城市公示语的汉英翻译
浅谈公示语的汉英翻译
经 验 交 流都市家教 272浅谈公示语的汉英翻译350007 福建师范大学外国语学院 福建 福州 郑丽芳On Translation of Public Signs from Chinese to English Foreign Languages Institute， Fujian Normal University， Fuzhou，Fujian， 350007 Zheng Lifang【摘 要】随着中国国际化进程的加快，公示语翻译在我们改革开放和对外交往中显得尤其必要。
但由于种种原因，公示语的翻译存在诸多问题，这极大地影响了我们对外交流的国际形象。
本文对公示语的语言风格及其功能，以及翻译中存在的错误进行了简要介绍，并从翻译美学角度讨论公示语翻译的美学再现。
【关键词】公示语；翻译；美学A b s t r a c t：W i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g internationalization process of China， the translation of public signs play a significant role in the process of China’s opening up and international exchanges， but for various reasons， there are many problems in the translation of public signs， which have greatly affected the international exchanges and damaged China’s image.The paper introduces the language styles and the function of public signs， and some problems existing in translation and also discusses how to integrate aesthetics into the translation.Key Words: Public signs， Translation， Aesthetics一、引言在全球化的今天，中国经济的腾飞，对外开放力度的增加，使得中国与世界间的交流常态化。
公示语的汉英翻译原则
、公示语的汉英翻译原则1.“静态”与“动态”结合公示语在使用中的功能不同,所展示的信息状态也不同,既有“静态”,也有“动态”。
“静态”意义的公示语是指广泛应用于旅游设施、旅游景点、旅游服务、商业设施、体育设施、文化设施、卫生设施、宗教会所、科教机构、涉外机构、街区名称、旅游信息咨询中心等方面的突出服务、指示功能的公示语。
公示语大量应用名词,直接、准确无误显示特定信息。
如:新鲜果蔬Fresh Produce、票务处理Ticket Problems、网吧Internet Caf、吸烟席Smoking Seat、会议中心CONFERENCE CENTER、餐饮部FOOD & BEVERAGE、商务中心BUSINESS CENTER、经理DIRECTOR、正在施工ROADWORK、海关THE CUSTOMS、注册登记REGISTRATION等。
“动态”意义的公示语是指广泛应用于公共交通、公共设施、紧急救援等方面,更多使用展现“动态”意义的语汇表达提示、限制、强制功能的公示语。
将公众的注意力集中在公示语发出者要求采取的行动上。
如:向右转弯Turn Right;严禁拍照No Photographing;谢绝小费No Tipping;仅限紧急情况下使用Emergency Use Only等。
“静态”公示语与“动态”公示语在特定语境中的有机结合,恰当摆布,可以满足公众、旅游对信息的需求,有效提高生存和消费的质量。
2.使用常见词汇(common words)英语公示用语的词汇选择应考虑到广大公众和旅游者的文化水平,尽量避免生僻词语、古语、俚语和术语。
如:请勿乱扔废弃物No Littering;有人Occupied(厕所);绕行Detour;小心易碎Fragile;专用车位Private Parking等。
由于公示语在公众和旅游者生活中的重要意义,任何歧义、误解都会导致不同后果。
与日常生活相关的英语公示语都是多年实际使用形成的约定俗成的语汇。
英语专业全英毕业论文(汉英公示语翻译)
本科毕业论文题目：On English Translation of ChinesePublic Signs 院（系）：外语系班级：英语级班姓名：学号：指导教师：教师职称：汉英公示语的翻译摘要公示语向来被称作“城市的脸孔"，是给所有到中国来的外国人士留下第一印象的中国名片。
然而，公示语翻译的错误比比皆是，这大大影响了公示语作用的发挥，削弱了我国的国际形象。
为了树立我国良好的国际形象，不断规范和完善城市公示语的翻译成为了一项亟待完成的工作。
基于以上原因，作者尝试从理论和实践的角度分析现今汉英公示语翻译中所存在的一些问题。
通过对大量标准以及问题公示语翻译的深入观察分析，作者对公示语的一般特征进行了总结并对公示语翻译中出现的问题进行了分类，从而在实践观察和对相关理论深入研究的基础上提出相应的翻译策略。
翻译并不仅仅是跨语言行为，它更是一种文化信息的传递。
公示语的翻译同样如此。
得体的公示语翻译不仅在语言上要无懈可击，在文化信息传递上也要雅俗共赏。
本文还对公示语的概念做出了解释，并根据目的需求与功能两种标准对公示语做了分类。
在介绍公示语的特征时，作者将其分为语言特征与功能特征，特征与分类不同，也决定了需要采取不同的翻译策略。
关键词：汉英翻译；公示语；问题；翻译策略On English Translation of Chinese PublicSignsAbstractPublic signs, which have alway s been referred to “face of city”, are the first impression of China for the people who come to China. However, the ubiquitous translation mistakes of public signs greatly undermine the international image of China. So,specificating and constantly perfecting the translation of public signs have become an urgent work in order to establish a good international image.The paper ventures an attempt to analyze the current problems existing in the C-E translation of public signs and to seek proper translational strategies both from the perspectives of theory and practice．By closely observing numerous samples of both standard and problematic translation of signs，the author manages to generalize the characteristics of public signs and to categorize the problems and mistakes in the current C-E translation of public signs．Then, proper translational strategies are proposed on the basis of in-depth study of relevant theories and keen observation of practice．Translation is not merely a cross-linguistic activity, but more of a transmission of cultural information．The translation of public signs is no exception．An appropriate translation of public sign should not only belinguistically correct, but also culturally acceptable．This paper expresses the meaning of the public signs and classify the signs according to the standards of objective demand and function. And the characteristics of the public signs are different studied from linguistic features and functional features,which determines to adopt different translation strategies.Key words: Chinese-English translation public sign problems translation strategyContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)CHAPTER I Introduction (1)1.1 O bjective of the study (1)1.2 Significance of the study (1)1.3 Structure of the paper (2)CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs (3)2.1 Definition of Public Signs (3)2.2 Functions of Public Signs (3)2.2.1 Directing function (4)2.2.2 Prompting function (4)2.2.3 Restricting function (4)2.2.4 Compelling function (5)CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation of Public Signs (6)3.1 Linguistic translation problems (6)3.1.1 Spelling errors (6)3.1.2 Grammatical errors (6)3.1.3 Wrong dictions (7)3.2 Cultural translation problems (7)CHAPTER IV Strategies of C-E Public Signs Translation and Requirementfor Translator (9)4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public Signs (9)4.1.1 Clearness (9)4.1.2 Conciseness (10)4.1.3 Simple words (10)4.2 Methods of C-E translation of Public S igns (11)4.2.1 Modification (11)4.2.2 Addition (11)4.2.3 Omission (12)4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negativee xpressions (13)4.3 Requirement for the t ranslators (13)CHAPTER V Conclusion (15)Acknowledgements (16)Works Cited (17)CHAPTER I Introduction1.1Objective of the studyThe research objective of the study is to examine the translation problems in the Chinese-English public signs translation and further propose the translation strategies as well as principles suitable for specific groups.The studies begin with the careful and long period of observation of the problems existing in the public signs translation. On the basis of the classification of the translation errors proposed by Christiane Nord, the author aims at the most appropriate translation strategies for each type. With the examination of sufficient sources, the author finds that it is not difficult to eliminate the errors at linguistic level since the text of the public signs is less complex than documentary and other instrumental texts due to its conciseness and directness features (Ni 18).1.2 Significance of the studyPublic S igns affect people’s life in a tremendous way. When somebody smokes, it is the public sign that stops him. In fascinating and mysterious spots where we have never been to, it is the public sign that teaches us related knowledge. Foreign visitors from all walks of life，such as entrepreneurs，professors，students and tourists come to China for various purposes．But for most of them，they know little about Chinese．In this case，it is necessary to translate Chinese public signs into English for the convenience of these foreign visitors．In this case, a proper translation helps establish a good image of China and enhance the cultural communication.1.3 Structure of the paperThe paper is structured with five chapters：The first chapter is a general introduction to the thesis, including the objective of the study, the structure of the thesis and the significance of the study. The second chapter makes a general introduction to public sign, including the definition and functions of public sign. The third chapter focuses on the problems of C-E translation of public signs from linguistics and cultural perspectives. The fourth chapter deals with translation strategies of C-E public signs in connection with principles, methods and the standardization for the translators, including modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions. And the fifth chapter draws a conclusion to the paper，in which the author appeals for translators and scholars to make contributions to the C-E translation of public signs．CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs2.1 Definition of Public SignsPublic Signs，which are usually called“signs”，include public notices，advertisements，slogans and expressions on the public signs．Public signs refer to “signs” in English and are defined in different ways.Ac cording to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(1997)，a sign is a piece of paper, metal, or wood with words or a picture that gives information，warnings，or instructions.In that sense, public sign is the general terms for indicators，signs，traffic signs, posters, slogans, warning, short notices，short instructions，stickers，and are becoming the catch word and the buzzword．All in all, public signs are so widely used and played important roles in our daily life.2.2 Functions of Public SignsPublic signs are essential to the normal operation of the society and their influence is also visible in almost every aspect of our daily life．Sometimes，we have to admit that our lives cannot do without the proper guidance that public signs provide to us．However, what usually happens is that we are prone to be bewildered by various public signs and the enormous information they convey to us．Therefore, it would be necessary to classify the public signs in terms of their functions as well as the status of information that they deliver．2.2.1 Directing functionDirecting is the most basic function of public signs, t his type of public signs is used to give readers related information about what the institution is，what it deals with and what kind of service it can provide．For example:Take Away(外卖)，Gas Station(加油站),Emergency Exit(紧急出口),Business Hours(营业时间)，Pause(暂停)，Menu(菜单)，Airport Security(机场安检).From the examples above we may tell that the language and the tone of these public signs are generally neutral，reflecting no attitude towards receptors．Therefore，public signs of this kind are purely informative rather than vocative．2.2.2 Prompting functionPromoting signs are similar to the directive ones in their informative function. While the difference is the former ．carries the tone of warning，reminding the readers to pay some attention to certain things or activities．For example：Keep Clear(请保持清洁), Keep Silence(请保持安静),Wet Paint(油漆未干)，Fully Booked(客满)，Beware of Pickpockets(小心扒手)，Maximum Height(限高).2.2.3 Restricting functionPublic Signs with restricting function impose restriction or even prohibition on receptors.The language used in this kind of signs are simple and direct but are not in rude，tough or impolite way．We can list some of them as following：Pay In Cash(现金支付),Slow Out(减速慢行),Keep Silence(保持安静),30 Minutes Parking(限停30分钟),Seat By Number(对号入座), Stand In Line(排队等候).2.2.4 Compelling functionCompelling function is the strongest considerable mood.It is used to prohibit the readers to do something or must do something.The language used is usually forceful，with no possibility of making a compromise．The sign with this function which we mostly often see is“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，that is to say that smoking iscompletely forbidden．Imperative sentence is not enough to express this strong mood，usually, we use“No+…”form，for example，“No Food禁止携带食物”．More examples：Don’t Touch(禁止触摸),No Cameras(禁止拍照)，No Visitors(游客止步),No Trucks(卡车禁止通行),Dogs Not Allowed(禁止带狗入内).Translation of the public signs, translators not only need to grasp their function features since we use different mood to express different function,but also should keep their language features in mind during the translating.CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation ofPublic Signs3.1 Linguistic translation problemsLinguistic translation errors are often due to deficiencies in the translator's source or target language competence (Nord 77).And in his book Pragmatics and English Language He Ziran explained that by making linguistic errors，the translators and interpreters fail to conform to the target language structures，instead they blindly translate the source text in their own language structures(157).Professor Wang Yinquan, classifies linguistic translation errors into: spelling mistakes, grammar mistakes and wrong diction (32).3.1.1 Spelling errorsSpelling errors are typical translation problems in bilingual public signs. The reasons for this type of errors attribute to the three factors: the incompetent language acquisition, the laziness of the translator when writing, the uncertainty of the correct spelling, among which the third type is most difficult to be identified. For example: 3.1.2 Grammatical errorsApart from spelling mistakes，many grammatical errors also occur in the translated signs．These errors appear in various forms，most of which result from the translator’s poor command of the English language or irresponsible working attitude．As a result，the translated public signs cannot be of any help to the target readers．Sometimes they may do damage the image of our city．For example: 室内停车场(Car Park)—It may be apparent to tell that the translator intends to use the word“park”as a noun to express the meaning of parking place for automobiles．However, as a noun the word actually means a public place wherepeople can entertain themselves with the landscape or public facilities in it．Therefore, it will be advisable to use the gerund form of the word “park”and translate it as“Indoor Parking”．3.1.3 Wrong dictionsWrong Dictions occur when t he translator doesn’t make right choices of words in the target culture that will lead to unsuccessful expression of the correct information to the target text receivers. In fact, many English words have more than one meaning. Sometimes one word used to describe the source culture may not be applicable in another situation and the diction is conditioned. The words chosen for each text might vary according to different semantic and syntactic features in different situations. For example:请勿采摘花朵--Please Don’t Pick Flowers. Here use“pick”to describe the gesture. In fact, there is a variety of expression in English corresponding with “摘”, of which one of the expressions is “pick”. But in the given circumstances, “pick”doesn’t equate with “摘”. “Pick”means to select among a variety of choices, but here the sender wants to persuade people not to pluck the flowers. The error is due to the confusion about the seemingly identical usage of one word.3.2 Cultural translation problemsAs we all know, people in different cultures may view the same thing in different ways and differ in the perspective of cognition．At the same time，they express the same idea in different way．As far as Chinese and English are concerned, culture differences are tremendous．Translation breaks down language barriers and thus realizes communication between cultures using different languages. In this sense, target readers approach to people of source culture whose beliefs, backgrounds, perception of the world are distinct from their own.For example:古装照相It is ancient to pack photo“古装照相”is a typical Chinese term. In English, people don’t have the correspondent term. According to the public signs translation convention, the signs which are composed of Chinese noun phrases are expected to have the same structure in English version, so the sentence is not correct in terms of the sentence structure. Also concerning the meaning of the sentence, it is wrongly translated that the foreigners can’t get the message which leads to the pragmatic failure of the assumed function. The correct version should be “Photos in ancient costume”.CHAPTER IV Strategies for C-E Public Signs Translation4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public SignsAs we know, different functions need different language forms to convey and each language style possesses its special principles.Ni Chuanbin and Liu Zhi analyze the language principles of public signs in their essay“The Principles for C-E Translation of Public Signs and its Cases Study”，published in Shanghai Journal of Translators for Science and Technology(18)．Firstly, the signs are on a board，so the language on the signs should be in concise way due to the comparatively small space．Secondly, some public signs must draw the public’s attention at the first sight and the readers can catch its meaning very quickly and correctly, especially the traffic signs，such as“Abrupt Turn Left Ahead前方急转弯”，the applied words should be simple ones instead of rare ones．At last，the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to read，the sign is set without ambiguity. So we can know the principles in details as following:4.1.1 ClearnessDue to the short time the target reader can spend on reading the signs the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to be understood．As the target readers are the common people who have little knowledge related to the concerned topic，the signs should directly hit the point and there should exist no vagueness．“严禁客货混装Don’t put passengers and cargos together”. It is hazy and not clearness. So the sign“严禁客货混装”should be translated into“No passengers on Trucks”．The signs are set for the public and not every reader is professional，therefore when we translate signs，we should hit the point directly and clearly and should notjust talk around the bush.4.1.2 ConcisenessAccording to William Strunk，Jr．and E．B．White in 1979(Joan Pinkham)：“Vigorous writing is concise．A sentence should contain no unnecessary words，a paragraph no unnecessary sentences，for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts．”It is also true of language of public signs．Usually, the readers for public signs just give a quick look at the board with signs on when they pass by．So the language on it need not be in a complete sentence，a phrase or just a word is enough，for example，“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，“Open正在营业”，we need not use sentences“Please do not smoke”an“We are on business”.4.1.3 Simple wordsPublic Signs are set for the public，target readers of this kind of materials are ordinary people，not only the native English speakers，but also other foreigners who know a little English and English is not his mother language，and target readers also include overseas Chinese who is not a English native speaker．If the English version is full of rare words and expression，it will cause a pragmatic failure of communication for public signs．There is always a small restaurant at the airport to provide fast food for the passengers，the English tablet should be“Snacks”instead of“Refection”，the later one is not often be used nowadays and we cannot find it in the dictionaries published in recent years．Take all another example，“景区环境卫生，需要您的维护”，should we translate it into“Environmental Sanitation of the Scenic Spot Needs Your Conserve”? The words“sanitation”and“environmental”are not familial words for the public，we had better use“Keep Clear”or“No Littering”．From the above，in order to make target readers catch the meaning at first glance，we should use the concise，clear, simple words and expressions in C-E translation of public signs．4.2 Strategies of C-E translation of Public Signs4.2.1 ModificationGenerally speaking, it is always the case that the reader in the culture of the target language may not share the cultural background of the source language．Therefore，when dealing with culture-loaded words and idioms，the translator sometimes has to make cultural modification so as to generate the same feedback from the target text reader with that of the source text reader, and as for the translation of public signs, it is no exception．For examples：西湖的虎跑泉—Tiger Running Spring, in this public sign,the translator obviously take the actual meaning of the sign for granted by translating the word“虎跑”as“tiger running”which means that a tiger runs for the spring．4.2.2 AdditionSome public signs，especially signs at scenic spots，tend to include dynasties，legends or other cultural elements，while most foreign visitors lack the background knowledge of China．If the public signs are translated literally, the English versions may confuse the target readers．Thus we should adopt the translation strategy of addition to supply necessary information on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original public signs．For example：谢绝游客入内Closed To Visitors禁止在墙上涂写No Scribbling On The Wall4.2.3 OmissionDue to different aesthetic standards and cultures，Chinese writing tends to include flowery words，four-word phrases or some culture elements which are special to the Chinese culture．However, English writing pursues clear and simple expressions．In How to Help Foreigners Know China，Duan Liancheng holds a view that with the development of tourism in recent years，large numbers of brochures pamphlets and pictorials have been published for foreign tourists．A common weakness of these materials is full of flowery words and cultural elements of China which may confuse the target readers (Duan 286). So the translator should omit some adjectives or cultural elements which may pose barriers to the target readers．Then the English version will be easily understood by them．For example：1.Source Text：慢速行驶Version A：You must drive slowly．Version B：Drive slowly2.Source Text：前方学校Version A：There is a school ahead．Version B：School Ahead4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressionsMutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions is a common strategy in translating the text of one language to the other．It is especially useful for transcending the translational difficulties due to different ways or habits of expressing ideas in Chinese and English．In translating public signs，mutual transformation of affirmative and negativeexpressions is necessary as well．In western countries especially in English—speaking countries，people tend to avoid using negative expressions in public literatures as much as possible in case that unpleasant emotion or feeling would be aroused on the part of the receptor．However, because of the difference in cultural values,negative expressions are more frequently used in Chinese public signs．Therefore，according to the theory of cultural translation, we should adopt the translational method of“Domestication”．For example: “社会车辆禁止入内”，it is a kind of negative expression in Chinese language. While it should be translated into “Staff Only” in English, it is affirmative.4.3 Requirement for the translatorsThe C-E translation of public signs is by no means an easy job and it requires that a translator be serious and accountable in attitude, and proficient in both the source and the target languages at the same time．A good translator should always bear in mind the features and characteristics of public signs.Only if the translators acquire the expertise in the source and target languages as well as the source and target cultures can they produce qualified versions. In addition, as for the making process of signs, the local governments should choose reliable and efficient sign-making units by means of bidding to undertake the job.And the translation should be tested in the foreigners to ensure the acceptability.Then a supervision organization in charge of public signs should be established to make sure that some common English versions are accurate and unified.CHAPTER V ConclusionBased on the previous discussions and analyses, the major findings of this study can be summarized as follow:Firstly, the linguistic translation problems account for the reasons for spelling, grammatical and wrong dictions problems. Translators should improve their language acquisition in dealing with the problems.Secondly, as to cultural problems, the translators are advised to adopt communicative translation. To be more specific, the translation strategies are adaptation, restructuring, semi-literal translation, etc.Thirdly, the C-E translation involves the principles and the methods. The principles include three points of clearness, conciseness and simple words. The translation takes place in a given situation or in another sense, the methods of C-E translation of public signs should be divided into four: modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions.Actually, the problems of the translation of public signs are far more complicated than the thesis．The problems that have been discussed and proposed with strategies to are just a tiny tip of the whole iceberg．With the development of the society, it is sure that more and more public signs will come out by taking various forms，and new problems in translating them will turn up．Therefore，the classification of public signs and mistranslation, as well as the strategies for the betterment of the current status of sign translation, although the author attempts to let them be, are not all-inclusive and universally accurate. It is a long and hard way for us to go.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my heartfelt thanks to those who offered me their sincere support and encouragement in the process of my thesis writing．First of all, I’d like to give my sincere thanks to my teacher, Kangbing. She has given me valuable instructions on my study. Whenever I need her help, she always enthusiastically offers me. During the process of the completion of the thesis, from the researches chosen to be analyzed to the final composition, her patient and helpful instructions have benefited me a great deal. Her strict requirements have enabled me to learn how to do research work, and her kind encouragement have been supporting me to the end.Second, my true thanks also go to all the teachers who guide me in the field of business English.Finally, my family and friends give me great encouragement and support during the composition of the thesis. I’d like to send them my heartfelt thanks too.Work CitedBaker, Mona. 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Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：267-271.Wilss，Wolfman．The Science of Translation-Problems and Methods[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：125.包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002:78-86. 陈定安.英汉比较与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1988:271-275. 陈淑莹.标示语英译的语用失误探析[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2006 ,1:117-120.戴宗显, 吕和发. 公示语汉英翻译研究---以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例[J]. 中国翻译, 2005,6:38-42.何自然．语用学概论[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988:157.赖少华.浅谈公示语的翻译现状及对策----以广州地铁站公示语翻译为例[J].湖北广播电视大学学报, 2009,6:112-112.吕和发, 单丽平.汉英公示语词典[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2004:38．.倪传斌，刘治．标记语的英译原则及实例分析[J]．上海科技翻译, 1998,2:18-20.单爱民.谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002,5:76-79.王晓娟. 从功能理论看公示语翻译---以南京城市公示语为例[J]. 湖北经济学院学报:人文社会科学版, 2008,4:119-120.。
100句常见公示语翻译
1、Business Hours 营业时间2、Office Hours 办公时间3、Entrance 入口4、Exit 出口5、Push 推6、Pull 拉7、Shut 此路不通8、On 打开（放）9、Off 关10、Open 营业11、Pause 暂停12、Stop 关闭13、Closed 下班14、Menu 菜单15、Fragile 易碎16、This Side Up 此面向上17、Introductions 说明18、One Street 单行道19、Keep Right/Left 靠左/右20、Buses Only 只准公共汽车通过21、Wet Paint 油漆未干22、Danger 危险23、Lost and Found 失物招领处24、Give Way 快车先行25、Safety First 安全第一26、Filling Station 加油站27、No Smoking 禁止吸烟28、No Photos 请勿拍照29、No Visitors 游人止步30、No Entry 禁止入内31、No Admittance 闲人免进32、No Honking 禁止鸣喇叭33、Parting 停车处34、Toll Free 免费通行35、F.F. 快进36、Rew. 倒带37、EMS （邮政）特快专递38、Insert Here 此处插入39、Open Here 此处开启40、Split Here 此处撕开41、Mechanical Help 车辆修理42、“AA”Film十四岁以下禁看电影43、Do Not Pass 禁止超车44、No U Turn 禁止掉头45、U Turn Ok 可以U形转弯46、No Cycling in the School校内禁止骑车47、SOS 紧急求救信号48、Hands Wanted 招聘49、Staff Only 本处职工专用50、No Litter 勿乱扔杂物51、Hands Off 请勿用手摸52、Keep Silence 保持安静53、On Sale 削价出售54、No Bills 不准张贴55、Not for Sale 恕不出售56、Pub 酒店57、Cafe 咖啡馆、小餐馆58、Bar 酒巴59、Laundry 洗衣店60、Travel Agency 旅行社61、In Shade 置于阴凉处62、Keep in Dark Place 避光保存63、Poison 有毒/毒品64、Guard against Damp 防潮65、Beware of Pickpocket 谨防扒手66、Complaint Box 意见箱67、For Use Only in Case of Fire 灭火专用68、Bakery 面包店69、Keep Dry 保持干燥70、Information 问讯处71、No Passing 禁止通行72、No Angling 不准垂钓73、Shooting Prohibited 禁止打猎74、Seat by Number 对号入座75、Protect Public Propety 爱护公共财物76、Ticket Office（or ：Booking Office）售票处77、Visitors Please Register 来宾登记78、Wipe Your Shoes And Boots请擦去鞋上的泥土79、Men“s/Gentlemen/Gents Room男厕所80、Women“s/Ladies/Ladies” Room女厕所81、Occupied （厕所）有人82、Vacant （厕所）无人83、Commit No Nuisance 禁止小便84、Net（Weight）净重85、MAN：25032002 生产日期：2002年3月25日86、EXP：25032002 失效期：2002年3月25日87、Admission Free免费入场88、Bike Park（ing）自行车存车处89、Children and Women First 妇女、儿童优先90、Save Food 节约粮食91、Save Energy 节约能源92、Handle with Care 小心轻放93、Dogs Not Allowed 禁止携犬入内94、Keep Away From Fire 切勿近火95、Reduced Speed Now 减速行驶96、Road Up. Detour 马路施工，请绕行97、Keep Top Side Up 请勿倒立98、Take Care Not to Leave Things Behind 当心不要丢失东西99、Please Return the Back After Use 用毕放回架上100、Luggage Depository 行李存放处。
常州景区公示语汉英翻译研究
常州景区公示语汉英翻译研究常州位于中国江苏省中部，是一座历史悠久、文化丰富的城市。
常州市拥有许多著名的景点和旅游胜地，吸引了大量游客前来参观。
为了更好地向游客传达相关信息，景区公示语的翻译就显得尤为重要。
本文将就常州景区公示语的汉英翻译进行研究，探讨如何更好地传达景区信息和文化内涵。
一、常州景区公示语概述常州是一个充满历史和文化底蕴的城市，拥有许多著名的景点和旅游胜地，比如金坛三坊七巷、中国梦幻谷等。
在这些景区里，公示语是起到引导和说明作用的重要信息载体。
好的公示语能够让游客更好地了解景区的历史、文化和特色，提升游览体验。
1. 文化内涵常州的公示语需要准确地传达景区的文化内涵，比如历史典故、地方风情等。
在翻译时要注重保留原文的文化特色，让英文读者也能感受到中国传统文化的魅力。
例句：古运河是中国古代运河的重要遗产之一，具有深厚的历史文化底蕴。
The ancient canal is one of the important heritages of ancient Chinese canal, with profound historical and cultural connotations.2. 指示功能公示语通常还具有指示功能，比如标识景区的各个部分、禁止指示、安全提示等。
在翻译时要简洁明了，让英文读者能够清晰理解。
例句：禁止触摸文物，以保护古迹和历史遗产。
3. 翻译风格在翻译常州景区公示语时，需要注意选择合适的翻译风格，比如正式、活泼、文雅等，使翻译更符合景区的氛围和特点。
例句：欢迎光临常州博物馆，祝您游览愉快！Welcome to Changzhou Museum, wish you a pleasant visit!三、常州景区公示语汉英翻译的挑战与应对1. 语言表达汉英两种语言有着不同的表达方式和习惯，一些常用的中国特色词汇在英文中可能没有直接对应的表达，需要在翻译时灵活运用各种手段，如释义、举例、比喻等，使翻译更贴近原文。
绥化城市公示语英汉翻译规范化研究
收稿日期：2018-02-12作者简介：孔繁冬（1980-），女，黑龙江绥化人，绥化学院外国语学院讲师，英语语言文学硕士，研究方向：应用语言学。
基金项目：2016年绥化市社会科学科研课题“绥化市城市语言文化中公示语翻译规范化研究”（SHSK16032）。
孔繁冬绥化城市公示语英汉翻译规范化研究摘要：公示语通常是指公共场合中面向公众的告知语、指示语或提示语。
随着中外文化交流的日渐广泛和深入，汉英公示语不仅展现着城市的语言文化形象，还间接影响着城市的国际化发展，已经成为语言工作者们关注的领域之一。
文章选择绥化市的公示语翻译规范化与城市语言文化建设进行研究，探讨公示语的翻译策略，为提升城市的语言文化文明程度提供建议。
关键词：公示语；翻译；规范化；语言与文化中图分类号：H315.9文献标识码：A 文章编号：2095-0438（2018）06-0049-03（绥化学院外国语学院黑龙江绥化152061）公示语，通常是指面向公众的告知语、指示语或提示语，多以文字及图形的形式告知、警示或标识一些人们在生产和生活中的信息，为人们的日常生活提供必要的帮助。
公示语主要出现在一些公共场合，例如商场、医院、酒店、火车站、机场、旅游景点等，是一种受众很广的公共语言，在公共场所中的任何人都会受到公示语的影响。
公示语的汉英翻译是否规范可以从侧面反映出一个城市的国际化开放程度和语言文化的文明程度。
随着中国向世界的开放程度日益增加，中外贸易、旅游和文化交流也不断发展,到中国来的外国人士越来越多。
绥化市近几年通过发展寒地黑土特色经济和跨境电商，积极吸引外商投资，文化上通过中外留学生的交流互访，促进中西文化的传播。
因此，公示语翻译的规范化不仅展示着这个城市的语言文化形象，还间接影响着城市的未来国际化发展，已经成为了值得语言工作者们特别关注的领域之一。
所以，我们选择绥化市的公示语翻译规范化与城市语言文化建设这个课题进行研究，旨在提醒相关部门注意公示语汉英翻译的规范化，提升城市语言文化的文明程度。
公示语的翻译
Public Signs
By: 王旭东 廖洪正 王立伟
CONTENTS:
●references
公示语翻译可以运用的方法策略： Ⅰ· 仿译 East or west ,Guilin’s Landscape is best 桂 林山水甲天下 ◎ East or west ,Home is best.
Ⅵ`逆译 闲人莫入。 Strangers are forbidden. ◎Admission by invitation only .
： 翻译存在的问题： ⒈显性错误（单词拼写错误·标点错误·语法错误 等） ⒉“一对一”的直译问题（贵阳——the expensive sun） ⒊用词不当（便利店,错easy store 正确convenience） ⒋隐性错误问题 ：①不必要的翻译问题 ②翻译累赘，不规范
Ⅱ· 借译 Not a through street / 此路不通。 请勿疲劳驾车，我们一般译为Do Not Drive In t Fatigue，美国人开车都说 Stay a later ,Stay a live.
Ⅲ· 创译 保持车距，小心撞车。/Keep space, Don’t kiss me.
图片英文：一定要喝醉了开车
入口 mouth 呵呵
公=male
references
/grid2008/index.htm / /index.asp /
Thank you
Ⅳ birth to only one child. ◎One family ,one child.
Ⅴ· 简译 哈尔滨是我家，清洁靠大家 Harbin is my home, its cleanness depends on all of us.（冗长罗嗦） ◎Keep our city clean.
公示语翻译
《公示语的语言特点及其汉英翻译策略》
小结
公示语的翻译是一个国家对外交流水平 和人文环境建设的具体体现 , 其水平的优劣 直接体现了一个城市, 一个国家的文化素养, 我们的公示语翻译还存在不少问题 , 亟待提 高。这里主要是简单的介绍了三种翻译方法， 但在具体的实践中除了要考虑到中西方语言 的差别还应该注意到中西方文化的差别，综 合考虑，进而选择最适合的方法来进行翻译 才能达到最佳效果。这也就要求译者不仅要 掌握双语还要掌握双文化。
3，套译 套译是指借用译入语中为人所熟知的惯用结构对原文 进行翻译，套译的对象可以是谚语、诗句、歌到 广大公众的理解，接受以及认可，尽量使原文和译入语在 公众中产生同样的效果。 例如：（1）爱心传递你我，文明就在身边。 Where there is a love, there is a virtue. （2）让世界倾听我们的声音 Let our voice be heard in the world. （套用了2004 年的奥运会主题曲Pass The Flame 中的歌词 “Let our voice be heard”）
2，意译 意译是一种替代的翻译方法，一般用于传达原文意义 及精髓，而不照搬其句式或修辞。当译者实在不能直译原 文意义时，此法使用最频繁。 例如：（1）你的安全，我们的天责 Your safety is our priority. （2）送客止步 Passengers only. （3）非公莫入 Authorized personnel only. （4）高高兴兴上班去，平平安安回家来。 Drive carefully. Safety first in driving. 《中英公益广告的文化差异及翻译研究》
参考文献
1. 陈燕红. 文化视角中汉英公益广告的翻译策略[J]. 湖北函授 大学学报，2012（6）：147—148. 2. 郭遂红. 中英公益广告的文化差异即翻译研究[J]. 湖北理工 学院学报（人文社会科学版），2012（10）：79—80. 3. 施建华. 公示语的语言特点及其汉英翻译策略[J]. 台州学院 学报，2008（2）：52—55.
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城市公示语的汉英翻译
摘要：
中国不少城市公示语的汉英翻译存在着很大的问题，在全球化的今天，严重影响了城市乃至整个国家在国际上的公共形象。
本文旨在对城市公示语的汉英翻译存在的问题进行分类总结，并重申公示语的翻译原则，以引起人们对城市公示语翻译的广泛重视，从而改善城市公示语的汉英翻译质量。
关键词：公示语翻译原则汉英翻译
引言
在全球发展日新月异的今天，中国在方方面面都在与世界接轨，例如城市公示语就大多采用了中英两种语言，但其翻译质量却存在着很大的问题。
或许公示语的英文翻译仅仅流于形式，不被重视，因为大多数人只看中文公示语，但是我们不要忘了公示语的英文翻译并不是一种摆设，而更多是为在中国的外国人提供方便和帮助，它们也是展示在外国人面前的一张张城市的名片，其翻译质量直接影响到我们在国际上的形象。
或许人们早已注意到城市公示语的汉英翻译存在的问题，只是对公示语的翻译需要一些具体的帮助和理论上的指导。
因此本文旨在对城市公示语汉英翻译存在的问题进行分析总结，并重提公示语的翻译原则，从而在理论上对城市公示语的汉英翻译提供必要的帮助和指导。
一城市公示语汉英翻译存在的常见错误
1 公示语信息被缺省
在实际的翻译过程中，由于译者本身的因素而导致了译文中缺省了一些必要的信息，从而
导致整个公示语译文版本的信息不足。
例如，动物园经常见到不同的动物馆，像虎馆，狮馆，
狼馆等。
其英文翻译大多都是“tiger, lion, wolf”。
译文中少了一个必要的”馆“字，很容
易让外国人产生误解。
外国人可能回认为此标示传达的是“小心老虎，此处有虎”或者是
其他的意思等。
2 公示语原意被歪曲
相对于公示语译文的信息缺省，公示语原意被歪曲的错误就更为严重，它直接导致了公示
语原文与译文指令的截然不同，从而给人造成更大的困惑和误解。
例如，一机动车停车场出
口的旁边挂着一个牌子，上面写着“出口”，其英文翻译为“export”。
其实这是”exit”的误
用，外国人肯定百思不得其解，此处出口什么？出口汽车吗？又如，某商场正门上方挂一
牌子，上面有“欢迎下次光临”，旁边英文为“welcome you again”，见此公示语外国人肯
定心生疑问：我是第一次来，怎么欢迎我两次啊？。
其实“again”在英语中的含义是“once
more”, 就是再来一遍的意思。
还有一大水库的旁边立一牌子，上面写着”小心掉到河里“，
其英文翻译为“carefully fall down to the river!”, 本来是提醒别人别掉进河里，结果变成了
告诉别人要小心地掉进河里。
3 译文语气使用不当
公示语的语气也非常重要，但是很多公示语译文没有很好地传达原文的语气，从而导致语
气不当，或太强或太弱，因而达不到最佳的公示效果。
例如，在很多服务场所经常看到“贵
客止步“的提示，其英文翻译很多情况下被处理成了“guests stop.\ guests go no futher.\”等，
这些英文翻译语气过于生硬，没法传递原文中的礼貌，其实译为“staffs only.”才更为妥当。
又如公示语“小心滑倒”，英文为“don’t fall down.”本来公示语原文想体现人与人之间的关心，但是英文译文却带有命令的语气，因此没有达到交际目的。
其实更好的英文译文为“watch your step.”。
4 译文术语搭配不当
由于译者对一些固定术语搭配结构不熟悉，导致了公示语译文不能达到预期效果，
从而可能带来对译文公示语的误解。
例如“留学生公寓”被英译为了“foreign students dormitory building”，或
许过去还可以接受，但是随着时代的变化它已经过时，继续使用就显的不合时宜。
正确译文应该为“international students building”。
这样的例子比比皆是，例如“眼科医院”（eye hospital ），正确术语应该为“ophthalmology hospital”等。
5 原文与译文文化冲突
由于译者在翻译的过程中没有考虑到不同民族之间的文化差异性，从而导致了公示语原文与译文之间的文化冲突。
例如“此地有恶犬！”（bad dogs!）其实出现这样的英语译文主要在于译者没有考虑到不同民族的文化差异性。
在许多西方国家宠物十分盛行，狗又居宠物之首，是人类的好朋友，是可爱的象征，如果以“恶犬”称呼，让人有一种很不愉快的感觉。
二城市公示语翻译的特点和原则
城市公示语是指在公共场所展示的文字，具有特殊的交际功能，以及提供信息和完成指令的作用。
具体而言，路标、广告、商品说明书、旅游指南、社会宣传、告示等都是公示语。
公示语具有三种主要功能：提示功能、指令功能、参照功能。
城市公示语的翻译必须要考虑到它的功能，只有了解了公示语的具体功能才能提供合乎要求的译文。
下面我们就根据公示语的这些功能来探讨公示语的翻译特点和原则。
1 提示功能
公示语的提示功能就是通过公示语提供的信息使人们明白应该怎样做，或怎样做符合规定。
这种提示不具有强制性，人们可以根据实际情况来选择执行或不执行，因此具有这种功能的公示语翻译用词要委婉、简明，而且句式多样。
例如：“丢失物品店方概不负责”（management not responsible for articles lost or stolen）此公示语提示顾客要保管好个人物品，倘若出现丢失，店方不负责任。
既然告知了可能出现的后果，所以执行与否全由顾客决定。
又如：“此处发现老虎”(tiger sighted)。
2 指令功能
公示语的指令功能是指用公示语的信息来指导人们的行为，具有十分明显的强制效果。
具有指令功能的公示语翻译用词简洁有力，句型结构单一，常常使用祈使句，“no”“forbidden”等这样具有否定含义的词汇也常常出现在译文中。
例如：“请勿吸烟”(no smoking), “请勿接近”(keep out) 等。
3 参照功能
公示语的参照功能是指人们通过公示语的参考性信息可以明确自己的方位，行为方式或目的等。
这类公示语并不直接传达直接规则或强制信息，人们可以根据实际各取所需，有目的地获取公示语提供的信息。
具有参照功能的公示语翻译用词多为名词性词组。
例如：“机场安检”(airport security)只对需要安检的乘客具有参照功能，明确告知他们的具体方位，而对其他人不具有任何意义。
又如：“行李提取处”(baggage claim), “商务中心”(business center) 等。