李秉龙 农业经济学 第2版二版 笔记和课后习题详解答案解析第十六章农业产业结构
农业经济学课件

第二章 农业 农村 农民
重点
农业的地位和贡献
城乡二元经济结构的形成与发展
难点
“三农问题”的解决
第二十六页,共462页。
第一节 农业 第二节 农村
第三节 农民
第四节 “三农”问题
第二十七页,共462页。
第一节 农业Agriculture
要点
农业的内涵与外延 农业新概念
农业的特征
农业的地位 农业对国民经济发展的贡献 农业问题
第三页,共462页。
学习该课程的必要性(一)
“世界上绝大多数人是贫苦的,因而懂得了穷国的 经济学就大体懂得了真正重要的经济学。世界上大 多数穷人靠农业养活自己,因而懂得了农业经济学 ,也就大体懂得了穷国的经济学。”
---1979年诺贝尔经济学奖得主西奥多·舒尔茨(瑞典斯德哥尔摩“诺贝 尔讲演” )
第二十八页,共462页。
农业的内涵与外延
内涵:农业作为国民经济的一个部
门,在现代社会中称为第一产业。农 业作为一种生产经济活动,其本质是 人类利用生物机体的生命力,把外界 环境中的物质和能量转化为人类所需 的生物产品并为人类创造良好生态环 境的过程
第二十九页,共462页。
农业的内涵与外延
外延:农业包括植物栽培(种植业和
第三十三页,共462页。
农业的地位
农业是国民经济其他部门赖以独立的 基础
农业的发展是国民经济其他部门进一步 发展的基础
农业是国民经济的基础是对各国普遍 起作用的经济规律
农业是国民经济的基础是长期起作用 的规律
第三十四页,共462页。
农业对国民经济发展的贡献
主要贡献
产品贡献
市场贡献
要素贡献 外汇贡献
第四页,共462页。
农业经济学复习重点

农业经济学复习重点题目类型:材料分析;判断;简答;论述第一章绪论1.农业的根本特性:自然再生产与经济再生产相交织所谓自然再生产,是指生物有机体通过同它所处自然环境之间物质、能量的交换、转化,而不断生长、繁殖的过程.在这个过程中,植物依靠光合作用,将二氧化碳和水、矿物质养料转化成为有机物,用于自身生长,并繁殖后代,由此构成生生不息的植物世界。
作为经济再生产过程,农产品由结成一定生产关系的社会成员,凭借一定的生产手段和劳动对象生产出来;然后通过交换和分配,部分投入消费领域,部分又重新成为劳动对象而回到下一个生产过程,如此周而复始。
2. 农业的地位(1)农业在国民经济中的一般地位:农业是国民经济的基础A、农业是提供人类生存必需品的生产部门B、农业是国民经济其他部门得以产生和独立化的基础C、农业是国民经济其他部门进一步发展的基础(2)农业在国民经济发展阶段中的地位A、农业支持国民经济发展阶段B、国家对农业实行保护阶段(3)农业份额下降与农业的经济地位A、农业在国民经济中的比重下降是一条客观经济规律B、农业份额下降不等于农业重要性下降(4)农业比重下降规律的原因A、农业生产率的提高,农业不必保持原来的规模,一部分人会从事其他产业的劳动.B、农产品收入需求弹性小。
C、农业比较优势下降,导致农业在国民经济中的相对比重下降.3、农业对经济发展的贡献(1)产品贡献(食品,轻工业原料)(2)要素贡献(劳动力,资本,土地)(3)市场贡献(日用工业品,农业生产资料)(4)外汇贡献(农产品及其加工品的出口)4. 农业的多功能性(1)环境功能(2)社会功能(3)粮食安全功能(4)经济功能(5)文化功能第二章农产品供给与需求1.农产品供求均衡的形成农产品供求均衡是指在某种价格条件下,市场上某种农产品的供给量和需求量恰好相等。
2。
影响供给与需求的因素供给:其他相关农产品的价格、农产品生产要素的价格、农业资源及其开发利用的技术水平、农产品生产者数量、农产品的商品化程度、农产品生产者对未来价格的预期、政府的农业产业政策需求:消费者的收入水平; 其他相关农产品的价格;中间需求的变化;人口的数量与结构;消费者的偏好和消费观念;消费者的文化习俗;消费者对未来价格的预期;政府的消费政策 ;P 1时,大量生产导致供大于求,产品滞销,市场剩余P 2时,生产无利可图,减产,导致供小于求,市场短缺 农产品供求平衡并非一直保持固定不变的,只要一个因素变化,就会引起供求双方变化,打破原有的平衡,通过市场自我调控形成新的平衡。
第17章农业的生产结构和农村产业结构.

15
经管土管学院
农业产业结构调整的基本原则
市场导向原则 因地制宜原则 协调发展原则 效益最佳原则
16
经管土管学院
农业产业结构调 整的目标和方向
农业产业结构调整的目标
通过建立一个合理的农业产业 结构确保有效的粮食安全,提高农 产品的质量和国际竞争力,提高农 业的经济和生态效益,最终实现农 业和农村的可持续性发展。
18
经管土管学院
农业产业结构调整的主要方向
促进粮食稳定发展 发展健康养殖业 大力发展特色农业 推进生物质产业发展
19
经管土管学院
农业产业结构调整的主要方向
促进粮食稳定发展 发展健康养殖业 大力发展特色农业 推进生物质产业发展
20
经管土管学院
农业产业结构调整的保障措施
推动农业科技进步 大力发展农业产业化经营 建立和完善社会化服务体系 加大资金投入
24
经管土管学院
我国粮食生产发展的五个阶段
第一阶段(1949-1957年):种植面积和单位面积产 量双增长的阶段 第二阶段(1958-1977年):粮食生产滑坡和徘徊时 期 第三阶段(1978-1984年):粮食生产高速增长时期 第四阶段(1985-1989年):粮食生产的波动和徘徊 期 第五阶段(1990年以后) :粮食生产的调整和稳定 发展时期
28
经管土管学院
思考题
什么是农业产业结构?它的形成需要那些条件? 农业产业结构调整应遵循那些基本原则?我国 农业产业结构调整的主要方向是什么? 什么是粮食安全?粮食安全与食物安全的区别 与联系是什么? 保障我国粮食安全的对策有哪些?
29
经管土管学院
进一步导读
1.雷海章.现代农业经济学.北京:中国农业出版社, 2003.7 2.李秉龙.农业经济学.北京.中国农业大学出版 社.2003 3.[日]速水佑次郎,神门善久;周应恒等译.农业经 济论新版.中国农业出版社.2003 4.朱希刚.跨世界的探索:中国粮食问题研究.中国 农业出版社.1997 5.中共中央国务院关于积极发展现代农业扎实推进 社会主义新农村建设的若干意见.2007
李秉龙:农业经济学 ppt课件

司皮门(W. J. Spillman)应用“统计方法”分 析农场资料;
邦特(G. A. Pond)与达波(J. W. Tapp)创立 “农场预算法”计划,预测农场的生产费用和收 入;
30年代霍莫兹(C. L. Holmos)研究农场生产与 外部的关系;
40年代舒尔茨(T. W. Schultz)主张将动态经济
PPT课件
5
0.2.1.2 农业在不同国民经济 发展阶段中的地位
首先是农业支持国民经济发展阶段
符合社会经济发展的需要,符合整个社会福利最 大化的要求。
也符合农业本身发展的需要
其次是国家对农业实行保护阶段
农业由于自身的上述特性使得其贸易条件不断恶 化,比较优势逐步丧失,比较利益越来越小,市 场本身的发展难以使农业适应社会与经济发展的 需要,为了维护农业的基础性地位,为了实现社 会的公平,就有必要对农业实行保护性政策
PPT课件
18
0.3.3 近代资本主义后期的农业经 思想(19世纪40年代~20世纪初)
0.3.3.1 一般经济学中的农业经济思想与 理论
用效用价值理论来说明农产品的价值或 价格,重新解释地租理论以及基于其上 的农业赋税理论等。这些在庞巴维克、 克拉克、马歇尔等人的著作中都有所论 述,代表了这些理论的转化过程。
PPT课件
13
李嘉图批判了斯密树立的两种价值标准,在 坚持劳动价值论的前提下,创立了古典政治 经济学发展中最完备的地租理论。他把地租 看成是利润的派生形式,从而认为利润是剩 余价值的唯一形式。
在17 ~ 19世纪,古典政治经济学家们已开 始注意到从生产、交换、分配、消费几个环 节来分析社会生产,注意到生产要素的投入 与经营收益之间存在一定关系或规律。
推广硕士《农业经济学》复习题及作业

中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院农业推广硕士《农业经济学》复习题及作业第一章导论1、什么是农业?什么是农业的基本贡献和农业的多功能性?农业是人们利用太阳能,依靠生物的生长发育来获取产品的社会物质生产部门。
农业生产的对象是生物体,获取的是动植物产品。
农业的本质是人类利用生物机体的生命力,把外界环境中的物质和能量转化为生物产品,以满足社会需求的一种生产经济活动。
农业对经济发展的基本贡献有四种形式:产品贡献、要素贡献、市场贡献、外汇贡献。
农业多功能性是指农业除了具有提供食物和纤维等多种商品的功能外,还具有五个方面的非商品产出功能:环境功能、社会功能、粮食安全功能、经济功能、文化功能。
2、试分析农业的根本特性。
(作业1)3、农业经济学的研究对象是什么?(仅作为了解内容,不作为考试内容)第二章农产品供给与需求1、什么是农产品供给?农产品供给需要具备哪两个条件?影响农产品供给的因素有哪些?农产品供给就是农产品生产经营者在一定时间内,在一定价格条件下愿意并能够出售并且能够出售某种商品农产品的数量。
从经济学的角度讲,农产品供给的形成必须同时具备两个条件:一是生产经营者有出售农产品的愿望;二是生产经营者有供应能力。
农产品供给取决于多种因素的影响,如农产品自身的价格,相关农产品的价格、农产品生产成本及技术条件、农产品生产经营者对未来价格的预期等,同时影响农产品供给变动的因素还有农业资源及其开发利用的技术水平,农产品生产者数量,农产品的商品化程度和其他因素。
2、什么是农产品需求?农产品需求需要具备哪两个条件?影响农产品需求的因素有哪些?农产品需求指农产品消费者在某一特定时期内,在各种可能的价格水平上愿意购买并且能够购买的某种农产品的数量。
构成农产品需求的两个必备条件:一是消费者具有购买欲望;二是消费者在现行价格条件下具有支付能力。
农产品需求受诸多因素影响,主要表现在:消费者的收入水平;其他相关农产品的价格;中间需求的变化;人口的数量与结构;消费者的偏好和消费观念;消费者的文化习俗;消费者对农产品未来价格的预期;政府的消费政策。
李秉龙《农业经济学》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-食品质量安全管理【圣才出品】

第十五章食品质量安全管理15.1复习笔记一、食品质量安全的内涵与其经济特性1.食品质量安全的内涵(1)食品质量安全:绝对性与相对性之分①世界卫生组织定义食品安全对食品按其原定用途进行制作和(或)食用时不会使消费者受害的一种担保。
食品卫生指为保证食品安全性和适合性在食物链的所有阶段必须采取的一切条件和措施。
②美国学者Jones定义绝对安全性是指确保不可能因食用某种食物而危及健康或造成伤害的一种承诺,即食物绝对没有风险。
相对安全性是指一种食物或成分在合理食用方式和正常食量的情况下不会导致对健康损害的实际确定性。
③中国食品安全定义对食品在按照预期用途被加工和(或)食用时不会伤害消费者的保证。
(2)食品安全与相关概念的联系与区别①食品安全与粮食安全a.粮食安全的范围第一,粮食的宏观供给能力及稳定性;第二,家庭对食物的获取能力与居民营养水平;第三,资源的可持续利用与安全性。
b.粮食安全与食品安全的关系粮食安全涵盖了以下三个层面:第一,粮食是食品的基础,发展中国家在追求食物保障目标中,往往将粮食安全作为首要目标;第二,粮食安全是食品安全的基础和最低要求;第三,在全世界粮食安全状况逐步好转的情况下,各国逐步将追求粮食安全的目标转向食品安全。
②食品安全与食品质量a.食品质量的定义食品质量是指食品满足消费者明确的或者隐含的需要的特性。
食品质量的高低指食品满足使用标准或要求的程度。
b.食品安全与食品质量的关系食品安全仅仅是食品质量中的安全特性,从属于食品质量的范畴。
食品的安全性是食品质量的前提。
由于食品质量的范畴要远大于食品安全的范畴,食品生产商在追求食品某一品质时,可能以安全性为代价。
c.食品质量的意义对政府来说,其关注的食品质量对象主要限于安全特性。
对于企业来说,在实施质量管理、努力提高食品质量水平的同时,首先要保证食品的安全性。
③食品安全与食品营养食品营养是食品供给的终极目标。
食品营养素的缺乏和食品安全之间密切相关,食品供给不足、不安全食品的供给或膳食的不平衡均可能产生食品营养问题。
《金融学(第二版)》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解 第16章
CHAPTER 16CAPITAL STRUCTUREObjectives•To understand how a firm can create value through its financing decisions. •To show how to take account of a firm’s financing mix in evaluating investment decisions.Outline16.1 Internal versus External Financing16.2 Equity Financing16.3 Debt Financing16.4 The Irrelevance of Capital Structure in a Frictionless Environment16.5 Creating Value through Financing Decisions16.6 Reducing Costs16.7 Dealing with Conflicts of Interest16.8 Creating New Opportunities for Stakeholders16.9 Financing Decisions in Practice16.10 How to Evaluate Levered InvestmentsSummary•External financing subjects a corporation’s investment plans more directly to the discipline of the capital market than internal financing does.•Debt financing in its broadest sense includes loans and debt securities, such as bonds and mortgages, as well as other promises of future payment by the corporation, such as accounts payable, leases, and pensions.•In a frictionless financial environment, where there are no taxes or transaction costs, and contracts are costless to make and enforce, the wealth of shareholders is the same no matter what capital structure the firm adopts.•In the real world there are a number of frictions that can cause capital structure policy to have an effect on the wealth of shareholders. These include taxes, regulations, and conflicts of interest between the stakeholders of the firm. A firm’s management might therefore be able to create shareholder val ue through its capital structure decisions in one of three ways:•By reducing tax costs or the costs of burdensome regulations.•By reducing potential conflicts of interest among various stakeholders in the firm.•By providing stakeholders with financial assets not otherwise available tothem.•There are three alternative methods used in estimating the net present value of an investment project to take account of financial leverage: the adjusted present value method, the flows to equity method, and the weighted average cost of capital methodSolutions to Problems at End of ChapterDebt-Equity Mix1. Divido Corporation is an all-equity financed firm with a total market value of $100 million.The company holds $10 million in cash-equivalents and has $90 million in other assets.There are 1,000,000 shares of Divido common stock outstanding, each with a market price of $100.Divido Corporation has decided to issue $20 million of bonds and to repurchase $20 million worth of its stock.a.What will be the impact on the price of its shares and on the wealth of itsshareholders?Why?b.Assume that Divido’s EBIT has an equal probability of being $20 million,or $12 million, or $4million.Show the impact of the financial restructuring on the probability distribution of earnings per share in the absence oftaxes.Why does the fact that the equity becomes riskier not necessarily affect shareholder wealth?SOLUTION:a.In an M&M frictionless environment, where there are no taxes and contractsare costless to make and enforce, the wealth of shareholders is the same no matter what capital structure the firm adopts. In such an environment, neither the stock price nor shareholders’ wealth would be affected. In the real world Divido’s management might be ab le to create shareholder value by issuing debt and repurchasing shares in two ways:By reducing tax costsBy reducing the free cash flow available to management and exposing itself to greater market discipline.b.The formula for EPS without debt is:EPS all equity =EBIT1,000,000 sharesThe interest payments will be $1.2 million per year (.06 x $20 million)regardless of the realized value of EBIT. The number of shares outstanding after exchanging debt for equity will be 800,000. EPS with debt is therefore: EPS with debt = Net Earnings= EBIT – $1.2 million800,000 shares 800,000 sharesAlthough the shares of stock become riskier with debt financing, the expected earnings per share go up. In a frictionless financial environment, the net effect is to leave the price of the stock unaffected.Leasing2. Plentilease and Nolease are virtually identical corporations.The only difference between them is that Plentilease leases most of its plant and equipment whereas Nolease buys its plant and equipment and finances it by pare and contrast their market-value balance sheets.SOLUTION:Market-Value Balance Sheets of Nolease and Plentilease CorporationsThe main difference between the bonds and the lease as a form of debtfinancing is who bears the risk associated with the residual market value of the leased asset at the end of the term of the lease. Since Nolease Corporation has bought its equipment, it bears this risk. In Plentilease’s case, however, it is the lessor that bears this residual-value risk.Pension Liabilities3. Europens and Asiapens are virtually identical corporations.The only difference between them is that Europens has a completely unfunded pension plan, and Asiapens has a fully funded pension pare and contrast their market-value balance sheets.What difference does the funding status of the pension plan make to the stakeholders of these two corporations?SOLUTION:Balance Sheets of Asiapens and Europens CorporationsAsiapens has funded its pension plan by issuing bonds and investing the funds raised in a segregated pool of pension fund assets. These pension assets take the form of a diversified portfolio of stocks and bonds issued by othercompanies and serve as collateral for the pension benefits promised byAsiapens to its employees. In the case of Europens, there is no segregated poolof pension assets. The pension promises of Europens are backed by the assets of the company itself. Therefore, the employees of Asiapens are more secure about receiving their promised pension benefits, since the benefits arecollateralized by a more diversified portfolio of assets. In the case of bothcompanies, however, any unfunded pension liability reduces shareholdersequity.4. Comfort Shoe Company of England has decided to spin off its Tango Dance Shoe Division as a separate corporation in the United States.The assets of the Tango Dance Shoe Division have the same operating risk characteristics as those of Comfort.The capital structure of Comfort has been 40% debt and 60% equity in terms of marketing values, and is considered by management to be optimal.The required return on Comfort’s assets (if unlevered) is 16% per year, and the interest rate that the firm (and the division) must currently pay on their debt is 10% per year.Sales revenue for the Tango Shoe Division is expected to remain indefinitely at last year’s level of $10 million.Variable costs are 55% of sales.Annual depreciation is $1 million, which is exactly matched each year by new investments.The corporate tax rate is 40%.a.How much is the Tango Shoe Division worth in unlevered form?b.If the Tango Shoe Division is spun off with $5 million in debt, how muchwould it be worth?c.What rate of return will the shareholders of the Tango Shoe Divisionrequire?d.Show that the market value of the equity of the new firm would be justifiedby the earnings to the shareholders.SOLUTION:a.The unlevered free cash flow for the Tango Shoe Division would be (in$millions):Sales: $10.0Var. Cost: -5.5Depreciation - 1.0Taxable Income $ 3.5Taxes (@40%) -1.4After-Tax Income $2.1Depreciation 1.0Investment -1.0Free Cash Flow $2.1 millionUnlevered, Tango is worth: $2.1 million / 0.16 = $13.125 millionb.If Tango had $5 million of debt, its total value would be:Market Value with Debt = Market Value without Debt + PV of Interest Tax ShieldV L = V U + T x B= $13.125 + (.4 x 5) = $15.125 millionTango Equity = $15.125 - $5 = $10.125 millionc.Tango’s cost of equity capital would be .1778k e = k + (1-T)(k - r)D/E = .16 + (1-.4)(.16-.10)x 5/10.125 = .1778d.The value of the equity should be the present value of the expected net incomediscounted at the required rate of return on equity. The expected net income will be the unlevered cash flow less the after-tax cost of the interest of the debt: $2.1 - (.6) (.1 x $5) = $2.1 - $.3 = $1.8 million per yearS = $1.8 million / .1778 = $10.125 million5. Based on the above problem, Suppose that Foxtrot Dance Shoes makes custom designed dance shoes and is a competitor of Tango Dance Shoes. Foxtrot has similar risks and characteristics as Tango except that it is completely unlevered.Fearful that Tango Dance Shoes may try to take over Foxtrot in order to control their niche in the market, Foxtrot decides to lever the firm to buy back stock.a.If there are currently 500,000 shares outstanding, what is the value ofFoxtrot’s stock?b.How many shares can Foxtrot buy back and at what value if it is willing toborrow 30% of the value of the firm?c.What if it is willing to borrow 40% of the value of the firm?d.Should Foxtrot borrow more?SOLUTION:a.Current price per share: $13.125 million /.5 million shares = $26.25 per shareb.@30% debtAmount to borrow: 30% of 13.125 million = $3.9375 millionPV of Tax Shield = .4 x $3.9375 million = $1.575 millionValue of levered firm = $13.125 + $1.575 = $14.7 millionValue of equity in levered firm = $14.7 million $3.9375 million = $10.7625 millionTo compute the number of shares Foxtrot can repurchase, we need to know the price per share.If Foxtrot can repurchase shares at the existing price of $26.25 then the number of shares retired will be$3.9375 million/$26.25 per share = .15 million shares. This will leave .35million shares outstanding, and the price of each share will be $10.7625million/.35 million = $30.75.If the PV of the tax shield gets incorporated in the price of the shares before the repurchase, then the price of the shares will increase by $1.575 million/.5million = $3.15. So the price of the repurchased shares will be$26.25 + $3.15 = $29.40.Then the number of shares retired will be $3.9375 million/$29.40 per share = 133,929 shares. This will leave 366,071 shares outstanding each with a price of $29.40.c.@40% debtAmount to borrow: 40% of $13.125 million = $5.25 millionPV of Tax Shield = .4 x $5.25 million = $2.1 millionValue of levered firm = $13.125 + $2.1 = $15.225 millionValue of equity in levered firm = $15.225 million $5.25 million = $9.975 millionIf Foxtrot can repurchase shares at the existing price of $26.25 then the number of shares retired will be$5.25 million/$26.25 per share = .2 million shares. This will leave .3 million shares outstanding, and the price of each share will be $9.975 million/.3 million = $33.25.If the PV of the tax shield gets incorporated in the price of the shares before the repurchase, then the price of the shares will increase by $2.1 million/.5 million = $4.20. So the price of the repurchased shares will be$26.25 + $4.20 = $30.45.Then the number of shares retired will be $5.25million/$30.45 per share =172,414 shares. This will leave 327,586 shares outstanding each with a price of $30.45.d. Foxtrot’s management must trade off the tax savings due to additional debtfinancing against the costs of financial distress that rise with the degree of debt financing.6. Hanna-Charles Company needs to add a new fleet of vehicles for their sales force.The purchasing manager has been working with a local car dealership to get the best value for the company dollar.After some negotiations, a local dealer has offered Hanna-Charles two options:1) a three year lease on the fleet of cars or 2) 15% off the top to purchase outright. Option 2 would cost Hanna-Charles company about 5% less than the lease option in terms of present value.a.What are the advantages and disadvantages of leasing?b.Which option should the purchasing manager at Hanna-Charles pursueand why?SOLUTION:a.Advantages:The lessor bears all the residual-value riskTax BenefitsNo disposal concerns (or resale) when life of equipment is expended.Disadvantages:No ownership while maintaining maintenance responsibilityb.Lease or Buy:Hanna-Charles company should lease. Although they may spend more with the lease, they do not bear the residual-value risk.7. Havem and Needem companies are exactly the same differing only in their capital structures.Havem is an unlevered firm issuing only stocks whereas Needem issues stocks and bonds. Neither firm pays corporate taxes. Havem pays out all of its yearly earnings in the form of dividends and has 1 million shares outstanding.Its market capitalization rate is 11% and the firm is currently valued at$180 million.Needem is identical except that 40% of its value is in bonds and has 500,000 shares outstanding. Needem’s bonds are risk free and pay a coupon of 9% per year and are rolled over every year.a.What is the value of Needem’s shares?b.As an investor forecasting the upcoming year, you examine Havem andNeedem using three possible states of the economy that are all equallylikely: normal, bad, and exceptional.Assuming the earnings will be the same, one half, and one and a half respectively, produce a table that shows the earnings and the earnings per share for both Havem and Needem in all three scenarios.SOLUTION:a.Needem has $72 million in debt and $108 million in equity. Since there are500,000 shares, the value of each share is $216.b.Expected EBIT = $180 million x 11% = $19.8 million per yearInterest expense for Needem = $72 million x .09 = $6.48 million per yearb EBIT – Interest Expense8. Using the foregoing example, let us now assume that Havem and Needem must pay taxes at the rate of 40% annually.Given the same distribution of possible outcomes as previously:a.What are the possible after-tax cash flows for Havem and Needem?b.What are the values of the shares?c.If one was not risk averse, which company would that person invest in? SOLUTION:a.After-tax CF Havem = (1 -Tax Rate) EBIT = Net incomeNet income Needem = (1 -Tax Rate) (EBIT - Int. Pmt.)CF Needem = (1 -Tax Rate) (EBIT) + Tax Rate x Int. PmtCF Needem (bad) = (.60) $9.9 + (.40) x 6.48 = $8.532 millionCF Needem (normal) = (.60) $19.8 + (.40) x 6.48 = $14.472 millionCF Needem (except.) = (.60) $29.7 + (.40) x 6.48 = $20.412 millionb.The equity of Havem will be worth $11.88 million /.11 = $108 million or $108per shareThe total value of Needem’s debt + equity will be $108,000,000 + .4 x $72,000,000 = $136.8 million.Needem’s equity will be worth $136,800,000- $72,000,000 = $64.8 million.Since there are .5 million shares of Needem, each will be worth $129.60.c.Needem.9. The Griffey-Lang Food Company faces a difficult problem.In management’s effort to grow the business, they accrued a debt of $150 million while the value of the company is only $125 million.Management must come up with a plan to alleviate the situation in one year or face certain bankruptcy. Also upcoming are labor relations meetings with the union to discuss employee benefits and pension funds. Griffey-Lang at this time has three choices they can pursue: 1) Launch a new, relatively untested product that if successful (probability of .12) will allow G-L to increase the value of the company to $200 million, 2) Sell off two food production plants in an effort to reduce some of the debt and the value of the company thus making it even (.45 probability of success), or do nothing (probability of failure = 1.0).a.As a creditor, what would you like Griffey-Lang to do, and why?b.As an investor?c.As an employee?SOLUTION:a.As a Creditor:Option 2 best suits the creditor. Option 2 allows the creditor to regain some value through the sale of plant and equipment.b.As a shareholder:The shareholders have nothing to lose and everything to gain by taking a big chance with the new product.c.As an Employee:Selling off two production plants will eliminate jobs. Doing nothing means certain bankruptcy and may result in liquidation of the firm and the loss of all the jobs. For the employees, the best choice is option 1.。
最新《农业经济学》李秉龙第2版课后习题答案-第2章
据上述部分的分析可见,我校学生就达4000多人。附近还有两所学校,和一些居民楼。随着生活水平的逐渐提高,家长给孩子的零用钱也越来越多,人们对美的要求也越来越高,特别是大学生。他们总希望自己的无论是衣服还是首饰都希望与众不同,能穿出自己的个性。但在我们美丽的校园里缺少自己的个性和琳琅满目的饰品,所以我们的小饰品店存在的竞争力主要是南桥或是市区的。这给我们小组的创业项目提供了一个很好的市场机会。
《农业经济学》李秉龙第2版课后习题答案第2章
体现市民生活质量状况的指标---恩格尔系数,上海也从1995年的53.4%下降到了2003年的37.2%,虽然与恩格尔系数多在20%以下的发达国家相比仍有差距,但按照联合国粮农组织的划分,表明上海消费已开始进入富裕状态(联合国粮农组织曾依据恩格尔系数,将恩格尔系数在40%-50%定为小康水平的消费,20%-40%定为富裕状态的消费)。
(1)价格低
(一)对“漂亮女生”饰品店的分析
学习好资料更多精品文档农业经济学李秉龙第2版课后习题答案学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档学习好资料更多精品文档
据调查统计在对大学生进行店铺经营风格所考虑的因素问题调查中,发现有50%人选择了价格便宜些,有28%人选择服务热情些,有30%人选择店面装潢有个性,只有14%人选择新ww。people。com。cn
(3)心态问题
1、购买“女性化”
农业经济学李秉龙
11.1合作社思想 的产生与开展
合作社思想的产生 近代合作社思想的演进 马克思,恩格斯,列宁的合作社理论 当代合作社思想的流派
11.农业合作社
11.2农业合作社的 含义,原那么,作用 与运行特征
标准卫生和植物检疫措施,严防设置非关 税壁垒
4.3农产品国际贸 易的演变与特点
农产品国际贸易的演变 农产品国际贸易的特点
第二篇农业生产要素
5.1土地概述
5.2土地集约经营 与适度规模经营
5.土地与水资源
5.3土地制度 与土地产权
5.4农村土地承包 经营权及其流转
5.4水资源的和 理配置与利用
概念及分类 特性 土地在农业生产中重要作用 中国土地资源及利用状况 土地资源合理利用的原那么
农业信息市场的主体及其作用 兴旺国家农产品批发市场运行模式 家庭的社会经济特性与农业家庭经营 农业信息市场的主体及其作用 3农业产业结构的合理化 1农业信息,农业信息技术与农业信息化的内涵 第三篇农业微观经济组织 承包的原那么和承包经营权的保护 2农业可持续开展的内涵与根本特征
2.3零售业态的变化 与农产品零售市场
13.农业保护曾哲 14.食品质量平安管理 15.农业产业结构 16.传统农业的改造与农业现代
化
17.农业可持续开展
第一篇农产品市场
1.1农产品供给 与需求平衡
农产品供给 农产品需求 农产品供给与需求平衡
1.农产品供给 与需求
1.2农产品供 给与需求弹性
1.3农产品供求 均衡理论应用
2.1市场与 流通概述
7.1农业技术 进步概述
内涵与特点 对农业开展的作用 诱导性技术进步理论
农业推广硕士《农业经济学》复习题及作业[样例5]
农业推广硕士《农业经济学》复习题及作业[样例5]第一篇:农业推广硕士《农业经济学》复习题及作业中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院农业推广硕士《农业经济学》复习题及作业第一章导论1、什么是农业?什么是农业的基本贡献和农业的多功能性?2、试分析农业的根本特性。
(作业1)3、农业经济学的研究对象是什么?(仅作为了解内容,不作为考试内容)第二章农产品供给与需求1、什么是农产品供给?农产品供给需要具备哪两个条件?影响农产品供给的因素有哪些?2、什么是农产品需求?农产品需求需要具备哪两个条件?影响农产品需求的因素有哪些?3、什么是农产品的蛛网理论?农产品供求蛛网有哪几种类型?决定不同蛛网类型的条件是什么?(作业2,要求用图来表示)第三章农产品现货市场与流通1、农产品流通的特点是什么?渠道有哪些?2、什么是农产品批发市场?它所具有的功能有哪些?3、什么是农产品零售市场?它有哪些特点?4、试比较分析农贸市场与超级市场在经销农产品上的优劣势和发展趋势。
(作业3)第四章农产品期货市场1、什么是农产品期货市场?它的功能是什么?2、试分析农产品期货市场功能发挥对现货市场的宏观作用与基本原理。
(作业4)3、试分析农产品期货市场功能发挥对现货市场的微观作用与基本原理。
1第五章农产品国际贸易1、什么是国际贸易?比较优势理论与竞争优势理论有哪些联系与区别?2、中国中国农产品国际贸易的基本格局与特征。
3、中国加入WTO对农业和农民产生了哪些重要的影响?(作业5)第六章土地与水资源1、什么是土地的粗放经营与集约经营?什么是土地的适度规模经营?2、什么是土地制度?中国现行农村土地基本制度有哪些?3、农村土地承包经营权流转的方式、原则有哪些?流转的主体及其权利有哪些?4、如何构建有中国特色的水资源利用和配置机制?(作业6)第七章农业劳动力1、什么是农业劳动力?农业劳动力转移的一般规律是什么?2、什么是农业剩余劳动力?中国农业剩余劳动力形成的主要原因是什么?3、中国农业剩余劳动力转移的特点和困难是什么?如何加快我国农业剩余劳动力的转移?(作业7)4、什么是农业劳动生产率?影响农业劳动生产率的因素有哪些?如何提高农业劳动生产率?第八章农业技术进步1、农业技术进步的内涵和特点是什么?农业技术进步的类型有哪些?2、中国应该选择什么样的农业技术进步道路的选择?(作业8)第九章农业资金1、农业资金的含义和运动特点是什么?2、什么是农业财政资金?按功能来划分有哪些类别?3、什么是农业信贷资金?农业信贷资金的分类有哪些?4、什么是农户资金?试分析农户在农业投资中的行为方式。