语用学讲义3:合作原则与会话含义ppt课件

——Mike loves cherry pie. As far as he’s concerned, one can ruin a cherry pie, and Annie knows this.
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4、假设你是一位主考官,你在考虑X是否适 合一份需要较高写作能力的工作。你已经写 信给他的老师请她评价他在该学科的表现。 你收到以下回复:
Jean: I’ve done the reading lists.
(d)Phil: His garden looks awful.
Terry: Well,Steve’s got those dogs now.
(e)Annie: I thought the pie would cheer you up.
B: Her father didn’t give her any supper. (She didn’t have any supper.)
(d)A: Is Mike engaged? B: He’s bought a ring. (Mike is engaged.)
(e)A: You look pleased. B: I managed to pass the exam. (I try to pass the exam )
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6、以下划线的每句话后面的括号里的解释是预设还是会话含义? (a)A: My boyfriend lives in Luton.
B: My boyfriend lives in Paris. (I have a boyfriend.) (b)A: What?
B: Why are you laughing at me? (You are laughing at me) (c)A: Why is she eating those?
Mike: Annie,cherry pie is cherry pie.
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3.回到练习1.如果你有以下信息的话你考虑第1 个说话人是如何理解第2个说话人的回答的。
——Pink is Mary’s favourite colour and Virginia knows this.
——James has to stay up all night to study for an exam and Maggie knows this.
What maxim does the teacher seem to flout?
What implicature would you draw about X’s writing skills?
Why do you think the teacher phrased her
response this way?
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5、Speech therapist:So you like ice-cream. What are you favourite flavours?
Child with a pragmatic disorder: hamburger…fish and chips.
这个孩子没有遵守哪条准则?你认为他是违 背还是违反该准则?
“X has regularly and punctually attended all
my classes. All his assignments were handed
in on time and very neatly presented. I greatly
enjoyed having X in my class. ”
Mike: No. (Mike knows he’s passed the driving test.)
(b) Annie: Do you want seconds? Mike: gmmm uh mmm (Mike’s just had his wisdom teeth extracted.)
(c) Annie: I really liked that dinner. Mike: I’m a vegetarian.
第4讲 合作原则与会话含义
1
1、以下对话中第二个说话人的意思是什么?请你
将其真实意思解释出来,并说明你是如何推导出这 些意思来的。
(a)Virginia: Do you like my new hat?
Mary: It’s pink.
(b)Maggie: Coffee?
James: It’s would keep me awake all night.
Terry: Well,Steve’s got those dogs now.
(e)Annie: Was the dessert any good?
Mike: Annie,cherry pie is cherry pie.
2
2、同以上联系类似。
(a)Virginia: Try the roast pork.
(f)A: Did you finish that report? B: I started it. (I didn’t finish the report)
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7、以下例子违反了哪个准则?你认为违反的例子,可以推导出 什么样的会话含义。方括弧里是背景信息。 (a)Annie: Mike, did you pass the driving test?
Mary: It’s pink.
(b)Maggie: We went to see The Omen last
night but it wasn’t very scary.
James: It’s would keep me awake all night.
(c)Linda: You look very pleased with yourself.
(c)Linda: Have you finished the student
evaluation forms and the reading lists?
Jean: I’ve done the reading lists.
(d)Phil: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?
合集下载

会话合作原则ppt课件

会话合作原则ppt课件

•
2、不可分离性 常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如病毒感染的防控知识介绍责任那些事浅谈用人单位承担的社会保险法律责任和案例分析现代农业示范工程设施红地球葡萄栽培培训材料
即除了背景知识外,说话人所说的
话的内容而非它的句法形式在产生会话含义中起作用。
一个人不可能通过改变同一内容的不同讲法来改变会话
含义。例如,第一次约会后,介绍人问女方是否喜欢男 方: A:你觉得对方怎么样?
已做论述,这里仅举例说明。例如:约会后,男方问
女方是否喜欢自己: A:你喜欢我吗?
•
B:你说呢?
• B在回答A的问题是明显违反了质、量和关系准则。但 如何结合具体语境,B的含义应该很容易被推导出来 。如果当时气氛融合,双方和颜悦色,女方语气温柔 甜美,B想表达的一定是肯定的含义。相反,如果当 时气氛紧张,双方剑拔弩张,女方语气怒气冲冲,B 想表
话并不限于作一种解释,由于说话人和听话人所作的不同假设
,同一句话可能会有不同的含义。例如,A和B两位股友近日在
股市中损失惨重。某日,两人见面,互问彼此情况:
• A:最近休息怎么样?
• B:别提了,我是寝食难安,日日失眠呀。你怎么样?
• A:我现在睡觉像婴儿一样。
• B:没想到你这么看得开,损失那么多,还能安然入睡。
常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如 病毒感 染的防 控知识 介绍责 任那些 事浅谈 用人单 位承担 的社会 保险法 律责任 和案例 分析现 代农业 示范工 程设施 红地球 葡萄栽 培培训 材料
会话含义特征之可推导性
• 1、可取消性
• 指在一定的语言或非语言的语境之中, 一个句子原来所具有的会话含义可能会 消失(何兆熊,1999:161)。按照 Yule (2000:44) 的观点,会话含义 是由听话者根据具体语境推导所得而非 说话者所说话语的字面意义,因此说话 者可以通过特定手段以否认听话者的推 论。通过不同方法,一句话的会话含义 可以被置疑、被否认、被加强。

语用学讲义(课堂PPT)

语用学讲义(课堂PPT)
• 也可以这样来理解以上三者之间的关系:句法学回 答的问题是:句子是按什么规则组成的?语义学回 答的问题是:意义是按什么方法确定的?语用学回 答的问题是:语言的使用在一定的语言环境里产生 了什么样的影响和效果?
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四、语用学的定义(1) • A recall of semantics:
– Semantics deals with: What does X mean? (X stands for a linguistic expression)
• 1986 年 总 部 设 在 比 利 时 的 国 际 语 用 学 学 会 (the International Pragmatics Association, 简称IPrA)创立。
• In China, CPrA
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(二)语用学的任务
• 莫里斯和卡尔纳普认为:句法、语义、语用构成语 言的三个基本方面。句法学研究符号与符号之间的 关系,语义学研究符号与所指事物之间的关系,语 用学研究符号与使用者之间的关系,因而它研究的 是特定情景中的特定话语,特别是研究在不同的语 言交际环境下如何运用语言。
语用学的三个源头 (2)
源头之二:心理学(实践启示)
行为心理学:理性、意图
Pragmatics is the study of interpretation from the perspective of psychology.
In pragmatic discussions, the question is not what form the recovered information might take, but how it is recovered.
• 规则性表现在以下几个方面 :
• 一是语言运用都在遵循一定的交际原则:语言运用是 在特定语境中进行的,说话人怎样使自己的话语适应 特定语境,听话人怎样根据具体语境理解说话人的意 思,都是有规则可循的。

会话含义与合作原则

会话含义与合作原则

会话含义与合作原则美国语言哲学家格赖斯为了保证谈话顺利进行,谈话双方必须共同遵守一些准则,特别是在1967年提出的“合作原则”。

当谈话一方不遵守合作原则而又不是为了说谎为目的即故意违反准则,于是就产生会话含义。

会话含义就是一种超出语句本身意义范围的意义,即说话者的“言外之意”。

一般来说,人们可以通过违反合作原则中的质、量、关系原则和利用方式准则来表达或推导出会话含义,来表达与字面意思不同的没有说出来的含义,回避志杰说出想表达的意思,含蓄的表达自己的真实意图。

会话含义一般可以分为两类:一般含义和特殊含义。

一般含义是指在遵守合作原则中的默想准则是带有的含义。

特殊含义是指在有意违反合作原则中的某项原则,在特定的语境中推导出来的含义。

会话含义的特征可以归纳为:可取消性、不可分离性、可推导性、非规约性和不确定性。

概要:一、会话含义的由来二、合作原则的几项原则:质的原则量的原则关系原则礼貌原则三、会话含义的产生方法:违反质的原则:故意提供不足的信息,提供没有必要的信息违反量的原则:说一些不符合事实的话;说一些荒唐的话违反关系原则利用礼貌原则:使用有歧义的词语:使用不必要的词语;打乱叙述顺序四、会话含义的种类:一般会话含义和特殊会话含义五、会话含义的特点:可取消性、不可分离性、可推导性、非规约性和不确定性关键词:会话含义合作原则违反谈话C onversational Implicature and Cooperative PrincipleAmerican linguistics H.P.Grice once gave in 1967.In the speech, Grice said, the two sides of the conversation must obey some basic rules, especially the “cooperative principle”, to ensure that the conversation can go on propitiously. When one side of the principle doesn’t want to lie, conversational implicature comes out. Conversational implicature is a kind of meaning, which is beyond the sentence itself. Generally speaking, people can violate the maxim of quality, quantity, and relation and use the maxim of the manner to produce conversational implicature, which send the unsaid meaning of the words. Generally speaking, conversational implicature can be divided into two kinds: generalized implicature and particularized implicature. Generalized implcature refers to an implicature, which obeys the cooperative principle and also has the meaning. Particularized implicature refers to the implicature that violates some of the cooperative principle and makes the meaning in some specially context. The features of the conversational implicature: cancelability, no detachability, calculability, non-conventionality and indeterminacy:Key words:Conversational implicature cooperative principle violate conversationC onversational Implicature and Cooperative PrincipleAmerican linguistics H.P.Grice once gave speeches in 1967.In the speech. Grice said, the two sides of the conversation must obey some basic rules, especially the “cooperative principle”,to ensure that the conversation can go on propitiously. He believed the two sides of the conversation should have a same wish: the two sides can understand each other. So both of them obey some cooperative principles to achieve the aim. However, Grice said, not all the people in the conversation obey the rules. Once one side finds the other side not obey the cooperative principle, he will make himself try his best to understand the unsaid meaning in the conversation. So the conversational implicature comes out.As the conversational implicature has a close relationship with the co operational principle, we will introduce the cooperative principle first. In a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate;Otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle.There are four main maxims in the cooperative principle:●The maxim of quality: make your contribution as informative as required(for thecurrent purpose of the exchange);Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.●The maxim of quality: do not say what you believe to be false; do not say that forwhich you back adequate evidence.●The maxim of relation: the words have a relationship with other factors.The maxim of manner: avoid obscurity of expression; avoid ambiguity; be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity); be orderly.The conversational implicature is a meaning out of the sentence itself; it is the speaker’s meaning under the literal. In the real life, people often violate some principles to sent some dark meaning.The meaning related with the cooperative principle may become by the following ways:First, to violate the maxim of quality1.Offer the deficient information on purpose.E.g.:One farmer meets Sam and says:“Hey, Sam, my horse’s got distemper. What did you give yours hen he had it?”“Turpentine,” grunted Sam.A week later they meet again and the first farmer shouts:“Sam, I gave my horse turpentine like you said and it killed him.”“S o did mine.” nodded Sam.第一位农妇的真正目的不仅是向Sam了解马病用了什么药,而且想了解治疗的结果,但通过对话它实际上只达到了一半的目标。

合作原则ppt课件

合作原则ppt课件
• Paul Grice proposed that all speakers, regardless of their cultural background, adhere to a basic principle governing conversation which he termed The Cooperative Principle . Under this principle fall four categories of maxim.
想买一部。 B:唉,之前那部被人偷啦.这部前天才买的,花了我两 千多呢!
2. A:“你用想了应x聘x我产们公品司,这今份工年作2的0,话,明必年须1达8到。我”们的招
聘要求。我们要求有5年以上工作经验的,你符合要求吗?
B作:经“当皇验然)上啦万!我岁在万这岁行干万了万超岁过8!年啦”!( 其实根本没有工
E.g.
A. Let’s get the kids something. B. Okay, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.
4
• Grice提出了“言外之意”的理论。凡用逻辑语义 理论解决不了的意义,则需要借助“言外之意” 理论加以解决。言外之意有多种,其中突出的就 是“会话含义”。会话含义是人们根据会话原则 是否得到遵守而推导出来的一种意义,这是随语 境变化而变化的语用意义。
5
Cooperation Principle
A:那么请问你之前八年在哪里高就呢?主要负责哪方面 的工作? B:。。。
13
Relation 相关
• Be relevant. 话题要相关。 说话要相关,贴切。
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E.g. 1. A:我家来客人了,不够地方住,可以去你家住两晚吗?

会话含义与合作原则

会话含义与合作原则

会话含义与合作原则美国语言哲学家格赖斯为了保证谈话顺利进行,谈话双方必须共同遵守一些准则,特别是在1967年提出的“合作原则”。

当谈话一方不遵守合作原则而又不是为了说谎为目的即故意违反准则,于是就产生会话含义。

会话含义就是一种超出语句本身意义范围的意义,即说话者的“言外之意”。

一般来说,人们可以通过违反合作原则中的质、量、关系原则和利用方式准则来表达或推导出会话含义,来表达与字面意思不同的没有说出来的含义,回避志杰说出想表达的意思,含蓄的表达自己的真实意图。

会话含义一般可以分为两类:一般含义和特殊含义。

一般含义是指在遵守合作原则中的默想准则是带有的含义。

特殊含义是指在有意违反合作原则中的某项原则,在特定的语境中推导出来的含义。

会话含义的特征可以归纳为:可取消性、不可分离性、可推导性、非规约性和不确定性。

概要:一、会话含义的由来二、合作原则的几项原则:质的原则量的原则关系原则礼貌原则三、会话含义的产生方法:违反质的原则:故意提供不足的信息,提供没有必要的信息违反量的原则:说一些不符合事实的话;说一些荒唐的话违反关系原则利用礼貌原则:使用有歧义的词语:使用不必要的词语;打乱叙述顺序四、会话含义的种类:一般会话含义和特殊会话含义五、会话含义的特点:可取消性、不可分离性、可推导性、非规约性和不确定性关键词:会话含义合作原则违反谈话C onversational Implicature and Cooperative PrincipleAmerican linguistics H.P.Grice once gave in 1967.In the speech, Grice said, the two sides of the conversation must obey some basic rules, especially the “cooperative principle”, to ensure that the conversation can go on propitiously. When one side of the principle doesn’t want to lie, conversational implicature comes out. Conversational implicature is a kind of meaning, which is beyond the sentence itself. Generally speaking, people can violate the maxim of quality, quantity, and relation and use the maxim of the manner to produce conversational implicature, which send the unsaid meaning of the words. Generally speaking, conversational implicature can be divided into two kinds: generalized implicature and particularized implicature. Generalized implcature refers to an implicature, which obeys the cooperative principle and also has the meaning. Particularized implicature refers to the implicature that violates some of the cooperative principle and makes the meaning in some specially context. The features of the conversational implicature: cancelability, no detachability, calculability, non-conventionality and indeterminacy:Key words:Conversational implicature cooperative principle violate conversationC onversational Implicature and Cooperative PrincipleAmerican linguistics H.P.Grice once gave speeches in 1967.In the speech. Grice said, the two sides of the conversation must obey some basic rules, especially the “cooperative principle”,to ensure that the conversation can go on propitiously. He believed the two sides of the conversation should have a same wish: the two sides can understand each other. So both of them obey some cooperative principles to achieve the aim. However, Grice said, not all the people in the conversation obey the rules. Once one side finds the other side not obey the cooperative principle, he will make himself try his best to understand the unsaid meaning in the conversation. So the conversational implicature comes out.As the conversational implicature has a close relationship with the co operational principle, we will introduce the cooperative principle first. In a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate;Otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle.There are four main maxims in the cooperative principle:●The maxim of quality: make your contribution as informative as required(for thecurrent purpose of the exchange);Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.●The maxim of quality: do not say what you believe to be false; do not say that forwhich you back adequate evidence.●The maxim of relation: the words have a relationship with other factors.The maxim of manner: avoid obscurity of expression; avoid ambiguity; be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity); be orderly.The conversational implicature is a meaning out of the sentence itself; it is the speaker’s meaning under the literal. In the real life, people often violate some principles to sent some dark meaning.The meaning related with the cooperative principle may become by the following ways:First, to violate the maxim of quality1.Offer the deficient information on purpose.E.g.:One farmer meets Sam and says:“Hey, Sam, my horse’s got distemper. What did you give yours hen he had it?”“Turpentine,” grunted Sam.A week later they meet again and the first farmer shouts:“Sam, I gave my horse turpentine like you said and it killed him.”“S o did mine.” nodded Sam.第一位农妇的真正目的不仅是向Sam了解马病用了什么药,而且想了解治疗的结果,但通过对话它实际上只达到了一半的目标。

grice语用学

grice语用学

grice语用学
摘要:
1.简介
- 什么是语用学
- 格赖斯(Grice) 的贡献
2.合作原则
- 准则1:质量准则
- 准则2:数量准则
- 准则3:关系准则
- 准则4:方式准则
3.会话含义理论
- 最佳解释原则
- 遵守合作原则的会话含义
- 违反合作原则的会话含义
4.应用与影响
- 语言学领域
- 人工智能与自然语言处理
正文:
语用学是研究语言在实际使用中的现象和规律的学科。

在语用学领域,格赖斯(Grice) 的理论贡献不可忽视。

他提出了著名的合作原则,对语用学的发展产生了深远影响。

格赖斯的合作原则包括四个准则,分别是:质量准则、数量准则、关系准则和方式准则。

这些准则指导着我们在交际过程中如何有效地传递和理解信息。

质量准则是要求说话者尽可能提供真实、准确、完整的信息。

数量准则要求说话者提供的信息量应该恰好满足听话者的需求,既不要过多也不要过少。

关系准则要求说话者提供的信息要与上下文相关,有助于听话者理解。

方式准则则要求说话者以清晰、简洁、有序的方式传递信息。

在合作原则的基础上,格赖斯提出了会话含义理论。

该理论认为,在会话中,说话者通过遵守合作原则传递交际意图,而听话者则通过最佳解释原则来理解说话者的意图。

最佳解释原则是指,在所有可能的解释中,听话者应选择最符合合作原则的那一个。

在实际应用中,格赖斯的理论对语言学领域产生了深远的影响,为语用学的研究提供了有力的理论支持。

此外,在人工智能和自然语言处理领域,格赖斯的理论也发挥着重要作用,为计算机理解和生成自然语言提供了理论依据。

会话含义与合作原则

会话含义与合作原则来源:英语专业论文介绍了格赖斯地合作原则和会话含义学说,并通过汉英两种语言中地实例,探讨了合作原则在话含义解读中地作用.b5E2R。

语用学;合作原则;会话含义引言首先把人们地交际行为系统地归结为规律地是美国伯克利加州大学地哲学教授格赖斯().他于年在哈佛大学地一次讲演中,论述了“合作原则”()地具体内容,及其制约“会话含义”()产生地过程.这篇演讲所提出地会话含义学说,在语言学界引起了巨大反响.此后,对这一学说地研究经久不衰,研究成果纷至沓来.p1Ean。

年,英国语言学者及分别在其新作《语用学》与《语用学原则》中,把格赖斯地会话含义学说誉为语用学地一个重要理论.DXDiT。

我国学者程雨民、陈融较为详细地介绍了格赖斯地合作原则和会话含义学说.其后,钱冠连对格赖斯地合作原则和下属各条会话准则提出不同地看法,表现出我国学者在理论探索方面地勇气.另外,刘福长、钱冠连分别从不同地角度,使用合作原则下不同地会话准则,解释一、二个实际问题,起到了理论和实际相结合地示范作用.笔者试图从汉语和英语两个方面、从实证地角度,进一步探讨合作原则在会话含义解读中地作用.二、合作原则和会话含义格赖斯指出,会话是受到一定条件制约地.人们交谈之所以能够顺利进行,是以为双方都遵循一定地目地,相互配合默契.他把说话者和听话者在会话中应该共同遵守地原则称为合作原则.RTCrp。

合作原则包含以下个准则:.量地准则( )()所说地话应包含当前交谈地目地所需要地信息;()所说地话不应包含超出需要地信息..质地准则( ):要说真话()不要说自知是虚假地话;()不要说缺乏证据地话..关系准则( ):要有关联,要切题.方式准则( ):要明白清楚()避免晦涩;()避免歧义;()简明扼要;()井井有条.如果在交际中说话人地话语在表面上违反了合作原则,那么,他可能是故意这样做地,听话人就要根据当时地语境,推断出说话人表面违反合作原则地目地,也就是要明白他违反合作原则地隐含意义.格赖斯把这种在言语交际中推出来地隐含意义称作“会话含义”.5PCzV。

言语行为理论合作原则PPT资料(正式版)

Language and society? (pp. It was originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50’s of the 20th century. There are many different kinds of speech acts such as requests, orders, commands, complaints, promises.
analyze both spoken and written discourse.
2
Study focus and key issue (重点与难点)
1. Study focus
Therefore, we should pay special attention to speech acts as language functions, or how language is used to accomplish our tasks and goals.
of a speech or text with the help of the Objectives (教学目的):
1 Austin’s model of speech acts Its basic view is that language is as much a mode of action as it is a means of conveying information.
The basic emphasis of speech act theory is on what an utterer (U) means by his utterance (x) rather than what x means in a language (L).

合作原则介绍ppt课件

(7)A :Where is the milk ? B :I' m going to the supermarket this
afternoon .
从表面看, 上两例中B 的回答都答非所问, 似乎是不合 作的, 但这种现象在日常生活中却是司空见惯的。例(6)中 B 没有直接回答男朋友怎样, 而是通过说男朋友是机器, 让对方揣摩出她男朋友只知工作, 不会体贴自己的含义。 而例(7)中,B 通过说明下午要去超市告诉A 家里没有牛奶 了, 他(她)下午就去买这样一个事实。
在这则对话里,B 的回答从表面上看是不合作的,因为B 的回答显得 答非所问,与A 的问话并不关联,违反了关联准则:A 问的是时 间,而B 却回答邮件已经来过了。但A 可以通过B 的回答,结合 平时邮件什么时候来而推测出现在是什么时间。
17
(6)A :How is your boy friend ? B :Oh , he is a machine .
当代外语研究 第11期,合作原则的哲学轨道
4
合作原则的内容
格赖斯认为, 在所有的语言交际活动中为了达到特定的目标, 说话人和 听话人之间存在着一种默契, 一种双方都应该遵守的原则, 他称这种原 则为会话的合作原则, 他具体将其解释为:
Make your conversational contribution such as is required, the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. ( Grice, 1975: 45) 。 意思即说, 合作原则就是要求每一个交际者在整个交谈过程中所说的 话符合此次交谈的目标和方向。他认为遵守合作原则是使一次交谈能 有效进行下去的基础。同时他具体分析了这个原则所包含的四条准则。

会话含义理论课件

• ①不要说自知是虚假的话; • ②不要说缺乏足够证据的话。
• (3)关系准则( The maxim of Relevance): • 在关系范畴下,只提出一个准则,即所说的话是相关的。 • (4)方式准则( The maxim of Manner): 清楚明白地说出
要说的话,尤其要: • ①避免含混不清; • ②避免歧义; • ③要简短(避免冗长); • ④要有序。
• (4)故意违反或利用某一准则来传递会话含义。说话人 故意不遵守某一条准则,即说话人知道自己违反了某一 条准则,同时还使听话人知道说话人违反了该条准则, 但目的不是中断交谈,而是为了向听话人传递一种新信 息——会话含义。
• 注:格赖斯讨论的违反第一质量准则的例子都是传统 的修辞格,如反语(irony)、隐喻(metaphor)、 缓叙(meiosis)、夸张(hyperbole)。
样,在有些情况下他就会把听话人引入歧途。结果使听 话人产生误解或受骗上当,例如“说谎”。 • (2)说话人宣布不遵守合作原则以及有关准则,例如:“我 不能说更多的话了”;“无可奉告”。 • 注:这两种情况,可能存在言外之意,但不是格赖斯 所谓的“会话含义”。
• (3)说话人可能面临一种“冲突”的情况,即为了维护一条准 则而不得不违反另一条准则。
• 会话含义不是话语的规约意义的部分。既然必须在知 道话语的字面意义之后才能在语境中推导出它的含义, 那么这种含义就不可能属于字面意义。
• 此外,会话含义的非规约性还表现为:话语命题的真假 不会影响到含义的真假,反之亦然。
• 例如,Herb hit Sally .依据“量准则”,这句话含义是〈 Herb didn't kill Sally by hitting her .
5.会话含义(conversational implicature)
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