发展性阅读障碍1-PPT课件

Critchley and Critchley（1978）：Developmental dyslexia: A learning disability which initially shows itself by difficulty in learning to read, and later by erratic spelling and by lack of facility in manipulating written as opposed to spoken words. The condition is cognitive in essence, and usually genetically determined. It is not due to intellectual inadequacy or to lack of socio-cultural opportunity, or to faults in the technique of teaching, or to emotional factors, or to any known structural braindefect. It probably represents a specific maturational defect which tends to lessen as the child grows older, and is capable of considerable improvement, especially when appropriate remedial help is afforded at the earliest opportunity.
阅读的哪些方面？
• 早期主要指单个词汇的阅读和拼写， 侧重正确率方面 • 目前开始强调阅读的不同层次-亚 词汇、词汇、段落等阅读的正确率 和流畅性两个方面
发展性阅读障碍的简要历 史 概念产生与发展
19世纪初，人们认识到大脑的损伤 可能导致言语理解和产生上的障碍。 这称为‘失语症（aphasia）’。这 种观点是“机能定位说”的体现。 其基本信念是大脑不同区域执行不 同功能，定位于特定的区域。1861 年，布洛卡区（左脑第三额回）。 其后，Kussmaul（1878）提出“词 聋”和“词盲”的概念。
两种操作定义
1.4.1 低成就定义
此定义用儿童与其所处年级或年龄之间阅读成绩 上的差异来定义阅读障碍。如果儿童在标准阅 读测验上的成绩低于所处年级或年龄阅读成绩 两个标准差，又无智力落后的情况，就被鉴别 为阅读障碍儿童。
1.4.2 不一致定义
此定义用儿童的阅读成绩与其智力水平之间的差 异来定义阅读障碍，如果儿童具有正常智力、 教育机会、文化氛围和经济条件，没有明显的
发展性阅读障碍
提纲
• • • • • • • 什么是发展性阅读障碍 发展性阅读障碍的简要历史回顾 发展性阅读障碍的原因 发展性阅读障碍的表现 发展性阅读障碍的矫治 中文发展性阅读障碍的表现 中文发展性阅读障碍的鉴别
什么是发展性阅读障碍
几种基本定义ຫໍສະໝຸດ 1968 World Federation of Neurology的定义：a disorder in children who, despite conventional classroom experience, fail to attain the language skills of reading, writing and spelling commensurate with their intellectual abilities。
BDA提出的若干定义之一。Dyslexia is : A
specific difficulty in learning, in one or more of reading, spelling and written language which may be accompanied by difficulty in number work, short-term memory, sequencing, auditory and/or visual perception , and motor skills. It is particularly related to mastering and using written language – alphabetic, numeric and musical notation. In addition oral language is often affected to some
Orton Dyslexia Society-International Dyslexia Association (IDA)(1994): Dyslexia is one of several distinct learning disabilities. It is a specific language-based disorder of constitutional origin characterized by difficulties in single word coding, usually reflecting insufficient phonological processing abilities. These difficulties in single word decoding are often unexpected in relation to age and other cognitive and academic abilities; they are not the result of generalized developmental disability or sensory impairment. Dyslexia is manifested by variable difficulty with different forms of language, often including, in addition to problems of reading, a conspicuous problem