科技英语_(2)
第一章概论一、科技英语翻译的标准准确规，通顺易懂, 简洁明晰。
准确规Samples 1We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel.Three of Archimedes’s extant works are devote d to plane geometry.Translate by yourself 1:1．The power plant is the heart of a ship.发电设备是船只的核心。
2．The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一个50马力的发动机。
3．The largest and most expensive products can not, because of their size, be testable in the factory.这个大型又昂贵的产品由于它的型号问题不能在这间工厂里测试，通顺易懂Samples 2A more common way of joining these metal pieces together is to weld them.Molten salts range from ideally ionic fluids to molecular melts and liquid.These compressors have proved themselves useful in a variety of ways in installations where large volumes of air or other gases are compressed.Translate by yourself 2:1．Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.被称为晶体管的半导体装置正在许多应用中取代电子管。
2．Cramped conditions mean that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely.狭窄的情况下乘客无法自由走动。
3．All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.所有的身体都有重量，占据空间。
简洁明晰Samples 3It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts.It should be realized that magnetic forces and electric forces are not the same.All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die.Translate by yourself 3：1．The removal of minerals from water is called softening.去除矿物的水被称为软水。
2．The smelting reduction process can be applied for the production of iron as well as ferroalloys.未经熔炼的铁也被称为铁合金。
二、翻译的一般方法1、直译与意译2、合译与分译3、增译与省译4、顺译与倒译直译与意译Samples 4Read a book on a new subject and change your daily newspaper.The combustion often produces hot condensed particles.We can get more current from cells connected in parallel.If the rate of the back-ward reaction becomes significant, the rate laws become more complex.The law of reflection holds good for all surfaces.Translate by yourself 4:1．Both pumps have excellent metering performance and high vacuum lift.泵都有好的计量性和高真空高度。
2．Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.爱因斯坦的相对论是唯一能解释如此现象的理论。
3．All four outer planets probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.这四个外部行星都可能含有金属芯，硅酸盐和水。
4．Part adjustment and repair must be performed on a regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product.产品的部分调整和要求必须按合格的原则履行，即使一件合意的印刷品即将完成。
合译与分译Samples 5Leaves are to the plants，what lungs are to the animals.The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water.With the same number of protons, all nuclei of a given element may have different numbers of neutrons.An infected mother can pass AIDS on to her child during pregnancy or childbirthTranslate by yourself 5:1．There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.有些金属拥有导电的和磁化的能力。
2. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia.医生化验了贫血症患者的血液样品。
3. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.太阳大小的明显变化是由接近地平线处空气中的灰尘导致的。
4. These fragments of rock and iron range from a thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one.这些岩石和钢铁的碎片的半径从几千公里到一公里不等。
增译与省译Samples 6A drilled hole can be made accurate and smooth by a reamer.The amount of cell respiration depends upon the degree of activity of the organism.Many processes have already been proposed, and one possible future process is asmelting reductionTh e purpose of this chapter is to describe the various fasteners or tabulate available sizes. The chips wedged between the holder and the workpiece.In solids the force of attraction between the molecules is so great that the arrangement of the molecules becomes rigid.Little information is given about the origin of life.It does not matter whether we use ball bearings or plain bearing.The inner and outer rings are graded and stored according to sizes.Translate by yourself 6:1．Breeding of hummingbirds takes place in May and June.蜂鸟的繁殖在每年的五月和六月。
2．Cartography is the science of making maps.制图学是制作地图的一门技术。
3．Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes.我们发现自然界中的许多元素是不同同位素的混合物。
4．The average current serves as a useful criterion in determining the energy transfer.平均电流在电能传输的过程中作为有效的标准。
5．The best solution is to continue to reduce all sources of pollution affecting our atmosphere.改善环境最好的办法是继续减少所有污染源的排放。
《科技英语翻译》课程练习二
《科技英语翻译》课程练习二答案一、翻译以下专用词汇cap帽子—轴承盖，罩壳shoe鞋—闸瓦，履带片cup杯子—皮碗，轴套bed床—底座，机座身house房子—箱体，罩disk唱片—研磨盘desk书桌—控制屏table桌子—放料盘eye眼—孔环ear耳—吊钩mouth口—开度nose鼻—喷嘴hand手—手柄，指针finger手指—厚薄规foot脚—支座head头—冒口，刀架neck颈—座body身体—机身hair头发―游丝phase 土壤学：分段物理系：相电工学：相位数学：位相动物学：型天文学：周相军事学：战斗阶段resistance 力学：阻力电学：电阻机械学：耐受性、强度二、翻译以下名词化结构1) All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough.译文：只要有足够的电位差，电流便可通过任何物体。
2) The rusting of metals is accompanied by increase in weight and by absorption of material from air.译文：金属生锈时常吸收了空气中的物质而增加了重量。
3) Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.译文：电视是通过无线电波发射和接收各种活动物体的图像。
4) The absence of an electron from a silicon atom can be thought of as a hole.译文：硅原子中缺少一个电子，可以看成是一个空穴。
5) The superiority of radar to ordinary vision lies in the greater distances at which seeing is possible with radar.译文：雷达相对于普通视力的优势在于利用雷达所能看清的距离比较远。
考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(2)-毙考题
考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(2)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。
因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。
小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(2)，请参考!Who s the Smart Sibling?Ten weeks ago, Bo Cleveland and his wife embarked on a highly unscientific experiment-they gave birth to their first child. For now, Cleveland is too exhausted to even consider having another baby, but eventually, he will. In fact, hes already planned an egalitarian strategy for raising the rest of his family. Little Arthur won t get any extra attention just because he s the firstborn, and, says his father, he probably won t be much smarter than his future .siblings; either. It s the sort of thing many parents would say, but it s a bit surprising coming from Cleveland,who studies birth order and IQ at Pennsylvania State University. As he knows too well, a study published recently in the journal Science suggests that firstborns do turn out sharper than their brothers and sisters, no matter how parents try to compensate. Is Cleveland wrong? Is Arthur destined to be the smart sibling just because he had the good luck to be born first?For decades, scientists have been squabbling over birth order like siblings fighting over a toy. Some of them say being a first-, middle- or lastborn has significant effects on intelligence. Others say that s nonsense, The spat goes back at least as far as Alfred Adler, a Freud-era psychologist who argued that firstborns had an edge. Other psychologists found his theory easy to believemiddle and youngest kids already had a bad rap, thanks to everything from primogeniture laws to the Prodigal Son. When they set out to confirm the birth-order effects Adler had predicted, they found some evidence. Dozens of studies over the next several decades showed small differences in IQ; scholastic-aptitude tests and other measures of achievement So did anecdata suggesting that firstborns were more likely to win Nobel Prizes or become (ahem) prominent psychologists.But even though the scientists were turning up birth-order patterns easily, they couldn tpin down a cause. Perhaps, one theory went, the mother s body was somehow attacking the lateroffspring in uterus. Maternal antibody levels do increase with each successive pregnancy. Butthere s no evidence that this leads to differences in intelligence, and the new study in Silence,based on records from nearly a quarter of a million young Norwegian men, strikes down theantibody hypothesis. It looks at kids who are the eldest by accident-those whose older siblingsdie in infancy--as well as those who are true firstborns. Both groups rack up the same highscores on IQ tests. Whatever is lowering the latterborns scores, it isn t prenatal biology, sincebeing raised as the firstborn, not actually being the firstborn, is what counts.The obvious culprits on the nurture side are parents. But it s hard to think that favoritism toward firstborns exists in modem society. Most of us no longer view secondborn as second best, and few parents will admit to treating their kids differently. In surveys, they generally say they give their children equal attention. Kids concur, reporting that they feel they re treated fairly.Maybe, then, the problem with latterborns isn t nature or nurture-maybe there simply isn t a problem. Not all the research shows a difference in intelligence. A pivotal 2000 study by Joe Rodgers ,now a professor emeritus at the University of Oklahoma, found no link between birth order and smarts. And an earlier study of American families found that the youngest kids, not theoldest, did best in school. From that work, say psychologist Judith Rich Harris, a prominent critic of birth-order patterns, it s clear that the impression that the firstborn is more often the academic achiever is false.Meanwhile, many of the studies showing a birth-order pattern in IQ have a big, fat,methodological flaw. The Norwegian Science study is an example, says Cleveland: It scomparing Bill, the first child in one family; to Bob, the second child in another family. Thatwould be fine if all families were identical, but of course they aren t. The study controls forvariables such as parental education and family size. But Rodgers, the Oklahoma professor,notes that there are hundreds of other factors in play; and because it s so hard to discountall of them, he s not sure whether the patterns in the Science article are real.No one is more sensitive to that criticism than the Norwegian scientists. In fact, theyalready have an answer ready in the form of a second paper. Soon to be published in thejournal Intelligence, it s, similar to the Science study except for one big thing: instead ofcomparing Bill to Bob, it compares Bill to younger brothers Barry and Barney. The samebirth- order pattern shows up: the firstborns, on average, score about two points higher thantheir secondborn brothers, and hapless thirdborns do even worse. The purpose of thetwo papers was exactly the same, says Petter Kristensen of Norway s National Instituteof Occupational Health, who led both new studies. But this second one is much more comprehensive, and in a sense it s better than the Science paper. The data are there--within families, birth order really does seem linked to brain power. Even the critics have to soften their positions a little. The Intelligence study must be taken very seriously says Rodgers.No one, not even Kristensen, thinks the debate is over For one thing, there s still that argument about what s causing birth-order effects. It s possible, says UC Berkeley researcher Frank Sulloway, that trying .to treat kids in an evenhanded way in fact results in inequity. Well-meaning parents may end up shortchanging middleborns because there s one thing they can t equalize: at no point in the middle child s life does he get to be the only kid inthe house. Alternatively, says Sulloway; there s the theory he has his money on, the family- niche hypothesis Older kids, whether out of desire or necessity axe often called on to be assistant parents, he notes. Getting that early- taste of responsibility may prime them for achievement later on. If they think Oh, I m supposed to be more intelligent so I d betterdo my homework, it doesn t matter if they actually are more-intelligent, says Sulloway, Itbecomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. If the firstborns homework involves reading Science and Intelligence, there ll be no stopping them now.词汇注解重点单词embark / im ba:k/【文中释义】v.着手，从事【大纲全义】v. (使)上船(或飞机，汽车等)：着手，从事extra / ekstr /【文中释义】adj.额外的【大纲全义】adj额外的，附加的n.附加物，额外的东西adv.特别地compensate / kɔmpənseit/【文中释义】v.补偿，弥补【大纲全义】v.(for)补偿，赔偿，抵消nonsense / nɔnsəns/【文中释义】n.荒谬的言行，胡话【大纲全义】n.胡说，废话;冒失(或轻浮)的行为rap / r p/【文中释义】n.不公正的判决，苛评【大纲全义】n.叩击，轻拍，斤责，急敲(声);不公正的判决，苛评，v. 敲，拍，打，斤责，使着迷predict / pri dikt/【文中释义】v.预言【大纲全义】v.预言，预测，预告prominent / prɔminənt/【文中释义】adj杰出的【大纲全义】adj.突起的，凸出的;突出的，杰出的offspring /ɔfspriŋ; (us) ɔ:f-/【文中释义】n..子孙,后代【大纲全义】n. 子孙,后代,结果，产物;(动物的)崽successive /sək sesiv/【文中释义】adj.连续的【大纲全义】adj.接连的，连续的pregnancy / Pregnənsi/【文中释义】n.怀孕【大纲全义】n.妊振;怀孕(期);(事件等的)酝酿;(内容)充实，富有意义nurture / nə: tʃə/【文中释义】n.养育，教育【大纲全义】n.营养品;养育，培养，滋养v. 给予营养物，养育，培养，滋养超纲单词egalitarian n. 平等主义sibling n. 兄弟妞妹squabble v. 为争吵spat n. 争吵primogeniture n. 长子身份aptitude n. 才能，资质anecdata n. 二逸事证据prenatal adj. 产前的，出生前的重点段落译文两周前，伯克利夫兰和他的妻子进行了一项非常不科学的实验他们生下了他们的第一个孩子。
科技英语
• 《Gone with wind》：
Home! I‘ll go home, and I‘ll think of some way to get him back. After all, tomorrow is another day.
• 《Titanic》：
Jack: Listen, Rose. You're going to get out of here. You're going to go on. You're going to make lots of babies, and you're going to watch them grow. You' re going to die and old, an old lady in her warm bed, not here, not this night, not like this. Do you understand me?
Word building（构词法）
• A common way of making new words in English is by adding standard combinations of letters to existing words, either at the beginning (prefixes) or at the end (suffixes).
- acryl-意为“丙稀”, -nitrile意为“腈”。通过词素语义 的分析“polyacrylonitrile”一词的汉意就弄清楚了,即“聚丙 烯腈”。
一些化合物的名称： methyltrichlorosilane 甲基三氯硅烷 聚四氟乙烯
polytetrafluoroethylene
《科技英语》第二阶段在线作业
试题1．第1题单选题Every year we say we’ll spend less at Christmas, andevery year it still _______.A、keeps under controlB、comes to the endC、gets out of handD、goes beyond reach标准答案：C2．第2题单选题Tom's father, as well as his mother, _____ in New Yorkfor a few days more.A、ask him to stayB、asks him to stayC、ask he should stayD、asks he should stay标准答案：B3．第3题单选题The International Whaling Commission warns that if nothing is done to save the whales now the specieswill soon be _______.A、imitatedB、intimatedC、contaminatedD、exterminated标准答案：D4．第4题单选题The receptionist, _____ job was to answer the phone, had laryngitis（喉炎）.A、whoseB、whichC、to whomD、that标准答案：A5．第5题单选题If we had known that she had planned to go abroad today, we _____ at the airport.A、would see her offB、would have seen her offC、should see her offD、must have seen her off标准答案：B6．第6题单选题The longer the economic decline is allowed to go on, the more difficult it will be to ______ it.A、underlineB、upsetC、resumeD、reverse标准答案：D7．第7题单选题He is a strange character，_________is very hard to get along with.A、whoB、whichC、thatD、where标准答案：A8．第8题单选题I chose a small room with the window _____ the street.A、 facesB、facedC、facingD、to face标准答案：C9．第9题单选题The oil spillage in the Gulf was of such _______ that its effects will last for decades.A、magnificenceB、maintenanceC、magnitudeD、manipulation标准答案：C10．第10题单选题The following year, ______ victories in local elections strengthened the Conservatives’ position.A、a series ofB、a link ofC、a pattern ofD、a connection of标准答案：A11．第11题单选题The present wave of strikes ______ from discontent among the lower-paid.A、stemsB、trapsC、raisesD、ranges标准答案：A12．第12题单选题---It's too bad Rhonda is moving to Arizona.---I wish it _____ so far away.A、weren'tB、couldn't beC、won't beD、isn't标准答案：A13．第13题单选题Most schools have plans in place for ______ to fires, fights, medical emergencies and other situations that call for quick assessment and decisive action.A、convertingB、 respectingC、restoringD、responding标准答案：D14．第14题单选题The opposing political party is getting ready to ______ apowerful attack on the government.A、intendB、 imprintC、castD、mount标准答案：D15．第15题单选题Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _____obtaining water is not the least.A、of whichB、for whichC、to whichD、on which标准答案：A16．第16题单选题Winning by a narrow ______, the Lakers now go on to play in the championship. .A、combatB、marginC、fringeD、conquest标准答案：B17．第17题单选题On the whole speculation is ______ upon because it sometimes drives prices up.A、frownedB、disapprovedC、representedD、affected标准答案：A18．第18题单选题He believes in himself, _________, in my opinion, is of great importance.A、 thatB、whichC、whatD、as标准答案：B19．第19题单选题I suppose you couldn't let me borrow your car this evening, _____?A、couldn't youB、don't youC、could youD、will you标准答案：C20．第20题单选题_____ I don't like are the long, dark nights of winter.A、ThatB、WhatC、WhichD、This标准答案：B试卷总得分：35.0试卷总批注：。
第二章 科技英语词汇
2.2 科技英语词汇的类别
科技英语词汇分为专业词汇、次技术词汇、功能词汇和一般 词汇四种。 Scientific English 专业词汇是指那些科技文献中使用的专有名词和术词，例 如，topology（拓朴）geophysics（地球物理学）biochemistry （生物化学）phosphate（磷酸盐）等，它们的特点是词义单 一，表达专业上某一种具有确切定义的概念。 次技术词汇源出于一般词汇，随着科学技术的发展，其意义 有所护展，在科技文献中使用时，可能具有原来的含义，又 能用作专门的科技术语，如 conductor（指导者；导体）， energy（活力；能量），power（能力；功率），work（工 作，功）等。
8
Scientific English
英 acute Scientific English anaesthesia bacterium definite dense disperse error gypsum
拉 acute anaesthesia bacterium definite dense disperse error gypsum
汉 渠道，管 容量，能力 收集 补偿 坚持，组成 栽培，文化 宣告，表明，申报 限制，下定义 使变形
13
英 degenerate desert Scientific English design educate form military physics professor regression
拉 degenero deserta designo educo forma militaris physicus professor regressio
16
（2） 科技英语专指性极强 在谈及科技英语和一般英语区别时，我们提到科技英 语所用词含义单一，不象一般英语那样具有一词多用，一 Scientific English 词多义的特点。为了准确表达科技概念，欧、美等地科学 家写作时有选用源于拉丁语词汇的倾向，在有两个以上同 义词可表达同一概念时，往往选用源于拉丁语的词，特别 是动词，多半用拉丁词源的动词，而不大用短语动词，如 用add或insert，不用put in，用consume或exhaust不用use up。短语动词和拉丁动词属于不同文体，因此写科技文章 时，应尽量保持使用同一种文体的动词，下面举几个例子 说明这两种文体的差别。
科技英语写作Unit 2
(2) Be Specific
What titles are specific? In preparing the title of a paper, a general
and abstract title should be avoided. For example, such a title as Computer Retrieval will be regarded as too general and global, vague and empty, telling the reader nothing specific. It would be better to change the title into something like Computer Retrieval on Literature of Physics, or Computer Retrieval on International Conference Information, according to the content of the paper.
General Functions
GAF G – generalizing the text A - Attracting the reader F – Facilitating the retrieval
(1) Generalizing the Text
A title should summarize the central idea
Linguistic Features
2 points:
More nouns, nouns
phrases and gerunds An incomplete sentence
科技英语第二单元译文
第二单元能源课文A替代能源的前景美国能源部(DOE)预测，美国居民所使用的能源将在2025年前增加25﹪。
增加的电能中将有一小部分来源于再生能源，而且这部分还会不断增大，这些再生能源包括风力、阳光、水以及地热。
美国能源部称，去年全国能源供应总量中替代能源占6%。
美国太阳能协会执行主席布拉德·柯林斯说：“未来属于再生能源，”该协会是一个非赢利性质的组织，总部设在科罗拉多州的博尔德。
柯林斯还说：“虽然科学家和行业专家对于世界石油和天然气究竟还能供应多久这一问题仍有争议，但可以确定的是这些能源的供应终究要枯竭的。
”较之传统方法生产的能源，再生能源虽然普遍昂贵一些，但是，这些替代能源有利于减少污染，节省矿物燃料。
位于科罗拉多戈尔登市的美国能源部国家再生能源实验室(NREL)的高级工程师保罗·托斯理尼说：“有时人们考虑的只是节省成本的问题。
但它也是一个价值观的问题和我们应当把钱花在哪的问题。
”下面让我们看看再生能源技术的最新开发成果。
太阳能光电（或太阳能发电）系统的原理是将从太阳辐射中获得的光能转变成电力。
现在，小到家用电器，大到办公楼的电气设备，都可以利用太阳能发电。
科技的进步降低了太阳能发电设备的成本。
美国太阳能协会执行主柯林斯说，20世纪80年代，用光电器件获取的能源其平均价格为每千瓦时95美分，而现在这个价格已降低到约20美分。
据美国能源部《能源年刊》报道，既使是比较低廉的价格仍然大大高于全国平均电价，2003年的电价平均仅为每千瓦时8美分多一点。
其他的先进技术还包括“薄膜”光电技术，这是一种高科技涂层，可以将贴附有这种薄膜的任何物体的表层转变成太阳能源。
使用这种薄膜的船只和娱乐用车现在已经上市。
工程师还将这种可以发电的薄膜覆盖在屋顶材料上。
托斯理尼说“人们在安装屋顶的同时也安装了太阳能板”。
这种材料不仅可以抵抗恶劣的天气，而且在晴天可以吸收太阳光发电。
同时，国家再生能源实验室在研制开发效率更高价格更低的太阳能发电系统。
科技英语(2)
第一章概论一、科技英语翻译的标准准确规范，通顺易懂, 简洁明晰。
准确规范Samples 1We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel.Three of Archimedes’s extant works are devoted to plane geometry.Translate by yourself 1:1．The power plant is the heart of a ship.发电设备是船只的核心。
2．The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一个50马力的发动机。
3．The largest and most expensive products can not, because of their size, be testable in the factory.这个大型又昂贵的产品由于它的型号问题不能在这间工厂里测试，通顺易懂Samples 2A more common way of joining these metal pieces together is to weld them.Molten salts range from ideally ionic fluids to molecular melts and liquid.These compressors have proved themselves useful in a variety of ways in installations where large volumes of air or other gases are compressed.Translate by yourself 2:1．Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.被称为晶体管的半导体装置正在许多应用中取代电子管。
科技英语阅读(李健版)翻译u2
替代能源的前景据美国能源部预测，至2025年美国的家用耗电将增加百分之二十五，增加的电量中将有一小部分来源于再生能源（如风、阳光、水、地热），而且这部分还会不断增大。
据美国能源部统计，去年替代能源的供电比例占百分之六。
美国太阳能协会（该协会是一个位于科罗拉多州博德市的非盈利性组织）的主管布拉德•柯林斯说：“未来属于可再生能源。
尽管就世界石油和天然气可以持续多久，科学家和工业专家可能有不同观点，但是油气资源终将耗尽。
”尽管可再生能源通常比传统能源更昂贵，但是替代能源有助于减少污染、保护矿物燃料。
美国能源部国家再生能源实验室（位于科罗拉多州戈尔登市）的一位高级工程师保罗•陶塞列尼说：“有时人们考虑的只是节省成本的问题，但是这可能是一个价值观念的问题，一个我们把钱用于何处的问题。
”接下来我们一起了解关于可再生能源技术的新发展太阳能光电系统获取太阳光线的光能并将其转化成电。
现在这些太阳能设备可以为各种建筑供电，小到家庭大到办公楼。
技术进步使得光电设备更加划算。
20世纪80年代，光电系统供电的平均价格为每千瓦时95美分；而根据美国太阳能协会的统计，如今这一价格已降至每千瓦时20美分左右。
即使略微便宜的光电价格仍然高于全国电价的平均价格，据美国能源部发行的《能源周刊》统计，2003年每千瓦时的电价均价略高于8美分。
其他最新的发展包括薄膜光电技术，这种高科技的涂层能够将任何覆盖此类薄膜的表面转化成一种光电电源。
使用这种薄膜技术的轮船和娱乐用车目前已上市销售。
工程师们也研究出一种涂有发电薄膜的屋顶材料，这种屋顶材料耐严寒，而且在阳光明媚的时候可以利用太阳光发电。
与此同时，美国可再生能源实验室的研究人员正在研发更为高效、价格更低的光电系统。
目前市场上大多数传统光电设备可以将百分之十一至百分之十三的太阳光转化成能量，工程师们认为可以提高这一比例。
华盛顿地区的一位光电工程师杰夫•梅泽说现在的多数薄膜光电系统的效能等级为百分之七至百分之十一。
科技英语uint 2课件
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网关在传输层上以实现网络互连，仅用于两个高层协议不同的 网络互连。网关是一种充当转换重任的计算机系统或设备。在 使用不同的通信协议、数据格式或语言，甚至体系结构完全不 同的两种系统之间，网关是一个翻译器。同时，网关也可以提 供过滤和安全功能。大多数网关运行在应用层。
3.1 Networking
• Various configurations, called topologies, have been used to administer LANs. A star topology centers around connectedto which nodes are one node to a single • In a ring topology connects all nodes inall A bus topology, all and through which all messages a others are connected communication line that carries messages intravel in one closedA star network puts amessages on the loop on which huge burden both are sent. directions. The nodes on the bus check any message central node. The nodes of a are not addressed direction. sent on the bus, but ignore any that ring network pass to them. messages until they reach their along destination.