R410A直流变频涡旋压缩机的优化设计
R410A 技术和应用

空调系统效率举例
冷凝器: 较低的冷媒侧压降=> 较低的冷 凝温度 取得
大约1K冷凝温度的下降
• 减少管经的机会
Ø = 9.52
Ø = 7.2
Source: ECO
空调系统效率举例
冷凝器:
取得
成本节省 较低的风扇功率
对相同的导热能力: 空气压力降30% 制冷剂充注少45%
Source: ECO
R410A 系统设计优点
R410A 压缩机可靠性
美国市场销售始于1995 到2002销售超过50万台 现场返回率比R22低30% (1999) 欧洲销售始于2000
故障率 (ZR Vs. ZP)
ZR ZP
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
R410A 膨胀阀
主要供应商能提供R410A用TXV和EXV
对大能力应用, EXV同时可用于切断功能
认可的油和制冷剂的组合
HFC 制冷剂(R407C和R410A)必须使用聚酯润滑油。如果在现场 需要增加润滑油,则应使用Copeland Ultra 22 CC。请参照表格 93-11“谷轮认可的制冷剂/润滑油”
POE 油的特性
吸水
– POE = “一块大海绵" – 吸水比矿物油快 – 总吸水量是矿物油的18倍
R134a
Zero 0.28 13.2 101 Slightly Less Larger Significant 95-100 Slightly More
R410A
0.2K 0.42 30.9 92-100 Higher Smaller Significant 98-106 Lower
理论循环COP
R410 数码涡旋
R410系统设计资料

R134a的容量比R22小,压力比R22低。
由于这些特点,使用相同能力的R134a 的空调与其他相同体积的空调相比,需要配置一台更大的容积排气量型的压缩机,更大的蒸发器、冷凝器和管子管路。
最终所导致的是,建立制造和运行一个和R22相同冷量的R134a系统,R134a系统会将比R22系统花费更多需要更高的成本。
R407C的容量和压力都相当于和R22比较接近。
因为这点因此,只要最小很小限度地重新设计R22系统简单调整系统设计就能使原R22系统也适用于R407C系统适用。
不过,系统效能要比能效比会较原系统降低约5%。
这是由于相对于其他制冷剂,R407C会有高达6度的温度漂移。
因此R407C系统在同等标准冷凝器和蒸发器时均会减少热传递,影响系统能效比。
R410A的容量和压力高于R22,运行压力高出50%-60%。
高压力和高气体密度带来的结果是,不但可以用更小的容积型排气量的压缩机,还可以用更小的直径的管路管和阀门。
高压排气阀的使用只要消除了为系统配上高压断流器就能解决蒸汽冷凝时高压带来的隐患。
厚压缩机壳体使系统的壳会造得厚一些以经受变大更高的运行压力。
压缩机造得厚重些还有一个好处,即R410A的运行噪声比R22压缩机明显地低上2-4个分贝。
与R22系统相比,R410A系统有个显著的热传递优势,—蒸发器内的热传递高出35%,冷凝器内的高出5%。
而R134a和R407C的系统热传递系数均低于R22的。
同等质量流量下,R410A的压力损失降较小,使其可以使用比R22或其他制冷剂更小的直径管路管和阀门。
这个极具潜力的优势将为制造一套R410A系统省下降低至关重要更多的材料成本更有可能并且在长配管连管家用机和多蒸发器联机系统中更有优势。
当然,只有重新设计系统,才能充分发挥R410A的热传递优势和低压力损失压降小的优势——例如可以考虑采取以下优化技术,可以运用以下技术,使用较小直径的盘管,不同形状的散热片翅片结构和循环回路来增加循环回路长度,减少制冷回路的次数数量。
R410A商用风冷冷水机组优化设计的探讨

可求得: 冷凝温度儿 5 6 二 2℃ . 由R 1 饱和热力性质表可查得蒸发的压力为: 40 A
c 3 9P P= .1M Z a
3 过热循环
图3 为上述 所示 理论循环相同工况条 件下的过热循环的压
蜘
1 . 3制冷性能系数的计算
根据R1 40 A的热 力性质表及p 峨图可查得:
好的短期替代物;4 A R1 0 系统压力为R 的1 - 2 . 5
1 倍,制冷量大 4% . 6 0 - 0 5%, 此外,4O 具有 R A l 良好的传热特性和流动 特性, 制冷效率较高, 被
图1理论循环的lp 图 g确
= 乙. 八,一 t 二 t = t 八, 卫互旦些丛立7
‘ ・ 瓮
I 匕左 n 丝
使用侧
项目 热 源侧( 或放热侧 ) 水冷式 风 冷式 干 球 湿 球口 出口 制冷
热泵制热
水温 水温 水温 水温 l2 月 0 35 7 J
温
35 7
度
温
度
干球 湿球
温度 温度
40
45
, t
弓 }
7
1 . 1蒸发压力的确定 使用侧的水一 制冷剂热交换器, 选用不同形式的 当 热交换器时, 有不同的传热温差, 现取对数传热温差 △。 7 计算, . t二℃ 则有:
、、 却 , ℃ =一 一 8 鲁‘ “ 3 .
再根 4 A 热 性 及p h 可 得: 0 的 力 质表 一 图 查 据R 1
图1 所示为单级蒸汽压缩式理论循环的压烩图。 12 一 为等嫡压缩过程, 为等压冷凝过程, 5 2 一 4 为等 一 焙节流过程, 1 5 为等温蒸发过程。 一
根据G 厅1 0 定, 83 规 机组名义工况时的温度条 B 4
R410A性能分析

R22作为应用最为广泛的HCFCs类制冷剂,其替代研究已成为迫切需要解决的问题。
目前国际上一致看好的R22替代物是R407C、R410A。
其中R410A为近共沸混合物,温度滑移微小,是R22的理想替代物。
在美国和日本,R410A已成为房间空调和组合空调系统中R22的主要替代物。
我国制冷行业也面临着R22工质替代物的现状问题,因此有必要对R22的替代工质及替代过程中的很多技术问题进行一些研究。
根据美国标准ANS1/ASHRAE34-1989,对制冷剂的安全性主要考虑其毒性和可燃性。
R410A是由R32、R125(50%:50%wt)组成的二元近共沸混合工质,无毒不可燃,属安全性制冷剂。
制冷剂的环保性能主要由两个重要的环境指标来体现,即臭氧衰减指数ODP 和温室效应指数GWP,R410A的ODP =0,GWP =0.29,均优于R22(ODP为0.04~0.06,GWP为0.32~0.37),即R410A 的安全环保性能优于R22。
热力性能是制冷剂筛选的主要依据,替代工质的热力性能不能与原制冷剂有太大的差异,R410A热力性能与R22最为接近。
我们给出的在压缩机转速为3500r/rain,制冷量为4.2kW的测试条件下,可以看出,R410A的容积制冷量、能效比以及质量流量都与R22非常接近,但蒸发、冷凝压力比R22高。
R410A属于近共沸混合物,相变过程中气液相浓度变化微小,温度滑移小于0.1℃,运行较稳定。
制冷剂在管内的流动沸腾换热是蒸发器中典型的换热过程,根据蒸发器的结果,对R410A管内流动沸腾换热及压降已进行了一些研究。
1.水平光滑管其是组成蒸发器的常用管型,制冷剂在水平管内的蒸发过程是研究制冷剂流动沸腾换热性能、进行蒸发器设计的基础,所以对于这一换热情况已进行了较多的研究。
在空调实际的蒸发和冷凝环境下,对R410A、R407C和R22在外径为7.0mm 的水平光滑铜管内的局部表面传热系数和压降进行了试验研究。
R404A在涡旋式冷凝机组中替代R22的试验研究

C P的影响 比对 R 2的影响更 大 , O 2 对输入功率 、 电流 、 排气 温度和排气压力 的影响与对 R 2的影 响相 对接 2 近 ; 同结构配置机组 , 44 相 R 0 A制冷剂的充注量 比 R 2的大 , 冷剂充 注量 的增加 与理 论质量流量增 加的 2 制
比例 不 同 。 关键词 R 0 A; 2 ; 4 4 R 2 涡旋 ; 冷 剂 ; 凝 机 组 制 冷
1吸气截止阀 ;. . 2 气液分离器 ;. 3压缩机 ;. 4 高压压力开关 5 单 向阀 ;. . 6冷凝器 ;. 7 储液器 ;. 阀;. 8辅 9 干燥过滤器 ; 1. O 视液镜 ;1供液截止 阀。 1.
围 , 提高 高压压力 开关 的动作 值 , 需 以满 足 R 0 A 44
・ -
— —
1 0
—
蒸发温度/ ℃ ◆一 环温3 2℃制 冷量 —— 一 环温3 ▲r 2℃c 0P
—
-一 环温3 2℃输入功率 [ = }一环温4 3℃输入功率
j・ l ・环温4 c 3℃电流
- ◇ 一环温4 ・ 3℃制冷量 - 一环温4 一 3℃c P D
冷冻 冷 藏 技 术 在 工 商 业 中应 用 非 常 广 泛 , 如 超市 陈列 柜 、 库 、 房 设 备 、 冻 车 船 等 。 目前 冷 厨 冷 国内市 场上 销售 的冷 冻 冷 藏 用 制冷 机 组 主 要 采 用 R 2 冷 剂 。鉴 于保 护 臭 氧 层 的 国 际协 议 和全 球 2制 环保 意识 的 进 一 步 提 高 , 多 发 达 国家 均 加 快 了 许
Ex e i e a nv s i a i n o 0 A u s iu i 2 i p r m nt li e tg to f R4 4 s b tt tng R2 n
日立R410A压缩机结构介绍

2.1 永磁体直流变频电机
效果: 采用直流电机,使得 压缩机在全范围段 负荷能够高效运转
谢
谢
主轴承
定子 转子
下支撑 下机架 油平衡管
Copyright © 2005 Hitachi, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
1.1 R410a定速压缩机的特点一:非对称齿形
运动内线室Biblioteka 动盘定盘运动外线室
对称齿形
效果:1、有效利用空间 2、降低吸气过热损失
非对称齿形
1.2 R410a定速压缩机的特点二:内部油循环构造
压缩室 背压室 Pb空间
上轴承
Q1 Q4 Q3
效果: 1、减少过热损失 2、提高容积效率
主轴承 排油管
Q2
副轴承 Pd空间 油 泵 油 池
1.3 R410a定速压缩机的特点三:副轴承构造
上轴承
效果: 1. 运行稳定,改善受力 2. 降低机械损失
主軸承
副軸承
1.4 R410a定速压缩机的新技术汇总 非对称齿形
・降低吸气损失 ・降低泄漏损失
效果
R410A构造 世界最高效率
ηad 82% 循环供油构造
・降低过热损失
副轴承构造 +2.3%
副轴承构造
・ 降低机械损失
循环供油构造 +1.5% 非对称齿形 +2.2%
冷媒流向 油流向
2 R410a DC变频压缩机的结构
永磁体直流电机
提高电机效率 拓宽运转范围
次摆线齿轮泵
日立R410A压缩机结构简介
2014-1-1
广州日立压缩机有限公司
1
R410a定速压缩机的构造
涡旋压缩机在R410a方面的应用

Scroll Compressors in R410A ApplicationsAbstractEU regulations are now requiring replacement of R22 within a few years, and the choice of replacement is R407C, R410A, or R134a. Extensive tests have shown that there are significant benefits with air conditioning systems using R410A. This is primarily due to superior heat transfer coefficients and lower pressure drops than with R407C. Scroll compressors suitable for R410A are available, and these compressors, when used in a system optimised for R410A can deliver a performance better than R22.IntroductionEuropean Regulations for phase out of CFCs and HCFCs are now in place and the timescales are shorter than those demanded by the latest Montreal Protocol revision. Under EC Regulation 2037/2000, refrigeration and air conditioning equipment for use with R22 cannot be sold in the EC after January 2001, with an exception for air conditioning systems having less than 100kW capacity, which are allowed until the end of 2001. Reversible air conditioning equipment has a further extension to the end of 2003. Suppliers of R22 will not be allowed to market new material for service of systems after 2009, and the cut off date for supplying recycled R22 is 2014.These timescales have had the effect of forcing European suppliers to move quickly in the designing, testing and placing on the market of systems containing alternative HFC refrigerants, which have zero ozone depletion potential.HFC Replacement OptionsThe HFC options for new air conditioning equipment have, by general consensus, been reduced to R407C, R134a and R410A. For refrigeration applications R404A is preferred because it has a better low temperature efficiency, and lower discharge temperatures, but in air conditioning R407C has a better efficiency characteristic.A theoretical COP can be calculated for comparison purposes by using the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant. Fig. 1 shows a comparison of the major candidates on this basis; a standard vapour compression cycle with a 100% efficient compressor is taken to make the calculations. This enables comparison of the efficiency effect of the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant to be made. It can be seen from the diagram that none of the replacement HFCs matches R22 in this respect, although R134a comes close. The second point to notice is that R410A is less efficient than R407C. The reason for this is relatively low critical temperature, 71°C, of R410A. For further information about refrigerant properties, see Reference 1.Fig.1 Comparison of Theoretical COP for Refrigerants, based on Condensing Temperature 40°C, Suction Superheat 20K, zero SubcoolingThere are several other vital properties of a refrigerant which contribute towards the overall system behaviour. They are summarised in the table shown in Fig 2. The first is operating pressure. R134a has a lower pressure than R22, and it requires a larger displacement compressor and larger tubing to achieve the same performance as for R22. These factors tend to increase system cost, although there are some applications for which R134a is particularly suited, such a screw chillers. R410A has a pressure considerably above that of R22, which should tend to reduce system cost. However it has taken time for proven high pressure components suitable for R410A to become available. This, combined with the fact that the theoretical COP is poorer, has lead to the extensive adoption of R407C as an R22 replacement. A further benefit of high pressures is that there is a reduction in the effect of pressure drops. This can either result in smaller tubing for equivalent pressure drop effect, or lower losses if the same size tube is used.Fig 2. Refrigerant Properties and System Effects, Reference R22R407C has a similar pressure to R22, making it an obvious choice, with little system redesign necessary. A property which needs consideration with R407C is the temperature glide, which makes careful definition of temperatures necessary. A full explanation of the effect of temperature glide on compressor and system performance definition is given in Reference 2. Some concerns about the effects of composition changes with glide refrigerants have been expressed, but system designers have demonstrated that R407C works perfectly well in properly designed installations, with an efficiency close to that of R22.Merits of R410AThe next environmental issue which manufacturers will need to face will certainly be energy efficiency, because the efficiency is directly related to carbon dioxide emissions from power generation, and most countries are committed to reducing these emissions under the Kyoto agreement. In the USA energy efficiency of air conditioning has always had a high profile. Efficiency regulations will play an important role in moving the U.S. market away from use of R22. Recently enacted ASHRAE 90.1 standards will increase efficiency demands on commercial A/C systems by up to 20%, and a new, higher minimum efficiency regulation is under consideration for the U.S. residential market.In order to appreciate why R410A has the potential for improvements over R22 and R407C, it is necessary to consider the relative effects on parameters round the system. Copeland has been heavily involved in evaluating R22 alternatives for both residential and commercial air conditioning applications, and the results of those studies can be summarised with reference to Fig 3. The nominal operating conditions for the tests were: evaporating temperature, 7C, condensing temperature 40C with 11K superheat and 8.3K subcooling. The first parameter is the theoretical efficiency, and as already discussed this is approximately 4% lower than R22, and is shown as a negative in Fig 3.Fig.3 Percentage Efficiency Effects for R410A, Reference R22Compressor testing has demonstrated that there can be a gain of up to 2% in compressor efficiency in the R410A system. This is shown as a positive in Fig 3 and goes some way towards offsetting the negative refrigerant properties effect, although it should still be noted that the COP of the R410A scroll will generally be slightly below that of the R22 equivalent, as shown in Fig.2. The compressor COP is a combination of the compressor efficiency and the refrigerant properties.Now we move on to other system parameters. The superheat and subcooling will have a small effect as shown, due to refrigerant properties. By far the largest effect is the major gain in performance due to better heat transfer in the evaporator. This gain has the effect of raising the evaporating temperature by 2K. For the same air temperatures, the increased evaporating temperature with the R410A system improves system efficiency and capacity by a significant amount. There was also a small effect due to improved heat transfer in the condenser. The overall COP percentage improvement is shown in Fig 3 as 6% when referenced to the compressor only, or 5% for the system, which takes account of the fan power.Practical Considerations for R410AR410A operating pressures are 50% higher than R22 pressures. That means using gauges specifically designed for higher pressures and gives added importance to the quality of joint brazing during installation.Although it might seem that R410A's higher pressures would result in higher system temperatures, in fact, tests have shown the opposite. Under similar conditions, R410A systems actually ran at cooler temperatures than R22 systems.Because R410A systems in common with all other HFC systems use polyol ester oil, and cleanliness is important because POE oils are hydroscopic. That is, they readily absorb moisture, so units should be capped whenever possible, and exposure to the atmosphere should be kept to a minimum. This is normal good practice for all refrigeration systems.Compressors for R410ACopeland Scroll Compressors are available in 5 models which will deliver 5 to 15kW cooling (ARI conditions). Fig.4 shows a cross section of the “ZP” or R410A scroll, and the components which differ from the previous R22 model are indicated.Fig.4 ZP Scroll Compressor Showing Changes Made for R410AConclusionsOptimised system tests have shown R410A delivers higher system efficiency than R22. Its higher heat transfer coefficient and lower pressure drop allow for these performance gains. This means coil surface areas can be reduced while maintaining the same system efficiency.Actual field experience has confirmed that systems using Copeland Scrolls with R410A are more reliable, more efficient and offer greater sound reduction than those using R22. Its increasing use in the high-volume residential market, particularly in the USA should eventually drive down R410A's cost and provide stocking and service advantages in the commercial market as well.Thicker Top CoverHigh PressureDifferential IPR ValveRedesigned Lower CoverSmaller Scroll SetSmallerCounterweights Changed for R410ADischarge GasTemperature SensorReferences(1) Domanski, P A. “La Storia attuale e futura nell’impiego dei refrigeranti”, Congresso Internationale Della Refrigerazione, 4 maggio 1999, Milano(2) Hundy, G F and Vittal R., “Compressor Performance Definition for Refrigerants with Glide”. Proceedings of the 2000 International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, 2000.。
R410A空调器系统的实验研究

损失小 , 机械损失和 油气损失都 比涡旋式 压缩机 小, 且在 2 8 kW 到 5 kW 制冷量范围内, 旋转式压 缩机 的 效 率 比 涡 旋 式 压 缩 机 的 效 率 提 高 1% ~ 2% [ 2] 。 2 5 换热器的高效化 由于 R410A 的高压化 , 必须考虑传热管的壁厚 要达到 承受的耐压值。热交换器 管路采用 内螺纹 管, 翅片采用切口的低肋形, 这样可提高空气侧的 传热系数。在较大的翅片间距情况下 , 得到某种程 度的高热交换性能的优点。但是, 为了得到较高的 性能 , 不可避免的要增大风量和换热器面积。更改 后的换热器风速分布较好 , 热交换性能较好 , 在送 风系统中, 根据风机和电动机效率, 将贯流风叶的 直径适当减小, 并同时提高转速, 此时最大风量情 况下的风机输入功率得到了改善。
( University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093) Abstract: People focus on studying R410A while the refrigerant of R22 in small air conditioners is substituted, the refrig eration system should be renovated because of the particular performance of R410A Based on the single- tube experiment, the copper tube is made into high efficiency heat exchanger, so we can study on the air conditioner system of R410A Keywords: R410A, Single- tube experiment, Experimental research 表1 工质 R410A 与 R22 的物性对比 R22 0 055 1700 2 17 0 62 1 00 1 00 ) 0 R410A 0 1900 3 38 1 00 1 41 0 925 0 07
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r e q u i r e me ts n , nd a a c h i e v e he t a i m o f e n e r y g s a v i n g . I n t h i s p a p e r , we c o n d u c t e d o p t i ma l d e s i g n c o mb i n g wi t h he t a c t u a l p r o d u c t f o r R4 1 0 A c o mp r e s s o r f r o m he t s c r o l l t o o h t s t uc r t u r e , s h e l l s t r u c t u r e , s e l e c t i o n o f l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s nd a h y d r a u l i c c i r c u i t d e s i g n nd a o he t r a s p e c t s , he t d e s i g n c a n e f f e c t i v e l y i mp r o v e he t c o mp r e s s o r e n e r y g e ic f i e n c y r a t i o nd a r e l i a b i l i t y , h i g h e ic f i e n c y DC i n v e te r r s c r o l l
【 摘
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要】 鉴于环 境问题 的 日益 突出,各 国均开展 了 R 2 2制冷剂 的替代工作 ,高效、环保的 R 4 1 0 A冷媒 ,已
成为业 内公认 的 R 2 2制 冷剂 的 良好替代物 ,但 空调制冷压缩机要想使用 R 4 1 0 A替代传统的 R 2制 冷剂 ,必须对压缩机 结构等 多方面进行 重新优化设计 ,才能满足 R 4 1 0 A制冷剂特性 的要求 ,同时
达到高效节能 目的 。结合 实际产 品对 R 4 1 0 A压缩机从涡旋齿结构、壳体结构 、润滑油的选择与油 路设计等 多个方面进行 了优化 设计,该设计能有效提高压缩机能效 比与工作可靠性 ,为高能效直 流变频涡旋压缩的设计提供 了参考依据 。
【 关键词 】 涡旋压缩机 ;非对称 ;油循环 ;局部补强 ;优化设计
文章 编号 : 1 6 7 1 . 6 6 1 2( 2 0 1 3 )0 3 . 2 6 0 . 0 6
R 4 1 0 A 直流变频涡旋压缩机 的优 化设计
刘桂 兰 杨 家祥 伍 圣念
( 1 . 广 州铁路职业技术 学院 广 州 5 1 0 6 0 0 ;2 . 广 州 日立压缩机有 限公 司 从化
[ Ab s t r a c t ] A s t h e e n v i r o n me n t a l p r o b l e ms h a v e b e c o me i n c r e a s i n g l y p r o mi n e n t , ma n y c o u n t i r e s d e v e l o p e d he t R 2 2 r e r f i g e r a n t