The 20th Century Literature (1)
20世纪英国文学
Joseph Conrad(约瑟夫康拉德) 1857-1924
• • • • • • • • • •
《美国人》The American (1877） 《欧洲人》The Europeans (1878) 《金碗》The Golden Bowl (1904） 《鸽翼》The Wings of the Dove (1902) 《悲惨的缪斯》The Tragic Muse (1890) 《华盛顿广场》Washington Square (1880) 《黛西· 米勒》Daisy Miller (1878)(中篇小说) 《使节》(或译:奉使记)The Ambassadors (1903) 《一位女士的画像》The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《丛林猛兽》The Beast in the Jungle (1903)(中篇小说)
向善与求真——中国传统意向思维对20世纪文学的影响
向善与求真——中国传统意向思维对20世纪文学的影响——中国传统意向思维对20世纪文学的影响【英文标题】Towords the Good and For the True ——The Influence of Chinese Traditional Thought of Intentiononon the 20th Century Literature ZHANG Wei-zhong (School of Chinese studies,Xuzhou Normal University,Xuzhou221116,China)【作者】张卫中【作者简介】张卫中(1956-)，男，河南永城人，徐州师范大学文学院教授，文学博士。
徐州师范大学文学院，江苏徐州221116【内容提要】中国传统的意向思维更倾向于用情感判断代替认知，这和西方的求真思维形成了很大的差异。
在20世纪中国文学史上，一方面，意向思维在人的意识里还有大量的遗留，另一方面，也由于特殊的人文环境，那种重说教、重伦理评价和将人物道德面目两极化的倾向仍然十分突出。
思维方式具有很强的历史继承性，不深入了解传统思维的影响，就不可能深入地认识20世纪中国文学。
【摘要题】中国古代文论研究【英文摘要】Chinese traditional thought of intention inclines to sentimentaljudgment for cognition,which differs greatly from the westernthought of seeking the truth.In the history of Chinese literaturein the 20th century,on the one hand,there still remains the thoughtof intention in peoples consciousness for the most part,on theother hand,the inclination,which values preach,ethical judgmentand polarizes of mans morality features,is still very conspicuousdue to humane environment.Because of the historical inheritanceof the mode of thinking,it's impossible to recognize Chineseliterature in the 20th century thoroughly without a profoundunderstanding of the influence of the traditional thought.【关键词】中国传统/意向思维/求真思维/文化传统/20世纪中国文学/影响与制约Chinese tradition/the thought of intention/the thought ofseeking truth/cultural tradition/Chinese literature in the 20thcentury/influence and restriction【正文】［中图分类号］I206.6 ［文献标识码］A ［文章编号］1007-6425(2002)04-0026-05 思维方式是文化的一个重要内容，它在历史的演变中也具有更大的稳定性。
美国文学史及选读1.1
The origin of American Indians
• They were divided into a great number of tribes who spoke different languages. By the 15th century there were 15 to 20 million inhabitants in the Americas, some of them were quite primitive, while others were among the most advanced cultures in the world. But when the Europeans arrived in great numbers in the 16th and 17th centuries, the cultures of the American Indians began to change as they came into contact with Western culture and technology.
&
Mark Twain
SelecteEdarRneesat Hdeimnignsgwiany American Literature
Outline of American Literature ( 6 periods )
[1] Colonial Period ----Puritanism (1607-1775) Chapter 1
?这些英国人在安顿好新家以后为感谢在危难之时帮助支援过他们的印第安人同时也感谢上帝对他们的恩赐是年年11月第四星期四将猎获的火鸡制成美味佳肴盛情款待印第安人并与他们进行联欢庆祝活动持续了三天
英国文学史及选读模拟1
济南大学继续教育学院2016年学位主干课程考试《英国文学史》模拟题（一）（本试题满分100分，时间90分钟）I. Multiple choices: Choose the ONE answer that is the most suitable to the sentence. (20%) （）1.________is Byron's masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.A. “She walk s in Beauty”B. “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”C. “Don Juan”D. “The Corsair”( ) 2. "Modern Fiction" is one of Woolf's important critical essays, in which the writer praises______ as "the most notable" of "several young writers."A. Thomas HardyB. James JoyceC. Joseph ConradD. T.S.Eliot( ) 3. _________ achieved fame after the publication of poem----.“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”.A. WordsworthB. JoyceC. George EliotD. John Galsworthy ( ) 4. John Milton's "On His Blindness" is written in the form of ______sonnet which consists of an octave(an eight-line stanza) and a sestet (a six-line stanza)A. EnglishB. ItalianC. RussianD. Chinese( ) 5. In "Tom Jones"______ is depicted as a hypocritical, wicked man who is outwardly good but inwardly bad.A. TomB. BlifilC. Mr. AllworthyD. Sophia( ) 6. John Keats' famous poem______expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.A. "Endymion"B. "Ode to a Nightingale"C."Ode on a Grecian Urn"D."Ode to Psyche"( ) 7. "The School for Scandal "by Richard Brinsley Sheridan has been regarded as the best______since Shakespeare.A. tragedyB. proseC. comedyD. fable( ) 8.The story of "Tom Jones" by Henry Fielding is told _______.A. in a series of lettersB. in the third-person narrationC. by Tom JonesD. in the form of diary( ) 9. The title _______was borrowed by Thackeray from “The Pilgrim’s Progress” by Bunyan.A. “Sons and Lovers”B. “Jane Eyre”C. “Adam Bede”D. “Vanity Fair”( ) 10. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama,_______________.A.“Prometheus Unbound”B. “The Necessity of Atheism”C.“Ode to the West Wind”D. “Queen Mab”( ) 11.“The Solitary Reaper”. This poet written by _________of eighteenth centuryA. WordsworthB. ByronC. ShelleyD. Keats( ) 12. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” ---that is all . This poet is from _________written by Keats.A. “Ode to a Nightingale”B. “Ode to psyche”C. “Ode to Autumn”D. “Ode on a Grecian Urn”( )13. In "The Pilgrim's Progress" Christian and Faithful come to the ______where both are arrested as alien agitators and tried.A. Vanity FairB. Doubting CastleC. Celestial CityD. hell( ) 14. Which of the following novels by Dickens shows his pessimism?A. “The Old Curiosity Shop”B. “David Copperfield”C. “Oliver Twist”D. “Great Expectations”( ) 15.Hardy’s first masterpiece is ______________.A. “Idylls of the King”B. “Far Form the Madding Crowd”C. “Tess of the D''Urbervilles”D. “In Memoriam”( ) 16.The outstanding realistic novelists of early 20th century were _______，H. G. Wells，and Arnold Bennett.A. LawrenceB. JoyceC. George EliotD. John Galsworthy( ) 17._________ "West Wind" thus seems to symbolize an inspiring spiritual power that moves everywhere, and affects everything.A. Shelley’sB. Keats’C. Wordsworth’sD.Vi rginia Woolf’s( )18. “Ode to a Nightingale”symbolized for _______ a lasting beauty which lured him temporarily away from his great misery into an exquisite desire to the forest with the bird.A. ByronB. KeatsC. WordsworthD. Shelley( ) 19. The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the ______ century writers who wrote under the influence of ______.A. 16th…Edmund SpenserB. 17th…John DonneC. 18th…Thomas GrayD. 20th…John Ransom( ) 20.Which of the following novels by D. H. Lawrence shows the influence of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, especially that of the "Oedipus complex"?A. "The Rainbow"B. "Women in Love"C. "Sons and Lovers"D. "Lady Chatterley's Lover"II. True & False statements. (20%)( ) 1. Chancer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact he introduced from France the rhymed stanza in Iambic meter to English poetry.( ) 2. Hamlet, the great tragedy of Shakespeare, with perfect artistry, studies the profound question of "to be or no to be."( ) 3. Bacon was the founder of modern science & also famous for his "essays."( ) 4. Spenser's "Faerie Queene", Sidney's "Astrophel & Stella "& Shakespeare's "Sonnets" are the most famous sonnet sequences of Elizabethan Age.( ) 5. Defoe is the author of Robinson Crusoe, which is a scientific and fantastic work.( ) 6.To the Lighthouse is divided into three sections: “The Window,” “Time Passes,” and “The Lighthouse.”( ) 7. Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist，A Portrait of Artist as a Young Man is Joyce's first novel.( )8.George Eliot，pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born on Nov. 22, 1819 into an estate agent’s family in Warwickshire，England.( ) 9. Wordsworth uses his poetry to look at the relationship between nature and love. ( ) 10. “Ode to the West Wind” praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature.( ) 11. Shelley is among the world's greatest lyric poets. He is the most wonderful lyric poet England has ever produced.( )12.In Hebrew, Latin, Greek, and many other languages, the words for wind, breath, soul, and inspiration are all identical or related. ( )13.The realistic novels in the early 19th century were the continuation of the Victorian tradition，yet its exposing and criticizing power against capitalist evils had been somewhat weakened both in width and depth.( ) 14.Charlotte’s first novel Jane Eyre was rejected by the publisher. But her second one，The Professor，won immediate success when it appeared in 1847.( )15. “The Isles of Greece，” is taken from Canto II, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan & Haidee, the pure & beautiful daughter of a pirate.( ) 16.Tom Jones is the masterpiece of Henry Fielding & it offers a panoramic picture of 18th century England with the life of people in London, in the countryside & on the open road.( ) 17.Robert Burns is a peasant poet & is famous for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.( ) 18. W. B. Yeats was a poet and dramatist, who was born in Ireland.( ) 19. Thomas Hardy was only a novelist, who didn't write any poem at all.( ) 20. John Galsworthy was one of the most prominent of the 20th century English realistic writers.III. Name the Writers who wrote the following passages. (10%)( ) 1. Imitation here will not to do the business.The picture must be after Nature herself.11.“( )2. Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton? --- a machinewithout feelings? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless andheartless? You think wrong! – I have as much soul as you – and as much heart!( ) ( ) 3. Farewell my friend ! farewell my foes !My peace with these, my love with those:The bursting tears my heart declare-----Farewell the bonnie banks of Ayr!.( ( )4. In poverty, hunger and dirt;And And still with a vcice of dolorous pitchShe sang the “Song of the Shirt!”( ) ( )5. Little Lamb who made theeDost thou know who made theeGave thee life & bid thee feed( ) 6. “ studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”Spirit of Delight !The fresh earth in new leaves dressedAnd the stary night( ) 8. Can honor set to a leg? no, or an arm? No:...what is honor? A word, what is that word, honor?( ) 9. ...What though the field be lost?All is not lost; the unconquerable willAnd study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield...( ) 10. What man art thou, quoth he,That lookest as thou wouldst find a hare;For ever on the ground I see thee stare.IV. For items 1 to 14 , write down the name of the book from which the character(s) is taken; while for 15 to 20, give the name of the writer. (20%)1. Mr. Gamfield ，2. Elizabeth Bennet，3.Dalloway4.Mr. Rochester5.Heathcliff & Catherine6. Angel Clare7. Paul8. Amelia Sedley9. Stephen Dedalus 10. Juan 11. Bassanio, Antonio 12. Friday13. Lilliputians14. Sophia 15. The Return of the Native 16. Ullysses 17. The Portrait of a Lady 18. Prometheus Unbound 19. Waste Land 20. Women in LoveV. Explain the following terms briefly and mention some representative authors or literary works for each of them.（30%）1.Critical Realism2. Romanticism3.Realism in the 20th century English literature。
The 20th Century 20世纪文学
• Joyce and Virginia Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented stream-ofconsciousness novels such as Pilgrimage by Richardson, Ulysses by Joyce, and Mrs. Dalloway by Woolf. Modernist novels came to a decline in the 1930s. After the Second World War, modernism had another upsurge with the rise of existentialism. But it was reflected mainly in drama.
vehemently advocated colonialism or jingoism. • (c) Einstein's theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space. (d) Freud's analytical psychology drastically altered our conception of human nature. (e) Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition. (f) Having inherited the basic principles from Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.
英国文学史
8．English Ballads literature of English people (peasants), not written but oral. a story told in song, usu. In 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed. Subjects: young lovers’ struggle against feudalminded families; conflict between love and wealth; cruelty of jealousy; criticism of the civil war (1337~1377 between England and France.); matters of class struggle. Eg. Robin Hood Ballads: most important.
700 – 750 AD, sung by minstrels to the chiefs and warriors in feasting hall
plot: nephew of King of Geats in Denmark hearing King of Danes in great trouble Grendel, a monster carries away King of Danes’ warriors from a hall Beowulf sails for Denmark with 14 companions after a feasting welcome, Beowulf and 14 men lie down in the hall waiting for the monster Beowulf grapples the monster single-handed, hand to hand combat, the monster retreats mortally wounded the monster’s mother the she-monster comes to avenge the death, Beowulf following the bloody trail to a lake Beowulf plunges into water, finds her, follows her into a hall under the waves by chance finding a big sword left by giants of old time Beowulf cuts off her head and the monster’s too. After a celebration, Beowulf sails home to Geats land and becomes king and reigns over his people for 50 years. A fire dragon comes out of its den and belches forth its fire to burn the people old Beowulf bids farewell and goes to seak the dragon with 11 companions. single-handed fighting, the sword failing to bite, Beowulf is enveloped in flames. at last the dragon is killed. But the hero is hopelessly wounded. the poem ends with the funeral of the hero.
20th century literature
1917
October Revolution 1929-1931 an unprecedented business depression 1939 The Second World War
English novel of early 20th century
The Realists: George Meredith Samuel Butler Hardy George Bernard Shaw Herbert George Wells
This
was one of the reasons accounting for the growing pessimistic vein which runs through his novels. According to his pessimistic philosophy, mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfortune into human life.
The
young people fall in love and are engaged to each other. On their wedding night, Tess confesses to angel the affair of Alec. Angel, himself a sinner who has had some affair with a bad woman, casts her off. Soon he leaves for Brazil. Misfortune and hardship come upon poor Tess and her family. Her father dies and the whole family are threatened with starvation.
AL+1+colonial
Divisions of American Literature
Ⅰ.The Literature of Colonial America II. The Literature of Reason & Revolution
American literature: A.Literature in English that originates from the
territory now known as the United States.
B.Literature written by Americans in the English
Reconstructing A. L.
American Literature
• What does the phrase “American Literature” suggest to you? Can you give a brief definition about it?
• What facts do you know about it? (Its tradition & customs, famous writers, important works, etc.)
III. The Literature of Romanticism IV. The Literature of Realism Ⅴ. The Twentieth-Century Literature
One: The Colonial Period (1607-1775)
Stamp Act: an act passed by at the the founding of the 1st settlement Jamestown the outbreak of the British parliament in 1756 that American Revolution
现代主义the 20th Century American Literature
the 20th Century American Literature(1900-1910s)Historical BackgroundThe influence of WWI ：•an economic boom• a sudden jump in technology•The breakdown of old moral values ——bobbed hair, short skirts, women drinking and smoking • a tremendous disillusionment (幻想破灭，美国梦，Benjamin Franklin)•Nothing had changed.•There was a popular contempt轻视for the law—the prohibition of alcohol, bootleggers走私者, etc.•The dream美国梦had failed and the country was building up economic troubles toward disaster.• A loss of faith began with Darwin’s theories of evolution达尔文进化论. Without faith man could no longer keep his feeling and thought whole; hence a sense of life being fragmented变成碎片and chaotic混乱的. Without faith, man no longer felt secure and happy; hence the feeling of gloom阴暗and despair绝望•Bertrand Russell伯特兰·罗素（英国哲学家）, commented评论on the spirit of the period—Man must not expect any help from a beneficent慈善的God. Man must recognize that he is of noimportance in such a world ---- Nothing can preserve保护an individual life beyond the grave.Death will doom注定all human endeavors努力and achievements to ultimate extinction化为灰烬. He advises man to believe in himself, to face life with “a despairing courage绝望的勇气”.•.Imagism☐Imagism意象主义was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American英裔美国人poetry that favored赞成precision精度of imagery and clear, sharp language. The Imagists意象主义诗人rejected the sentiment情感and discursiveness散漫、推论typical of much Romantic and Victorian （强调理性）poetry.What is an image?☐T. E. Hulme: The image must en able one “to dwell存在于and linger徘徊upon a point of excitement, to achieve the impossible and convert转变a point into a line”.☐Ezra Pound: An image is “that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant 瞬间of time”.☐Richard Aldington: The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.Literary Sources of Imagism☐The Imagist Movement drew from a variety of poetic traditions—Greek, Provencal, Japanese and Chinese poetry. The ideographic表意的and pictographic象形文字的nature of Chinese language, and virile男性的laconism简洁and austere pregnancy丰富，意味深长which characterize ancient Chinese poetry fascinated the Imagists.three major phases☐1908—1909An Englishman, T. E. Hulme, founded a Poets’ Club in 1908, which met in Soho every Wednesday evening to discuss poetry. He believed that the most effective means to express the momentary瞬间的impressions is through “the use of one dominant image”.☐1912—1914Ezra Pound took over the movement. In 1912, they published a collection of poems, entitled Des Imagistes, in which a manifesto宣言came into being.⏹ a. Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;⏹ b. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;⏹ c. As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of a metronome.☐1914—1917Amy Lowell took over the movement and developed it into “Amygism”. In 1915, 1916, 1917, three volumes of Some Imagist Poets came out, containing six principles based on the original three. After 1917, Imagism ceased to be a movement.Features of Imagism1.To use the language of common speech, but to employ采用the exact word, not the nearly-exact,nor the merely decorative装饰性的word.2.We believe that the individuality of a poet may often be better expressed in free verse自由诗体than in conventional传统的forms. In poetry, a new cadence韵律、节奏means a new idea.3.Absolute freedom in the choice of subject.4. To present an image. We are not a school学派of painters, but we believe that poetry should render particulars exactly and not deal in vague generalities模糊的概论, however magnificent华丽的and sonorous响亮的. It is for this reason that we oppose the cosmic广大无边的poet诗人, who seems to us to shirk逃避the real difficulties of his art.5. To produce a poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred玷污nor indefinite.6. Finally, most of us believe that concentration is of the very essence本质of poetry.In a Station of the Metro☐ a classic specimen of Imagist poetry☐the use of one dominant image to represent what he was experiencing☐apparition: appearance, something which shows up; something which is not real and which cannot be clearly observed☐influence from ancient Chinese poetry (《长恨歌》: “玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一枝春带雨.”)⏹The apparition of these faces in the crowd;⏹Petals on a wet, black bough.☐人群中那些亡魂的脸花瓣，在潮湿的黑色枝头荒木田守武——俳句落花飞回枝蝴蝶Ezra Pound (译文)A fallen blossom is coming back to the branchLook, a butterfly题都城南庄去年今日此门中,人面桃花相映红。
Unit10西方文化导论
Text Study
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Text Study
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Text Study
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Text Study
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Text Study
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Modernist performances in literature and art— features: represent both progressive and radical tendencies; insist upon the subjectivity expressive means: expressionism, cubism, postimpressionism, futurism, etc. emblem: the adversary culture major figures among writers: T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Virginia Woolf major figures among composers: Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Anton Webern major figures of modern dance: Emile Jaques-Delcroze, Rudolf Laban, Loie Fuller
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To understand the background and definition of modernism
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Sigmund Freud: Austrian psychiatrist,
the creator of psychoanalysis
A. his theory of psychoanalysis: a science which has had an incalculable effect both on literature and on literary theory. It offered the latitude for writers to explore and describe the new area of experience — the human subconscious, and led straight to the advent of the “stream of consciousness” literature of the 1920s.
3) the contrast between Realism and Modernism Realism — a plane mirror, reflecting the reality faithfully Modernism — a triangular prism, refracting the reality distortedly 4) the alternate dominance of Realism and Modernism A. swinging regularly between the two tendencies B. the two tendencies melting into, permeating and influencing each other C. the themes and expressions becoming abundant and profound
The 20th Century Literature (1)
I. Background information
1. the crisis of faith 1) Charles Darwin (British naturalist): the publication of The Origin of Species (1850) 2) Friedrich Nietzsche (German philosopher): his declaration of the death of God 3) Bertrand Russell (British philosopher & mathematician): A Free Man’s Worship (1918) 2. many manifestations of a weakening of traditional stabilities 1) the aesthetic movement 2) the rise of pessimism
B. his contributions to knowledge: his studies of the development of the sexual instinct in children his descriptions of the workings of the unconscious mind and of the nature of repression his examinations and interpretations of dreams C. his familiar concepts: the Oedipus Complex; the Electra Complex; the id, the ego and the superego
D. a pervasive sense of cultural relativism E. marked by a persistent experimentalism F. rejecting the traditional framework of narrative, description and rational exposition in poetry and prose G. in favor of a stream-of-consciousness presentation of personality, a dependence on the poetic image as the essential vehicles of aesthetic communication, and upon myth as a characteristic structural principle H. emphasizing the reflection of the inner world of characters — subjective I. applying the radial structure in which the restrictions of time and space were broken
2. Three stages of the 20th-century English literature 1) the first stage (the end of the 19th century — the end of WWI): the period of transition from tradition to innovation Realism → Modernism 2) the second stage (between the two world wars): at the height of power and splendors the 1920s : the Golden Age of Modernist novels 3) the third stage (after WWII): contemporary novels subject matters: from the historical and real-life subjects to the self experience and some philosophical views technique and structure: mainly characterized by Modernism, and some by Post-modernism
The 1920s:
A. greatly influenced by Freud’s psychological theory the theory of psychoanalysis: the inner world of man, the subconsciousness and unconsciousness of the human psyche B. two types of English novels a. D. H. Lawrence: the description of the inner world; human’s sexual psychological activities; sex as a symbol of human instinct
C. emphasizing the reflection of the physical world — objective D. applying the linear structure in a chronological order 2) Modernism: an omnibus term for a number of tendencies in the arts which were prominent in the first half of the 20th century. A. representing a new mode of perception B. particularly associated with the writings of T. S. Eliot, Pound, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, W. B. Yeats, F. M. Ford, and Joseph Conrad C. reflecting the impacts upon literature of the psychology of Freud, the anthropology of James Frazer and the philosophical theory of Henry Bergson
II. Brief introduction of the 20thcentury literature
1. Two opposing or confronting tendencies: Realism & Modernism 1) Realism: some writers continued to follow the realistic tradition A. reflecting and revealing the social and moral problems faithfully B. paying much attention to the integrity of plots, the creation of characters, and the objectivity and authenticity of descriptive details
பைடு நூலகம்
Henry Bergson: French philosopher and psychologist
his philosophy of time: The psychological time provided a new mode of representing human experience, and helped pave the way for the rise of modernism or “stream of consciousness” literature. A. Time is continuous, an indivisible continuity. B. Psychological time is time in mind, subjective in nature, indicating the incessant flow of the consciousness. C. True reality exists in psychological time. D. In order to achieve self-recognition, man must peek through the thick curtain of the “superficial self”, and remove the many tiers of barriers between reality and consciousness so as to reveal the ever fluid nascent consciousness, thought, and feeling, along with the intrinsic internal relations.