Discourse Analysis 1
合集下载
话语分析
提要：本文简要回顾了话语分析产生的历史背景，追踪了话语分析的发展历程，介绍了各个时期的不同特点。
同时对一些理论问题的不同看法，诸如话语分析与其他学科的划界、话语分析的研究对象、研究领域等，也作了介绍和归纳。
本文还着重介绍了话语分析这门新学科近些年研究的新动向。
关键词：话语分析、篇章１．历史背景１９５２年，Zellig Harris写了一篇题为“Discourse Analysis”（话语分析）的论文，刊登在Language杂志上。
此后，Discourse Analysis这个术语逐渐为人们所熟悉，一批研究者相继步入这个领域，进行探索性的研究。
在欧洲，Hartman,Schmidt等人开始从事话语分析，捷克斯洛伐克的学者对topic,comment等概念很有兴趣，这引起了他们对话语结构的重视。
由Halliday（１９６１）发展而来的“系统功能语法”，不只对句子的主题结构进行分析，而且还对句子和话语的关系进行分析。
在美国，Hymes（１９６４）编的LanguageinCulture and Society（文化和社会中的语言）问世，书中已经注意到“言语交际”的形式，并进行了“讲话形式”等课题的研究。
Pike对语言和人类行为语位的研究，也促进了话语分析的发展，他和他的追随者对土著语中叙述体的研究一直与话语分析紧紧联系在一起。
这段时间的研究是话语分析的萌芽时期，其特点是各自进行一些零星的研究，还未形成系统，其影响也不大。
２．形成和发展２．１．形成阶段７０年代（包括６０年代底），从事话语研究的学者越来越多，研究成果大批出现，一门新学科的雏形开始形成，在语言学界引起了重视。
２．１．１．大量论文、论文集和专著的出现这段时期，研究话语的论文大量出现，专著和论文集也出了几十部。
研究的课题主要集中在：reference（指称），deixis（指示），anaphora（回指），context（语境），topic and comment（话题和述题），cohesion and coherence（外在接应和内在接应），substitution（替换）等等。
Discourse_Analysis_语篇分析
17
2: Basic issues in DA
• Basic types of clause complexes
18
(i) paratactic
(ii) hypotactic
(a) elaboration
John didn’t wait; 1
he ran away. =2
John ran away, α
14
2: Basic issues in DA
Cohesion: • A: Whose is this pen? • B: Oh, it’s the one I lost. Coherence: A: That’s the telephone. B: I’m in the bath. A: O.K.
for spoken • 3. Leech et al.(1985): discourse for both • 4. Widdowson (1975): discourse for written
8
1: Introduction —The Task of DA
• From the macro-perspective : • How does language use influence beliefs and
written and spoken language.
2
1: Introduction — development of DA
• 1.Text Linguistics • Text linguistics (or discourse linguistics) developed
on the basis of syntax (句法学). So it is also called text grammar (篇章语法) or discourse analysis （语篇 分析，话语分析）.
2: Basic issues in DA
• Basic types of clause complexes
18
(i) paratactic
(ii) hypotactic
(a) elaboration
John didn’t wait; 1
he ran away. =2
John ran away, α
14
2: Basic issues in DA
Cohesion: • A: Whose is this pen? • B: Oh, it’s the one I lost. Coherence: A: That’s the telephone. B: I’m in the bath. A: O.K.
for spoken • 3. Leech et al.(1985): discourse for both • 4. Widdowson (1975): discourse for written
8
1: Introduction —The Task of DA
• From the macro-perspective : • How does language use influence beliefs and
written and spoken language.
2
1: Introduction — development of DA
• 1.Text Linguistics • Text linguistics (or discourse linguistics) developed
on the basis of syntax (句法学). So it is also called text grammar (篇章语法) or discourse analysis （语篇 分析，话语分析）.
语言学discourse-analysis课件
13
2.2 Topic and comment 话题和述题
• Topic话题: what the utterance is about. • Comment述题: what is said about the topic.
• Topic is the element of a sentence that functions as the center of attention.
• written
spoken
• Used interchangeably now
语言学discourse-analysis
3
1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis
• Discourse analysis • Discourse linguistics/ discourse studies/ text analysis
11
2.1 Given and new information
• Forms of N/G information: • New-information carriers usually receive more stress, and they are
commonly more elaborated, e.g. with a full noun phrase, relative clause or adjectival modifier(s).
• Kent returned my car last night after borrowing it for the day. One of the wheels was about to fall off and the dashboard was missing.
语篇分析讲义Discourse Analysis(课堂PPT)
Implications about the definition:
1) It is the use of language that makes
2)
human beings human;
2) Language seems to be as old as our species;
3) Nothing in the animal kingdom even approximates
6
Discourse Analysis (7)
a) Writing is a relatively recent development in human society;
b) Thousands of speech communities rely solely on speech;
c) All of us speak a great deal more than we write;
The relationship between language and
its medium in the following diagram:
language (abstraction)
|
mediums (concrete)
/
\
speech <=> writing
8
Discourse Analysis (9)
d) Although we acquire speech without conscious effort, learning to read and write is usually less spontaneous and less automatic.
7
Discourse Analysis (8)
语言学-discourse-analysis
06 话语分析的挑战与未来发 展
数据收集与处理问题
1 2 3
数据来源的多样性
话语分析需要收集各种类型的数据，包括口语、 书面语、多媒体等，如何有效地从各种来源收集 数据是一个挑战。
数据处理的复杂性
对于大规模的话语数据，如何进行有效的处理和 分析，提取有用的信息，需要借助自然语言处理 等技术手段。
话语功能理论
话语的交际功能
01
话语是交际的基本单位，具有表达思想、传递信息、建立联系
等交际功能。
话语的语境适应性
02
话语需要根据不同的交际语境进行调整和变化，以适应不同的
交际需求。
话语的语体特征
03
不同类型的话语具有不同的语体特征，如口语和书面语、正式
和非正式等。
话语认知理论
话语的心理过程
话语的理解和生成涉及复杂的心 理过程，包括感知、记忆、思维、 情感等。
揭示语言与社会 的密切关系
话语分析能够揭示语言使用 与社会文化、政治经济等方 面的密切关系，有助于我们 深入理解语言的社会功能。
促进跨文化交流
通过话语分析，我们可以了 解不同文化背景下的语言使 用习惯和交际规则，从而促 进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
提高语言教学效 果
话语分析可以帮助教师了解 学生的实际语言需求和交际 能力，从而有针对性地设计 教学内容和方法，提高语言 教学效果。
数据质量的控制
在数据收集和处理过程中，如何保证数据的质量 和代表性，避免数据的偏见和误导，是一个需要 关注的问题。
理论框架的完善与创新
现有理论框架的局限性
目前的话语分析理论框架在某些方面存在局限性，如对话语结构的描述、对话语意义的解释等，需要进一步完善和创 新。
语言学 第九章discourse analysis
If we change the conversation into this:
A: I have a fourteen-year-old son. B: Nice day, isn’t it? A: I also have a dog. B: I’ m fine.
However hard you try, you probably cannot but give up and say, “ this doesn’t make any sense”. In other words, the first conversation is coherent while the second one is not. The question is, how do you know this? Obviously, pragmatics cannot help you here.
Lge as activity in social interaction: discourse, a general term for examples of lge use, i.e. lge which has been produced as the result of an act of communication; the larger units of lge such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews.
lge as activity: studying the way lge is used for real-life communication and social interaction (e.g. chatting, lecturing, writing an email).
Chapter-1.-to-4-discourse-analysis
Halliday takes the discussion of the relationship between language and context by linking context of situation with actual texts; context of culture with potential texts and the range of possibilities that are open to language users for the creation of texts.
第4页，共71页。
1.2 What is discourse analysis?
1.The term DA was first introduced by Zellig Harris((1909 –1992) an American linguist (1952) as a way of analysing connected speech and writing.
Higgins (2008),
Politically oriented discourse. Williams (2009)]
第12页，共71页。
5. cultural ways of speaking and writing
— different cultures have different ways of doing things through language.
— Dell Hathaway Hymes (1927–2009) linguist, sociolinguist, anthropologist.
Although ‘discourse’ and ‘text’ are concerned about the same content, still they have different focuses. ‘Discourse’ is interactive discourse while ‘text’ is non-interactive monologue.
第4页，共71页。
1.2 What is discourse analysis?
1.The term DA was first introduced by Zellig Harris((1909 –1992) an American linguist (1952) as a way of analysing connected speech and writing.
Higgins (2008),
Politically oriented discourse. Williams (2009)]
第12页，共71页。
5. cultural ways of speaking and writing
— different cultures have different ways of doing things through language.
— Dell Hathaway Hymes (1927–2009) linguist, sociolinguist, anthropologist.
Although ‘discourse’ and ‘text’ are concerned about the same content, still they have different focuses. ‘Discourse’ is interactive discourse while ‘text’ is non-interactive monologue.
语言学第九章discourseanalysis
局限
话语分析在理论和方法上仍有待完善，其研究结果有时缺乏可操作性和可重复性。此外， 话语分析对语言使用者的主观意图和语境因素的依赖较强，可能导致研究结果的解释力
意、语用预设等方面的分析。
话语分析的基本方法
文本分析法
01
通过对文本的语义、语法和修辞等进行分析，探究话语的内在
结构和意义。
语境分析法
02
将话语置于特定的语境中进行分析，包括对话语产生和接受的
背景、参与者之间的关系等进行考察。
语用分析法
03
从语言使用的角度出发，探究话语的意义和功能，包括言外之
意、语用预设等方面的分析。
语言资源保护
通过话语分析，可以深入了解濒危语言的特征和 使用情况，为保护和传承这些语言提供支持。
3
语言服务
话语分析有助于提高语言服务的专业性和准确性， 例如翻译、口译、语音识别等领域。
跨文化交际与话语分析
文化交流
话语分析有助于深入理解不同文化背景下的语言使用，促进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
文化冲突与适应
话语结构分析
从宏观和微观两个层面探究话语的结构和组织形式 ，包括话题转换、句子间关系等方面的分析。
话语意义分析
从语义和语境两个角度出发，深入探究话语 的意义和功能，包括言外之意、语用预设等 方面的分析。
05
话语分析的应用领域
05
话语分析的应用领域
语言教学与话语分析
语言教学
话语分析在语言教学中具有重要作用，通过对语言使用和语境的深 入分析，有助于教师更好地理解语言结构和功能，从而提高教学质 量。
局限
话语分析在理论和方法上仍有待完善，其研究结果有时缺乏可操作性和可重复性。此外， 话语分析对语言使用者的主观意图和语境因素的依赖较强，可能导致研究结果的解释力
话语分析在理论和方法上仍有待完善，其研究结果有时缺乏可操作性和可重复性。此外， 话语分析对语言使用者的主观意图和语境因素的依赖较强，可能导致研究结果的解释力
意、语用预设等方面的分析。
话语分析的基本方法
文本分析法
01
通过对文本的语义、语法和修辞等进行分析，探究话语的内在
结构和意义。
语境分析法
02
将话语置于特定的语境中进行分析，包括对话语产生和接受的
背景、参与者之间的关系等进行考察。
语用分析法
03
从语言使用的角度出发，探究话语的意义和功能，包括言外之
意、语用预设等方面的分析。
语言资源保护
通过话语分析，可以深入了解濒危语言的特征和 使用情况，为保护和传承这些语言提供支持。
3
语言服务
话语分析有助于提高语言服务的专业性和准确性， 例如翻译、口译、语音识别等领域。
跨文化交际与话语分析
文化交流
话语分析有助于深入理解不同文化背景下的语言使用，促进跨文化交流的顺利进行。
文化冲突与适应
话语结构分析
从宏观和微观两个层面探究话语的结构和组织形式 ，包括话题转换、句子间关系等方面的分析。
话语意义分析
从语义和语境两个角度出发，深入探究话语 的意义和功能，包括言外之意、语用预设等 方面的分析。
05
话语分析的应用领域
05
话语分析的应用领域
语言教学与话语分析
语言教学
话语分析在语言教学中具有重要作用，通过对语言使用和语境的深 入分析，有助于教师更好地理解语言结构和功能，从而提高教学质 量。
局限
话语分析在理论和方法上仍有待完善，其研究结果有时缺乏可操作性和可重复性。此外， 话语分析对语言使用者的主观意图和语境因素的依赖较强，可能导致研究结果的解释力
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
– The nature of discourse
– The meaning of discourse
– The structure of discourse
– Discourse and society
Intended learning outcomes: • You will be able to
• Discourse, text
• Discourse analysis, text analysis, text linguistics,
discourse studies, discourse research, text
studies
• 语篇，篇章，话语
2. Why bother with discourse?
Fortunately,
he missed the pitchfork.
Unfortunately, he missed the haystack. (Stubbs 1986: 95)
John was in a bus on the way to school. He was worried about controlling the math class. The teacher shouldn’t have asked him to do so. It’s not part of a janitor’s job.
Outline
• • • • • • • Topic 1: What is discourse analysis? Topic 2: Cohesion Topic 3: Coherence Topic 4: Thematic structure Topic 5: Presupposition Topic 6: Conversational analysis Topic 7: Discourse and society
• To understand the nature of language.
• To understand the nature of discourse in particular
• To know how discourse is organized and the possible ways to mend or perfect “damaged discourse” (Hoey 1983) • To know how ideas and concepts develop in discourse so as to form encoding skills in writing and oral presentation • To know different approaches to discourse analysis so as to be able to adopt different ways to decode different stretches of connected discourse, which may help students in their reading and listening comprehension. • To appreciate or evaluate.
Assessment
• Assessment is mainly based on
– seminar performance and assignments (40%) – the final examination （60%）.
Further Readings
•
• • •
• • •
•
• •
Jones, Rodney, H. 2012. Discourse Analysis: A resource book for students. London: Routledge. Paltridge, B. 2006. Discourse Analysis: An introduction. London: Continuum. Johnstone, B. 2002. Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell. Brown, G. and Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cook, G. 1989. Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Georgakopoulou, A. & Goutsos, D. 1997. Discourse Analysis: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Halliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Hatch, E. 1992. Discourse and Language Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McCarthy, M. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Renkema, J. 1993. Discourse Studies: An introductory textbook. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
•
She’s tall and thin and walks like a crane.
•
•
I can’t stand Sally Binns. She’s tall and thin and walks like a crane.
I do admire Sally Binns. She’s tall and thin and walks like a crane. (Brown and Yule 1983: 125)
•
跳下站台 进入隧道 危险 （上海地铁站内警示语） 紧急时击碎玻璃，拉下红色手柄，停车后走出 车门。勿擅动，危险。 （上海地铁车厢内警示语）
•
• 3. How about our understanding of language?
• Expectation-driven
A man took a ride in an aeroplane.
More examples…
Q: What time did you leave the building? A: What I did at five thirty was leave the building. (McCarthy 1991: 53)
• No one else had known where the entrance to the cave was situated. What John discovered was the cave. (Widdowson 1979: 123)
(Brown 1997)
• Meaning chcourse is a continuous stretch of language larger than a sentence. (Crystal 1986)
• Discourse is “language above the sentence or above the clause”. (Stubbs 1983)
– Understand the properties of “being a text”; what makes a text a “text”. – Apply a range of analytical methods to spoken and written discourse. – Focus on specific approaches to discourse.
• Discourse analysis is the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users (Johnson and Johnson, 2001)
台上坐着主席团 VS 主席团坐在台上 • ---- 小学校的操场上人声鼎沸，人们都是来参加选 举大会的。操场东侧临时搭起了一个大台子，台 上坐着主席团。 • ---- 出席今天会议的有英雄事迹报告团，工会代 表团和刚刚推选出的大会主席团。主席团坐在台 上，英雄事迹报告团和工会代表团坐在大礼堂的 前排。
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysis is the study of how
sentences in spoken and written and
language
units
form
as
larger
meaningful
such
paragraphs
conversations. (Richards et al. 1985)
• ---- 从前有座山，山上有座庙，庙里有个老和尚， 老和尚在给小和尚讲故事。老和尚说。。。
• ---- 从前有座山，有座庙在山上，有个老和尚在庙 里，小和尚在听老和尚讲故事。老和尚说。。。 （金立鑫 2000）
• 2. How about the meaning of sentences?
• Affected by the context in which they are used.
Discourse Analysis 1 What is discourse analysis?
Course Description
– The meaning of discourse
– The structure of discourse
– Discourse and society
Intended learning outcomes: • You will be able to
• Discourse, text
• Discourse analysis, text analysis, text linguistics,
discourse studies, discourse research, text
studies
• 语篇，篇章，话语
2. Why bother with discourse?
Fortunately,
he missed the pitchfork.
Unfortunately, he missed the haystack. (Stubbs 1986: 95)
John was in a bus on the way to school. He was worried about controlling the math class. The teacher shouldn’t have asked him to do so. It’s not part of a janitor’s job.
Outline
• • • • • • • Topic 1: What is discourse analysis? Topic 2: Cohesion Topic 3: Coherence Topic 4: Thematic structure Topic 5: Presupposition Topic 6: Conversational analysis Topic 7: Discourse and society
• To understand the nature of language.
• To understand the nature of discourse in particular
• To know how discourse is organized and the possible ways to mend or perfect “damaged discourse” (Hoey 1983) • To know how ideas and concepts develop in discourse so as to form encoding skills in writing and oral presentation • To know different approaches to discourse analysis so as to be able to adopt different ways to decode different stretches of connected discourse, which may help students in their reading and listening comprehension. • To appreciate or evaluate.
Assessment
• Assessment is mainly based on
– seminar performance and assignments (40%) – the final examination （60%）.
Further Readings
•
• • •
• • •
•
• •
Jones, Rodney, H. 2012. Discourse Analysis: A resource book for students. London: Routledge. Paltridge, B. 2006. Discourse Analysis: An introduction. London: Continuum. Johnstone, B. 2002. Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell. Brown, G. and Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cook, G. 1989. Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Georgakopoulou, A. & Goutsos, D. 1997. Discourse Analysis: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Halliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Hatch, E. 1992. Discourse and Language Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McCarthy, M. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Renkema, J. 1993. Discourse Studies: An introductory textbook. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
•
She’s tall and thin and walks like a crane.
•
•
I can’t stand Sally Binns. She’s tall and thin and walks like a crane.
I do admire Sally Binns. She’s tall and thin and walks like a crane. (Brown and Yule 1983: 125)
•
跳下站台 进入隧道 危险 （上海地铁站内警示语） 紧急时击碎玻璃，拉下红色手柄，停车后走出 车门。勿擅动，危险。 （上海地铁车厢内警示语）
•
• 3. How about our understanding of language?
• Expectation-driven
A man took a ride in an aeroplane.
More examples…
Q: What time did you leave the building? A: What I did at five thirty was leave the building. (McCarthy 1991: 53)
• No one else had known where the entrance to the cave was situated. What John discovered was the cave. (Widdowson 1979: 123)
(Brown 1997)
• Meaning chcourse is a continuous stretch of language larger than a sentence. (Crystal 1986)
• Discourse is “language above the sentence or above the clause”. (Stubbs 1983)
– Understand the properties of “being a text”; what makes a text a “text”. – Apply a range of analytical methods to spoken and written discourse. – Focus on specific approaches to discourse.
• Discourse analysis is the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users (Johnson and Johnson, 2001)
台上坐着主席团 VS 主席团坐在台上 • ---- 小学校的操场上人声鼎沸，人们都是来参加选 举大会的。操场东侧临时搭起了一个大台子，台 上坐着主席团。 • ---- 出席今天会议的有英雄事迹报告团，工会代 表团和刚刚推选出的大会主席团。主席团坐在台 上，英雄事迹报告团和工会代表团坐在大礼堂的 前排。
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysis is the study of how
sentences in spoken and written and
language
units
form
as
larger
meaningful
such
paragraphs
conversations. (Richards et al. 1985)
• ---- 从前有座山，山上有座庙，庙里有个老和尚， 老和尚在给小和尚讲故事。老和尚说。。。
• ---- 从前有座山，有座庙在山上，有个老和尚在庙 里，小和尚在听老和尚讲故事。老和尚说。。。 （金立鑫 2000）
• 2. How about the meaning of sentences?
• Affected by the context in which they are used.
Discourse Analysis 1 What is discourse analysis?
Course Description