lecture9
lecture 9翻译表达的层次
例4．“No aim couldn’t be too remote, too simple, too absurd—and no experiment too outlandish.”
译字: 没有任何目标能够是太遥远、太简单、 太荒唐——没有任何实验太奇特。 译意: 什么样的目标都不会太遥远、太简单、太 荒唐——什么样的实验都不会太奇特。 译味: 再渺茫、再简单、再荒唐的目标也值得为 之努力——再离奇古怪的的实验都可以 做。
例3．After the failure of his novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground. 译字:在他最后一篇小说失败以后， 他的名声就站在滑的地面了。上一篇小说写砸了，他的声望 因此岌岌可危。
译味: 在谈到自己在俄亥俄州的洛林 度过的童年岁月时，她开玩笑道： “兄弟姐妹四个就我一人排行不祥。 我姐姐——长女；大弟弟——长子； 小弟弟——幺儿；而我却没有个说法。 我觉得受到冷落，于是就想吸引别人 的注意，结果就成了姐弟四人中最爱 吵闹的一个。”
例5．We had plenty of company in the way wagonloads and muleloads of tourists---and dust.
译字:我们有很多以马车装载和骡子负载的 旅游者这种方式的同伴——和尘土。 译意:我们的旅伴真不少，有乘马车 的，有骑骡子的——一路尘土飞扬。 译味:我们的旅伴可真不少：乘的乘马车 骑的骑骡子——后面还跟着一溜尘土 呢。
例 6．But Diana’s champions were overwhelmingly women. Like many of them, she had a heartlesshusband, in-laws from hell, fickle boyfriends.
Lecture 9
3. 西安 西安是著名的“丝绸之路” 西安是著名的“丝绸之路”的起点，在汉朝已成为我国和 外国的交通中心。 As the starting point of the famous “Silk Road”, Xi’an became, Road” Xi’ during the Han Dynasty, the hub of communications between China and the outside world. 西安古称长安，现在是陕西省省会，是我国西北最大的城 市，拥有500多万人口。 市，拥有500多万人口。 Xi’an, called Chang’an in ancient China, is now the capital of Xi’ Chang’ Shanxi Province. It is the largest city with the population of over 5 million in the northwest of China. 西安已有3000多年历史，在1100年的时间里，相机有11个 西安已有3000多年历史，在1100年的时间里，相机有11个 朝代在这里建都。从汉朝起，就成了中国与外部世界经济、 文化交流的中心。 Boasting a history of more than 3000 years, Xi’an served Xi’ intermittently as the capital of eleven dynasties in 1100 years. Xi’an has been a financial and cultural center for international Xi’ exchanges between China and other couy.
Lecture 9-1 The Principle of Relevance
Lecture 9 The Principle of RelevanceReferences:1. Relevance: Communication and Cognitionby D. Sperber &D. Wilson 外语教学与研究出版社20012. Discourse Analysisby G. Brown & G. Yule 外语教学与研究出版社2000Lecture 9 The Principle of Relevance1. The background1.1 New approch pragmatics and understanding of utterance implicature: not to decode, but to infer accordingto the contextual assumption1.2 Grice’s coorperation principleCoorperate with each other in communication1) The maxim of quantity2) The maxim of Quality3) The maxim of Relevance4) The maxim of manner1.3 The problems with CP2. Principle of relevanceCommunication Inference ManifestnessAssumption Relevance: contextual effect and effrotOstention Context2.1 Communication1) What is explicature?2) What is imlicature?3) What factors influence communication?4) What are the essential things that make communication successful?mutual manifestnesscognitive environmentOstensive behavior provides evidence of one’s thoughts. It succeeds in doing so because it implies a guarantee of relevance. It implies such aguarantee because humans automatically turn their attention to what seems most relevant to them. Sperber and Wilson believe that an act of ostention carries a guarantee, and that this fact --- called principle of relevance--- makes the intention behind the ostention manifest. It is this principle of relevance that is needed to make the intentional model of communication explanatory.2.2 Core ideas in the theorymutual manifestnessrelevanceA: Do you want some coffee?B: Coffee would keep me awake.This year, pass a beary Christmas!Ours is monokini rather than bikini.The more relevant the assumption is, the less effort is needed in the inference.contextual assumption cognitive assumptionlogical informationencyclopedic informationlexical informationTwo principles of relevance: (p260)1) Human cogntion tends to be geared to the maximization of relevance.人类认知常常与最大关联性相吻合。
Lecture 9
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Lecture 9
Word Meaning and Context
This is called extra-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.
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Lecture 9
Word Meaning and Context
In ①, Adam is compared-favorably with his father. Quick can be interpreted as meaning quick in developing. It is used in contrast to backward. In ②, ‘Adam’ is compared unfavorably with the group of other students. Therefore, quick must be interpreted as meaning ‘quick to understand the joke’. In this case, quick is used ironically to mean the opposite ‘s一个词在
词群、从句和句群出现的环境。这叫语言语境。语言语境可 以包换一段、一章，甚至整个一本书。广义地讲，语境还包 括物理环境。这叫非语言语境。非语言语境包括人物、时间、 地点，甚至整个文化背景。
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Lecture 9
Word Meaning and Context
As most words have more than one meaning, it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in context. Context is very important for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the linguistic context, and in many cases by the whole speech situation as well.
Lecture-9-Krashen’s-Monitor-Model说课材料
Krashen's Monitor Model
Who is a better second language learner, a child or an adult? Why?
more flexible phonological organ; no “affective filter”;
He cites evidences of some fluent speakers without having learned rules (like illiterate people)，while others may “know” rules but fail to apply them in real language use (like some incompetent “highscore” learners).
but adult learners have better learning strategies and can better monitor themselves.
Monitor Model(监控模式), also known
as "Monitor Model of Second Language Development"(第二语言发 展监控模式) , was first proposed by Krashen（1979). Later, Krashen（1981， 1982，1985）enriched his theory with "comprehensible input hypothesis"(可理 解输入假说). The model consists of five
The acquisition-learning hypothesis
lecture 9(汉英词义对比及其翻译)
9
A Contrastive Study of the Words and Expressions in C-E Translation
一.英汉语义对比及词的翻译
1.语义对应现象 汉语和英语虽属不同语系却都拥有丰富的词汇量。 汉字的表意能力及组合能力很强，英语从拉丁语、古法语及其他 语言中吸收了大量的词汇，它们都是词汇量非常丰富的语言，有 着大量的对应词语。这是汉英翻译的语言基础。
milk （抽象） 人奶，牛奶，羊奶（具体）
还有些英汉词语在概念意义上是对应的，但在内涵意义上 却是不对应的，如： vinegar： 内涵意义： 不高兴，坏脾气 醋 内涵意义 ： 有"妒忌"的
1.3 zero equivalents 无对应（词义空缺）
中国炒饭 Chinese Chaofan 嗑头 Kowtow 功夫 Kungfu
原文“酿酒和饮酒”中的“酒” “酒”在英语中可以有很多选择 alcohol，wine，liquor，spirits， beer … 因此学生译文中出现了许多有趣的搭配现象， 比如:brew wine and drink alcohol， brew spirits and drink wine， Brew wine and drink beer等等。 正确处理的方法一般有两种: (l)使用及物动词，但统一宾语，比如: brew and drink wine: (2)使用不及物动词: brew and drink。
He kills time every day down at the park. 他天天在那边的公园里消磨时光。 That mistake killed his chances. 那次错误毁掉了他的机会。 His joke nearly killed me. 他的笑话真是笑死人。
lecture 9 翻译技巧八 顺序和逆序法
• Second, there are also some different sequences between English and Chinese, which have different backgrounds :
• 我你他 • 新郎新娘 • 男女老少 • 大中小学
school • 捉迷藏 • 又快又多 • 血肉相连 • 水火不容 • 无论晴雨 • 手疾眼快 • 饥寒交迫 • 救死扶伤
• 4. Attributes
• First ， English has pre-noun and post-noun attributes while Chinese has only pre-noun ones. E.g.
• a fat old lady 一个胖老太
• a big round conference table 一张又大又圆的会议 桌
3.They were badly defeated at Luding in November, 1945.
他们于1945年11月在泸定附近大败。 5). She often teaches us English songs at school in the
evening.
• 6. Logical order:
英语修饰语顺序的掌握要点： 1.限定词 + 形容词 + 分词或动名词 + 名词 + 中心名词 + 短语或从句 2.限定 + 评价 + 描绘(新旧大小颜色) + 性质 + 中心名词 3.总体思想：依据关系的密切程度来确定其距离的远近。
Third, different determiners are put in certain order :
Lecture9 PDP驱动电路系统.ppt
先使全屏所有的显示单元都处于熄灭状态，然后在寻址期使要 点亮显示的单元转入点亮状态，维持期内，只有积累了壁电荷 的单元会维持发光
A 电极 0
X 电极 0 Y 电极 0
准备期 Vaw
寻址期
寻址周期 Va
维持期 Vaw
Vxw 全屏写脉冲
Vx
Vs Vs
-Vsc
-Vy
-Vy
维持周期
写寻址驱动方法的波形图
奇数行
1 2 3 4 5 6 78
X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X3 Y3 X4 Y4 X5
偶数行
一帧 寻址电极 维持电极 扫描电极
(b)ALIS驱动方法
寻址电极
Vs X1 1
Vs X2 2 3
放电区域
Vs Y1 Y2 Vs
Vs X1 1
Vs X2 2 3
放电区域
Vs Y1 Y2 Vs
维持电极
扫描电极
（a） 奇数行的显示
ALIS驱动方法中一帧显示的组成
奇数行显示
偶数行显示
X1 0 Y1 0
X2 0 Y2 0
准备期
寻址期 Vx
维持期
扫描脉冲
Vxw 全屏写脉冲 Vx
Vs
Vs
-Vy-Vsc -Vy
X3 0
ALIS驱动方法的驱动波形
根据显示行的组成特点和电压施加的方便性，将寻址期分 为两部分，即前半部分寻址期和后半部分寻址期。在奇场的前 半部分寻址期，寻址显示行1、5、9……等，在其后半部分寻址 期，寻址显示行3、7、11……等；在偶场的前半部分寻址期， 寻址显示行2、6、10……等，在其后半部分寻址期，寻址显示 行4、8、12……等。
Y electrodes
lecture9翻译技巧八顺序和逆序法
Sequencing and Inversion
(顺序和逆序法）
倒置法
Inversion (倒置法/词序调整法）
Conversion goes hand in hand with inversion, another important principal leading to expressing idiomatic language in transition. Inversion implies a necessary change of word order to conform the good usage in the target language. Besides differences in word order, sentences structures, logical and temporal sequences of thinking, saying and writing between the two languages may differ, which is especially true of long sentences.
Let’s compare the different orders between Chinese and English.
I. Comparative Study between Chinese and English order 1. Subject and object in affirmative sentences 1). Birds fly and fish swim. 鱼儿游，鸟儿飞。 2). She couldn’t understand this English sentence.
3). We selected him monitor of our class. 我们选他当班长。
博弈论课件 Lecture 9_Extensive form
Game Theory1Spring20151Lecture 9Extensive Form(2), Backward Induction & Subgame PerfectionReadings•Watson: Strategy_ An introduction to game theory–1rd ed: Ch14, Ch15; 3rd ed: Ch14, Ch15.2•Exercises: Ch15. 22Outline•Details of the Extensive Form.–Tree Rules.–Additional Properties.•Sequential Rationality.•Backward Induction.•Subgame Perfection.Extensive Form Representation •Nodes:Where players choose actions.–Successor Nodes–Node B is a successor to Node A if there is some path going from A to B.–Immediate Successor–B is an immediate successor to A ifthere is a branch leading directly from A to B.–Predecessor Nodes–Same idea as successor nodes butmoving through the tree backwards.•Branches:Specific actions.•Labels:Identify nodes or branches.•Payoffs:Represent preferences over outcomes.•Information sets:Reveal what a player knows when he makes a decision.–A player’s strategy must give a decision for eachof his info sets.Terminology•Initial Node:a.•All successors to a:everything else(b–k).–All immediate successors to a:b,c.•All successors to d:f,g.•All predecessors to f:a,b,d.–The immediate predecessor to f:d.•Information sets:–Player1:a,d,e.–Player2:bc.Tree Rules•Rule 1. Every node is a successor of the initial node, and the initial node is the only one with this property.•Rule2. Each node except the initial node has exactly one immediate predecessor. The initial node has no predecessors.•Rule3. Multiple branches extending from the same node have different action labels.•Rule4. Each information set contains decision nodes for only one of the players.•Rule5. All nodes in a given information set must have the same number of immediate successors and they must have the same set of action labels on the branches leading to these successors.More than One Immediate Predecessor•The path from the initial node to any specific terminal node is unique.2Information Sets•An information set of player i is a collection of player i ’s nodes among which i cannot distinguish.–Perfect information : all information sets in the tree have just one node.–Imperfect information : not perfect information.Perfect recallPerfect recall means that a player does not forget what she once knew, including her own actions.13Rules not Allowed21112Perfect recall142Continuous Action Space•It’s possible people can make a decision from a continuous action space.–Ie.,S1=[0,100]2's strategy needs to cover every contingency.ie., Yes for a ≥ 72.3 and no for a <72.30,012a Yes100–a,aNo2Continuous Action Space•We also can have information sets and incomplete information.–Ie.,S1=[0,100]0,012a Yes100–a,aNo2's strategy can be a single action.ie.,Yes.An Example ：Entry GameChallengerOut1，2In IncumbentAcquiesce Fight2，10，0Example 1（开金矿博弈）1借不借21，0分不分2，20，4Example 2（有法律保障的开金矿博弈）112借不借1，0分不分2，21，00，4不打打Commitment and credibility ：Example 3（法律保障不足的开金矿博弈）12借不借1，0分不分2，2－1，00，4不打打Exercise•Find out the NEs of the examples above.•Find out the incredible threat in the NEs.Lesson•纳什均衡在动态博弈中可能缺乏稳定性的根源，正是在于它不能排除博弈方策略中所包含的不可信的行为设定，也就是各种不可信的威胁和承诺。
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Mixed strategy Nash equilibrium:
A pair of mixed strategies ((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*)) is a Nash equilibrium if (r*,1-r*) is a best response to (q*, 1-q*), and (q*, 1-q*) is a best response to (r*,1-r*). That is,
Battle of sexes
Opera (q) Chris Opera ( r ) Prize Fight (1-r) Pat Prize Fight (1-q)
2 , 0
1
0 , 1 ,
0 2
, 0
Chris’ expected payoff of playing Opera EU1(O, (q, 1–q)) = q×2 + (1–q)×0 = 2q Chris’ expected payoff of playing Prize Fight EU1(F, (q, 1–q)) = q×0 + (1–q)×1 = 1–q × Chris is indifferent between playing Opera and Prize
May 30, 2003 73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9 11
Example 1
Bruce and Sheila determine whether to go to the opera or to a pro wrestling show. Sheila gets utility of 4 from going to the opera and 1 from pro wrestling. Bruce gets utility of 1 from going to the opera and 4 from pro wrestling. They agree to decide what to do in the following way:
Static (or SimultaneousMove) Games of Complete Information
Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium
May 30, 2003
73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9
1
Outline of Static Games of Complete Information
Theorem 1 (property of mixed Nash equilibrium)
A pair of mixed strategies ((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*)) is a Nash equilibrium if and only if
v1((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*)) v1((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*)) v2((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*)) v2((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*))
May 30, 2003 73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9 2
Today’s Agenda
Review of previous class Examples
May 30, 2003
73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9
3
Mixed strategy Nash equilibrium
Introduction to games Normal-form (or strategic-form) representation Iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies Nash equilibrium Review of concave functions, optimization Applications of Nash equilibrium Mixed strategy Nash equilibrium
Pat’s expected payoff of playing Prize Fight
EU2(F, (r, 1–r)) = r×0+(1–r)×2 = 2 – 2r × ×
Pat is indifferent between playing Opera and Prize
EU2(O, (r, 1–r)) = EU2(F, (r, 1–r)) r = 2 – 2r 3r = 2 This give us r = 2/3
May 30, 2003 73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9 10
Use Theorem 2 to find mixed strategy Nash equilibrium: illustration
Battle of sexes
Opera (q) Chris Opera ( r ) Prize Fight (1-r) Pat Prize Fight (1-q)
May 30, 2003
5
2-player each with two strategies
Player 2 s21 ( q ) Player 1 s11 ( r ) s12 (1- r ) u1(s11, s21), u2(s11, s21) u1(s12, s21), u2(s12, s21) s22 ( 1- q ) u1(s11, s22), u2(s11, s22) u1(s12, s22), u2(s12, s22)
Theorem 2 Let ((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*)) be a pair of mixed strategies, where 0 <r*<1, 0<q*<1. Then ((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*)) is a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium if and only if EU1(s11, (q*, 1-q*)) = EU1(s12, (q*, 1-q*)) EU2(s21, (r*, 1-r*)) = EU2(s22, (r*, 1-r*)) That is, each player is indifferent between her two pure strategies.
v1((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*)) ≥ v1((r, 1-r), (q*, 1-q*)), for all 0≤ r ≤1 ≤ v2((r*, 1-r*), (q*, 1-q*)) ≥ v2((r*, 1-r*), (q, 1-q)), for all 0≤ q ≤1 ≤
73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9
Mixed Strategy:
A mixed strategy of a player is a probability distribution over the player’s strategies.
Mixed strategy Nash equilibrium
A probability distribution for each player The distributions are mutual best responses to one another in the sense of expected payoffs
May 30, 2003
≥ ≥ ≥ ≥
EU1(s11, (q*, 1-q*)) EU1(s12, (q*, 1-q*)) EU2(s21, (r*, 1-r*)) EU2(s22, (r*, 1-r*))
6
73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9
Mixed strategy equilibrium: 2-player each with two strategies
EU1(O, (q, 1–q)) = EU1(F, (q, 1–q)) 2q = 1–q 3q = 1 This give us q = 1/3
May 30, 2003 73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9 9
Use Theorem 2 to find mixed strategy Nash equilibrium: illustration
Solve EU1(s11, (q*, 1-q*)) = EU1(s12, (q*, 1-q*)) Solve EU2(s21, (r*, 1-r*)) = EU2(s22, (r*, 1-r*))
May 30, 2003
73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9
8
Use Theorem 2 to find mixed strategy Nash equilibrium: illustration
Battle of sexes
Opera (q) Chris Opera ( r ) Prize Fight (1-r) Pat Prize Fight (1-q)
2 , 0
1xpected payoff of playing Opera
EU2(O, (r, 1–r)) = r ×1+(1–r)×0 = r ×
May 30, 2003 73-347 Game Theory--Lecture 9 7
Use indifference to find mixed Nash equilibrium (2-player each with 2 strategies)
Use Theorem 2 to find mixed strategy Nash equilibria
Bruce and Sheila each puts a penny below an issue of the TV guide on the coffee table (assume they don’t cheat by looking at the other). They count to 3 and simultaneously reveal which side of their penny is up. If the pennies match (both heads, or both tails), Sheila decides what to watch, while if the pennies don’t match (heads, tails or tails, heads) then Bruce decides.