”: ①certain; ②strive; work（确证/争取）→ascertain; certain; certainly; certainty; concert; uncertainty; certificate; certify; decertify*“-cess-/-ceed-/-ced-/-ces-”: move; go（行，走，动）→access; ancestor; cease; cheese; concede; concession; exceed; exceedingly; excess; precede; precedent; preceding; predecessor; procedure; proceed; proceedings; process; procession; recede; succeed; success; successful; succession; successive; successor; incessant*; deceased*“-chai-/-cait-”: chain; link（联系）→chain“-chiev-/-chef-/-chief-”: head; conclusion（头，首）→achieve; chef; chief; mischief“-cid-/-cad-/-cas-/chans-”: fall（下降；降落；天意）→accident; case; casual; casualty; chance; cheat; coincide; coincidence; decay; incidence; incident; incidentally; occasion; occasionally; recidivism*; decadent*“-circ-/-cycle-”: round; ring（圆；环）→bicycle; circle; circuit; circular; circulate; circumstance; circus; cycle; cylinder; recycle; search“-cis/-cid-”: cut（剪，砍，剁）→cement; concise; decide; decision; precise; precisely; precision; scissors; suicide“-cit-/-civ-”①: citizen（公民）→citizen; city; civil; civilian; civilize; civilization“-cite-/-cit-”②: rouse; summon; excite; stimulate（唤；召；激）→cite; excite; excitement; exciting; recite; entice*“-claim-/-clam-”: shout; call; appeal（呼，唤，争）→acclaim; claim; exclaim; proclaim; reclaim; declaim*“-clar-/-clear-”: clear（清楚，清晰）→clarity; clear; declare; declaration“-class-”: rank; fleet（队，级）→class; classify; classified; classification“-clim-/-climb-”: ladder（梯）→climax; climb“-clim-/-clin-”: incline; tend; bend（倾，弯）→climate; climax; decline; incline“-clud-/-claus-/-clos-”: close; shut（关，闭，合）→clause; close; conclude; conclusion; disclose; enclose; enclosure; exclude; exclusive; include; inclusive; preclude; secluded*“-cogn-/-quain-/-gnos-/-know-/-gnor-/-gna-”: to know perfectly（认知）→acquaintance; cognitive; acknowledge; diagnosis; ignorance; ignorant; ignore; know; knowledge; narrative; noble; notice; noticeable; notify; notion; notorious; recognition; recognize; cognition*; quaint*“-colo-/-cole-/-cult-”: farm; settlement; cultivate; inhabit（殖，植）→agriculture; colony; colonial; culture; cultivate; cult*“-commo-/-commu-”: general; universal; share（共，普，享）→common; communicate; communication; community“-contra-/-counter-”: against; opposite（反对，对抗）→contradiction; contrary; contrast; country“-cord-/-cor-/-cour-”: heart; gut（心，内脏）→accord; cord; cordial; core; courage; discourage; encourage; record; recorder“-coupl-/-cop-”: birth; pair（结子；连接）→couple“-corp-/-corpus-”: body（身体）→corporate; corporation; incorporate“-cosm-/-kosm-”: universe; order; world（宇宙，世界）→cosmic“-count-”: count; calculate; compute（计，算，数）→account; accountant; count; counter; county; discount“-coup-/-cop-”: cut; to strike（剪，击）→coupon“-cours-/-cor-/-cur-”: run; flow（跑，流）→corridor; course; current; currency; curriculum; discourse; excursion; hurry; incur; intercourse; occur; occurrence; recur; recourse*“-covr-/-cover-”: cover over（覆盖）→cover; discover; uncover“-creat-”: make; produce（产生；创造）→create; creation; creativity; creature; creationism; recreate“-cred-”: credit; faith（相信）→credential; credit; discredit; credible; credulous; grant; incredible; creed*“-cres-/-creas-/-cruit-”: grow（增加，增长）→concrete; crew; decrease; increase; increasingly; recruit; crescent*“-crim-”: verdict; accusation（裁决，判决；指控）→crime; criminal; criminologist*“-crimin-/-cris-/-crit-/-cros-/-crux-”: ①cross; ②divide; decide; able to discern（十字形；分开，区分）→cross; crucial; cruise; // crisis; criteria; discriminate; discrimination; crusade*“-crop-”: sprout; craw（萌芽；芽）→crop; cruise“-crud-/-crud-/-crue-”: press; hurry（血腥，粗糙；敦促；急迫）→crude; cruel; cruelty; crowd“-cuit-/-cuis-”: cook（烹饪）→biscuit“-cum(u)-/-cil-”: heap up（堆积）→accumulate; council; coil; cull*“-cur-/-car-/-cher-”: care; dear（关心；珍爱）→accurate; accuracy; care; careful; caress; charity; cherish; cure; curious; secure; security; charity*; precarious*“-cus-/-curs-”: curse（诅咒）→accuse; curse; excuse“-damn-/-demn-/-temn-”: damn（谴责）→condemn; contempt; damage; damn; danger“-day-/-dai-”: day（日；天）→dial; daily; day; diary“-dec-/-deci-”: ten（十）→dean; decade; December; decimal“-dece-/-deco-”: ornament（教堂装饰）→decent; decorate“-demo-”: people; folk（民；民众）→democracy; democratic; epidemic; demography*“-dense-”: thick（厚；浓）→condense; dense; density“-deterior-”: worse（更糟糕）→deteriorate“-di-/-du-/-doub-/-dub-”: two（二，两，双；怀疑，可疑）→dilemma; double; dubious; duplicate; dual*; doubt; doubtful; undoubtedly“-dic-”: fix（固定；决定）→addict“-dic-/-diti-/-dex-/-doc-/-dox-”: ①speak; ②teach; show; belief（说；教，信仰）→condition; contradict; contradiction; contradictory; dedicate; dictate; dictation; discipline; index; indicate; indication; predict; verdict; //doctor; doctrine; document; orthodox; paradox; indict*; jurisdiction*; docile*; dogma*“-digni-/-divi-/-divu-/-dei-”: god; worth; merit（神；价值，优点）→divine; dignity; indignity*; disdain*“-domai-/-domi-”: lord（贵族；封地）→domain; dome; domestic; dominant; dominate; domineering*; dauntless*“-dorm-/-diz-/-doz-/-daz-”: sleep; quiet; lull; weak（睡眠；眩目；安静）→dazzle; dizzy; doze; dormant; dormitory; daze*“-dot-/-dote-/-don-/-dat-/-dos-/-dit-”: give; grant（给予；授予）→anecdote; donate; dote; data; date; dose; dosage; edit; editor; edition; editorial; endow; pardon; render; tradition; treason; update; up-to-date“-drain-/-dry-/-drou-”: dry（干燥）→drain; draught; dry; drought; drug; draw; dredge*“-dram-/-dras-”: do; perform（做；履行）→drama; dramatically; drastic“-dress-”: direct; straight; arrange（直接；安排）→address; dress“-drift-/-drive-”: float（漂移）→drift“-duc-/-duct-/-doc-”: lead（领，导）→conduce; conduct; deduce; dock; educate; education; induce; introduce; introduction; produce; product; production; productivity; reduce; reduction; reproduce; seduce*“-due-/-dev-/-deb-”: owe（欠）→debt; due; duty; endeavor; undue; unduly*; dues*“-dur-/-duur-”: last; harden（延续；艰辛）→door; durable; duration; during; endurance; endure;indulge“-dare-/-durr-/-turr-”: venture; dare（冒险）→dare“-ease-/-aise-”: comfort; to relieve（安逸；减轻）→disease; ease; easy; uneasy“-eco-”: life; environment; money（生命；环境；金钱）→ecology; economic; economical; economics; economy“-equa-”: to equal; level（平等；等同）→adequate; equal; equality; equation; equivalent “-ern-”: energetic; activity（能量；活动）→earnest; energy“-err-”: wanderer; to err（偏移；过错）→erroneous; error“-esse-/-ens-/-esse-/-est-”: to exist; to be（存在）→absent; absence; entity; essence; interest; presence; present; presently; represent; representative“-eston-/-stun-”: strike with thunder（打击；惊异）→astonish; pierce“-et-/-eat-/-ed-”: eat（吃）→eat; eatable; edible“-ethn-/-ethno-”: nation; race（民族；种族）→ethnic“-exam-/-exem-”: weigh; take out（掂量；取样）→exam; examination; example; sample “-exo-/-ext-”: outside（在外）→exotic; exterior; external; extra; extreme“-fabr-/-forg-”: workshop; craftsman（制作；工艺）→fabric; fabricate; forge“-face-/-fac-/-fect-/-fic-/-fy/-feas-/-fair-/-feat-”: to do; to make; // easy; facile（做，作，制；容易）→affair; affect; benefit; beneficial; to certificate; defeat; defect; deficient; effect; effective; efficiency; efficient; exemplify; face; fact; factor; factory; fashion; fashionable; feasible; feat; feature; fiction; infect; infection; office; officer; official; perfect; perfection; proficiency; profit; profitable; suffice; sufficient; superficial; surface; faction*; // difficult; difficulty; facilitate; facility; faculty; facet*; prefecture*; profiteering*“-fail-/-fal-/-faut-”: to disappoint; deceitful（失误，失望；欺骗）→fail; failure; fall; false; fault; fell“-faint-/-faind-”: sluggish; feigned; idle（闲游）→faint“-fari-/-fame-/-fate-/-face-/fabu-/-phec-/-fess-/-fit-”: speak; narrative（说，讲，谈）→confess; confession; fable; fabulous; fame; famous; fate; fatal; infant; preface; profess; profession;professor; professional; prophet; fabulous* fudge*“-fasc-”: bewitch; charm; an enchantment（着迷）→fascinate“-fav-”: protect; show kindness to（庇护；善意）→favor; favorite; favorite“-feb-”: weep; to be lamented（哀泣）→feeble“-fend-/-fence-/-fens-”: protect; shield; strike（保护）→defend; fence ; offence; offend; offensive“-fer-/-far-/-fert-/-ford-”: bring; take; carry; to bear (birth)（带，拿，载，承担）→afford; affordable*; confer; conference; cf; differ; different; difference; differentiate; ferry; fertile; indifferent; infer; inference; metaphor; offer; prefer; preferable; preference; refer; reference; suffer; transfer; translate; deferential*“-feri-/-feru-”: low; below（漂移）→inferior“-fid-/-fait-/-fed-/-fy-”: trust; confidence（信任，相信）→confide; confident; confidence; defy; defiance; faith; faithful; federal; federation; diffident*“-fier-/-feru-”: wild; savage（野蛮）→fierce“-fil-”: son, brother（儿子，兄弟）→affiliate“-fin-”: end; limit（端点；限制）→confine; confinement; define; definite; definition; definitely; fine; final; finance; financial; fine; finish; finite; infinite“-fir-/-foc-/-fue-/-fur-/ ”: fire; rage（火，热；愤怒）→fire; fiery; focus; fuel; furious; furnace; fury“-firm-/-firm-/-farm-”: make firm; settle（稳健，稳固）→affirm; confirm; farm; firm“-flat-/-flar-”: blow（吹，）→inflate; inflation; deflate*; deflation*“-flex-/-flect-”: bend（弯曲，折）→flexible; reflect; reflection“-flic-”: strike→（打击，撞击）conflict; afflict; inflict*“-flu-/-flu-/-flo-”: flow; wave（流动；波动）→affluent; float; flow; flood; fluctuate; fluent; fluid; flush; fly; influence; influential; overflow; superfluous“-fod-/-fos-”: dug up; dig（挖，掘）→fossil“-fori-”: outside（外部；外围）→foreign; foreign; forest; forum“-form-”: form; shape; fashion（形式，形状，方式）→conform; conformist; form; formal; format; formation; formula; formulate; inform; reform; transform; deform*“-fort-/-fors-”: ①chance；②strong（天意；强大，力量）→fortune; fortunate; misfortune; // comfort; comfortable; uncomfortable; effort; enforce; force; reinforce; fortitude*; fortress*; fortify*“-fostr-”: feed; food（食物；滋养）→foster“-frac-/-frag-”: break（打破，破裂）→fraction; fracture; fragile; fragment“-fray-”: frighten; disturb（惊异；打扰）→afraid“-front-”: forehead（额头）→confront“-func-/-fung-”: perform; discharge（功用）→function“-fund-/-found-”: bottom; deep; melt; cast（底；深）→found; foundation; fund; fundamental; profound“-fus-/-fut-/-fund-”: mingle; mix; pour; beat（混合；倾倒）→confuse; diffuse; fund; fuse; futile; refund; refuse; refusal; transfuse*“-gage-”: pledge（保证，誓言，抵押）→engage; engagement“-gard-/-guard-”: look; watch; see（关注，认知）→disregard; guard; regard; regarding; regardless“-genus-/-gene-/-gine-”: origin; race; produce; breed; talent; contrive; kind（起源；产生；创造；种类）→degenerate; engine; engineer; engineering; gender; gene; general; generalize; generate; generation; generator; generous; genetic; genius; genuine; homogeneous; ingenious; congenital*; genre*“-gest-”: carry; to bear; bring（载；拿）→digest; gesture; register; suggest; suggestion; gesticulate*“-graph-/-gram-”: writing（写）→bibliography; biography; autobiography; diagram; program; calligraphy*“-grat-/-gree-/-grac-”: rejoice; pleasure（快乐；高兴）→agree; agreement; agreeable; congratulate; disgrace; grace; grateful; gratitude; greet; greeting; ingratiate*; gratis*“-grav-/-grave-/-grie-/-gret-”: make heavier（变得沉重）→aggravate; grave; gravity; grieve; grief; regret; grievance*“-gress-/-grad-/-gree-/-greg-/-gru-”: step; go; flock（步伐；走；聚合）→aggressive; aggression; congress; degree; grade; gradual; graduate; progress; progressive; segregate; upgrade; transgress*; gregarious*“-guise-”: manner（方式）→disguise“-gust-/-gous-”: taste（品味；胃口）→disgust“-hab-/-hib-”: hand; hold (forth); have; living condition; dress; character（拿；持；生存；穿戴）→able; disable; exhibit; habit; habitat; heave; heavy; inhibit; prohibit; *rehabilitate; inhibit*; cohabit*“-hale-”: whole; pull; draw; breathe（吸；拉）→haul; heal; health; healthy; inhale“-hanc-/-haut-”: high; raise（高度）→enhance“-hand-/-haur-/-haus-”: seize; draw（手；取；拿；抓）→exhaust; hand; handbook; handicap; handkerchief; handle; handsome; handwriting; handy; hint“-her-/-hes-”: to stick to（粘，贴）→adhere; cohere; coherent; cohesive; hesitate“-host-/-hosp-”: guest; inn; enemy（旅店，客人；敌人）→hospital; hospitality; host; hostess; hostage; hotel“-iden-”: same（完全相同）→identical; identify; identification; identity“-imi-/-ima-”: copy; representation（复制；代表）→image; imaginary; imagination; imaginative; imagine; imitate“-initi-/-ire-/-it-”: initiate; go（开始；行走）→commence; exit; initial; initiate; initiative; issue; perish; transient; transition“-insul-/-isol-/-isle-”: made into an island（岛屿；孤立）→insulate; isolate; peninsula“-jac-/-jec-/-ject-”: to lie; throw（位置；扔向）→adjacent; adjective; eject; inject; jet; object; objection; objective; project; projector; reject; subject; subjective; deject*; conjecture*“-jun-/-jon-/-junc-”: add; join; unite（加入；增加；联合）→conjunction; junction; jungle; join; adjoin; adjunct“-just-/-jur-/-judg-/-judi-”: just; right; law（公正；法律；权利）→just; adjust; injury; judge; judgment; judicious; jury; just; justice; justice; justify; prejudice“-jut-/-juv-”: help（帮助；用途）→aid“-lab-/-lap-”: fall; slip（滑倒；闪失）→collapse; elapse; lap; lapse“-labor-”: toil; work（工作，辛苦）→elaborate; lab; laboratory; labor“-lais-/-lax-/lac-”: to leave; slack; lax; loosen（松开；离开）→delay; elastic; lace; lack; lazy; lease; let; loose; loosen; relax; relay; release; relish; slack; unleash*“-langu-/-lingu-”: tongue; language（舌头；语言）→language; linguistic“-leg-/-leag-/-lec-/-lig-/-lite-”: choose; select（挑选；精选）→colleague; collect; collection; collective; diligent; elect; elegant; eligible; elite; intellectual; intelligence; intelligent; intelligible; league; neglect; negligible; recollect; select; selection; negligent“-lex-/-leg-/-lig-/-alier-/-alo-”: law; binding; tie（法律；捆绑；限制）→ally; alliance; alloy; colleague; illegal; legal; league; legislation; legislative; legitimate; leisure; liability; liable; loyal;; loyalty; obligation; oblige; privilege; rally; reliant; reliable; rely; religion; religious; liaison*; litigant*“-lev-/-lieve-”: light; lighten; raise（减轻；提高）→alleviate; relief; elevate; elevator; lever; levy; relevant; relief; relieve“-libr-/-leve-”: to weigh; scales（衡量；天平）→deliberate; level“-lic-/-lect-”: pleasure（愉快；愉悦）→delicate; delicious; delight; delectable*; relics*; relish*“-lit-/-litte-/-lege-”: letters; reading and writing（字母；读写能力）→illiterate; lecture; legend; lesson; letter; literacy; literally; literary“-loc-/-lic-/-liber-/-libr-”: place; to be allowed; freedom（地点；应允；自由）→allocate; allow; couch; leisure; license; local; locality; locate; location; locale*; // deliver; liberal; liberate; liberty“-logos-/-log-/-logue-/-leg-/-lect-”: speech; cite; ratio（话语；引证；比例）→allege; allegation; analogue; apology; apologize; ;dialect; dialogue; eloquent; logic; eulogize*“-loud-/-low-/-laud-”: extol; praise（抬高；称赞）→loud; aloud“-lue-/-lut-/-lav-”: wash（洗）→dilute; laundry; lavatory; lavish*“-lum-/-lus-”: light（光，辉）→illuminate; illustrate; illustration; luminous*; luster*“-magni-/-mast-/-maj-/-man-/-mas-”: great; more; to a greater extent; man（男性；伟大；雄伟）→magistrate; magnificent; magnify; magnitude; majesty; major; majority; male; man; marital;marriage; married; marry; masculine; master; maximum; mayor; * maxim“-mand-/-mend-”: correct（正确；改正）→amend; mend“-manu-”: hand（手；控制）→maintain; maintenance; manage; management; manager; manoeuvre; manifest; manner; manual; manufacture; manuscript; *manifesto; emancipation*; manacle*; mound*“-mass-”: lump; dough（面团）→mass; massive“-mat-”: mother（母体）→material; matter; maternal*“-maz-”: surprise（惊异）→amaze; amazing“-med-”: heal（治疗；理疗）→medical; medicine; medication; remedy; medication*“-memo-/-mind-/-ment-/-mod-”: mind; think; brain（大脑；思考；思索）→commemorate; comment; meditate; mediation; memo; memorial; memory; mention; mind; remember; remind; mental; mood; amnesty*; premeditate*; reminiscence*“-merc-/-mark-”: wares; merchandise; goods; trade（商品；货物；交换）→commerce; market; merchandise; merchant; mercury; mercy; mart*; mercenary*“-merg-/-mers-”: dip; plunge（沉浸；浸入）→emerge; emergence; emergency; immerse; merge; submerge“-meter-/-mens-/-mod-/-mold-”: measure; manner; make fit（量化；恰当；合适）→accommodate; centimeter; commodity; diameter; dimension; immense; mate; meal; measure; meter; metric; millimeter; mode; model; moderate; modern; modernization; modest; modify; module; mould; parameter; symmetry; commensurate*; out-moded*; modular*“-mid-/-med-/-mon-/-mun-”: middle; common（中间；中庸；共同；普通）→amid; common; commonplace; commonwealth; communication; communicate; communism; immediate; intermediate; mean; means; meantime; meanwhile; medieval; medium; middle; midst; meddle*“-mine-/-main-/-man-”: stand; stay（处于；状态）→eminent; permanent; prominent; remain; remainder; remains; remnant“-mini-/-minu-/-mino-”: small; reduce（少；小；减少）→administer; administration; diminish; menu; miniature; minimize; minimum; minister; ministry; minor; minority; minus; minute; mince*“-miru-/-mire-/-mare-”: wonder; wonderful（惊异；奇迹）→admire; admirable; admiration; marvelous; miracle; mirror; mirage*“-mit-/-mis-/-mess-/-mand-/-mend-”: send; put; join; entrust; order（送；放；加入；委托）→admit; admission; command; commend; commit; commission; committee; compromise; demand; demanding; dismiss; emit; intermittent; mess; message; messenger; missile; mission; missionary; omit; permission; permit; premise; promise; promising; recommend; submit; transmit; transmission; mandate (委任)*；submissive*; unremitting*; promissory*“-mob-/-mot-/-mov-/-mo-/-migr-”: to move; change one’s abode（动；移动；搬迁）→automobile; emigrate; immigrant; emotion; locomotive; migrate; migrant; mob; mobile; mobilize; moment; momentary; motion; motivation; motivate; motive; motor; move; movie; movement; promote; remote; removal; remove; demobilization*; demote*“-mon-/-mons-”: show; warn（告戒；告示）→demonstrate; monitor; monster; monument; admonish*; muster*“-mount-”: mountain; climb（山；增高）→amount; mount“-mune-/-muno-”: duty; service（职责；功用）→immune; immunity; municipal“-muse-/-muse-”: think; art of the Muses（思索）→amuse; museum; music“-mute-/-miss-”: change; replace（改变；替换）→commute; miss; missing; mutual; commuter*“-name-/-nom-/-nym-”: naming（名称；提名；命名）→name; namely; nominal; nominate; noun; surname; nominal*“-nat-/-nas-”: to be born（出生，天生）→innate; naïve; nation; national; nationality; native; natural; nature; pregnant; renaissance“-nec-”: bind; tie（捆绑；联系）→connect; necessary; annex*“-neg-/-ny-/-n-”: say “no”（否定；否认）→deny; denial; negate; negative; no; nor; neither “-noc-/-nui-”: harm; hurt; injure（伤害）→annoy; innocent; nuisance; odium; ennui“-norm-”: rule; pattern（规则；尺度）→abnormal; enormous; norm; normal; normalization; enormity*“-note-/-nota-”: mark; sign; indication（标记）→denote; notable; note; notebook“-nov-/-new-”: new（新）→innovation; new; news; novel; novelty; renew; renovate“-num-”: number（数字）→innumerable; number; numerical; numerous“-nunc-/-nunti-/-nounce-”: messenger; announce; report（信息；宣布；报告）→announce;announcement; denounce; pronounce; pronunciation; renounce*; enunciation*; renunciation*“-nur-/-nut-”: nourish; feed（滋养；抚育）→nurse; nursery; nurture; nutrition; nurture; nourish*; malnourished*“-ole-/-ale-/-ule-”: feed; nourish（成长，滋养）→abolish; adolescent; adult; coalition; old;（aliment; prolific）“-opera-”: work（运作）→cooperate; cooperation; cooperative; manoeuvre; office; opera; operate; operation; operator; operational“opt ”: choose（选择）→adopt; adopted; adoption; opt; optional“-ordin-/-order-”: arranging（安排；排列）→coordinate; coordination; disorder; order; orderly; ordinary; subordinate“-ore-/-ora-”: pray; speak; say（说话；祈祷；崇拜）→adore; orate; oration“-organ-”: implement; work; tool（工具；机体）→organ; organic; organization; organize; organism“-ori-”: rise（升起；出现）→arise; arouse; origin; orient; oriental; orientation; origin; original; originate“-pact-/-pag-”: fasten; contract（捆绑；收紧）→compact; impact; page; pact“-pair-/-pejor-”: worse（使更糟）→impair; pejorative*“-pal-/-pale-”: pale（惨白）→appall; pale“-pan-”: bread（面包）→accompany; company; companion“-pand-”: spread; extend（扩展；发展）→expand; expansion“-par-/-pare-”①: ready; prepare; bring（准备）→apparatus; parade; parent; prepare; preparation; repair“-pare-/-pari-/-pero-/-peri-”②: equal; order; place（对等；等级）→compare; comparison; comparable; emperor; empire; imperative; imperial; pair; peer; separate; several; disparity*“-part-/-parc-/-port-”: part; piece; divide（部分；分开）→apart; apartment; compartment; depart; department; impart; impartial; parcel; part; partial; participate; particle; particular; partly; partner; party; patch; portion。