专业外语复习资料

专业外语复习资料
专业外语复习资料

1、In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light.热能在辐射时转换成性质与光相似的辐射能

2、The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the same height.向上的力与向下的力相等,所以气球就保持在这一高度。

3、Apart from providing people with timber, forests help regulate climate, conserve water and soil, wall off wind, fix sands, improve water quality, keep away smoke and dust, sterilizer(purify) the air, reduce noice, beautify surroundings, maintain and improve ecological balance.

Man would not be able to exist without green plants producing oxygen and absorbing harmful gases all the time. Man’s health is closely related to the quality of the air, which in turn is decided by the size(extent) of forests.

Many kinds of trees can absorb poisonous and cancer-causing substances in the air. The amount of bacteria in a forest area make up but 1% of that in a deforested area. While the air in a department store contains more than 4 million bacteria per cubic meter. A tree-covered area may reduce noise by a quarter. Moisture content in the air above or around a forest is 10-20% more than that of the places devoid of forest. Generally, the rainfall in a forestry area is 17% more than that of non-afforested area. The

volume of water held by a 50000-mu forest is equal to a reservoir of 1 million cubic meters. The green trees are pleasant to the eye. It helps to ease the tension of mind, and enhance the sense of beauty.

森林给人们提供木材,还能调节气候、保持水土、防风固沙、改善水质、防烟防尘、消毒杀菌、减少噪音、美化环境、维持及改善生态平衡。

如果没有绿色植物不断制造氧气和吸收有害的气体,人类就无法生存。人们的健康与空气的优劣有关,二空气的优劣又与森林的多少有关。

许多树木都能吸收空气中的有害物质和致癌物质。林区空气中的细菌数量只有无林区的1%。二百货商店内每立方米空气中则含有400多万个细菌。绿化区可以使噪音减弱四分之一左右。森林上空和附近的空气的含水量比无林地区多10%--20%;林区降雨量一般比非林区多17%,5 万亩森林所涵养的水相当于100万立方米容量的水库。树木的绿使人看了舒适,有利于缓和紧张心情,给人以美的享受。

4、转基因动物生物安全研究与评价

摘要: 随着转基因动物在新品种培育、异种器官移植、生物反应器和疾病模型等方面的研究与发展,转基因动物的生物安全性引起了人们的广泛关注。目前,各国政府与机构已制定了相应的法律法规来规范转基因动物的研究与应用。文中介绍了转基因动物生物安全研究的内

容、评价原则、评价政策与程序、上市或有望上市的转基因动物产品。最后,对转基因动物及其产品的研究与应用进行了展望。

关键词: 转基因动物,生物安全,异种器官移植,生物反应器,基因水平转移,木马基因效应,非预期性效应

Biosafety assessment of genetically engineered animals: a review Abstract: With the research and development of genetically engineered animals (GEAs) in breeding of new variety, xenotransplantation, bioreactor and disease model, biosafety issues of GEAs have attracted widespread attentions worldwide. So far, governments and agencies have established corresponding laws and regulations to regulate research and application of GEAs or their derived products. We reviewed research contents, evaluated principles, policies and procedures for biosafety of GEAs, also enumerated upcoming approved products of GEAs. Finally, we suggested perspectives of research and application of GEAs or their derived products.

Keywords: genetically engineered animals, biosafety, xenotransplantation, bioreactor, horizontal gene transfer, trojan gene effect, unintentional effect

5、Engineering and screening of artificial riboswitch as a novel gene control element

Abstract: Various artificial riboswitches have been constructed by utilization of designed aptamers or by modification of natural riboswitch systems, because they can regulate gene expression in a highly efficient, precise and fast way, and promise to supply simple cis-acting, modular, and non-immunogenic system for use in future gene therapy applications. In this review, we present an overview of currently available technologies to design and select engineered riboswitches, and discuss some possible technologies that would allow them highly responsive to non-natural ligands, and dynamic control of gene expression in mammalian cells. Though how to bring custom-designed riboswitches as a novel and versatile tool box to gene control system is still a great challenge, the combination of structure-activity relationship information, computer based molecular design, in vitro selection, and high-through screening will serve as powerful tools for further development of riboswitch based gene regulatory systems.

新型基因表达调控元件——人工核糖开关的构建及筛选

核糖开关作为一种新发现的RNA元件,可以高效、准确、快速地执行基因调控任务,且免疫原性低,有可能在将来以顺式模块的方式应用于未来的基因治疗。近年来已经成功构建了多种人造核糖

开关,构建方法主要是利用人工适体元件与基因表达调控元件组装,或者是在天然核糖开关基础上进行改造。文中全面综述了涉及人工核糖开关设计及筛选的技术,讨论了可以用于哺乳细胞、响应非天然配体信号、调控特征为热力学和动力学控制的核糖开关的设计新策略,并对核糖开关的筛选构建策略及其在基因治疗及新型药物开发领域的应用前景进行了展望。尽管目前将核糖开关设计成为功能强大的新型基因调控系统还面临很大的困难,但通过构效关系的研究、计算机辅助设计、体外筛选及细胞内筛选技术、高通量优化筛选等技术的综合应用,核糖开关一定可以成为有力的基因调控工具,如能成功应用则可大大促进基因治疗临床化的进程。

6、光照对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

摘要: 研究了不同光照梯度[55.4%自然全光照(natural sunlight, NS)、18.9%NS、5.5%NS、2.2%NS、0.5%NS和0.3%NS]对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:辽东栎种子的萌发率和萌发指数在55.4%NS处理达到最大,分别为72.5%和0.22,然后随着光照减弱而逐渐减小,在0.3%NS处理下最小,分别为42.5%和0.11;强光照对种子萌发进程有一定的延迟作用,萌发活力指数随着光照的减弱而增大(0.5%NS处理最大);强光下种子萌发的延迟可能是其对多种命运的权衡性选择.强光照有利于辽东栎幼苗基径和根系生长,以及幼苗干物质的积累,但株高最小(6.06 cm);不同光强处理的辽东栎幼苗具有较大的形态学可塑性,其幼苗阶段对光环境的适应性较强,0.5%NS处理的幼苗比叶面积、比枝长、比根长、叶片叶

绿素b含量及叶绿素总量均最大,分别为142.57 cm2·g-1、156.86 cm·g-1、271.87 cm·g-1、0.07 g·cm-2和0.24 g·cm-2,55.4%NS 处理下最小,分别为44.89 cm2·g-1、52.84 cm·g-1、101.98 cm·g-1、0.04 g·cm-2和0.15 g·cm-2;不同光照强度下幼苗根冠比的变化可能是光照和水分共同影响的结果.

关键词:辽东栎,光照强度,种子萌发,幼苗生长

Effects of light intensity on Quercus liaotungensis seed germination and seedling growth

Abstract:This paper studied the effects of different shading (55.4%, 18.9%, 5.5%, 2.2%, 0.5%, and 0.3% natural sunlight) on the seed germination and seedling growth of Quercus liaotungensis. The seed germination rate and germination index were the highest (72.5% and 0.22, respectively) at 55.4% natural sunlight, declined with decreasing light intensity, and were the lowest (42.5% and 0.11, respectively) at 0.3% natural sunlight. Strong light had definite delaying effect on the germination. The index of germination vigor increased with decreasing light intensity, being the maximum at 0.5% natural sunlight. The delay of seed germination under strong light could be the selective tradeoff on varied seed fates. Strong light benefited the basal stem diameter and root system growth and dry mass accumulation of Q. liaotunensis seedling, but resulted in the minimum seedlings height (6.06 cm).

Effects of light intensity on Quercus liaotungensis seed germination and seedling growth

Greater morphological plasticity was observed for the seedlings under different shading, which lent support to the higher adaptability of the seedlings to light environment. For example, the specific leaf area, specific shoot length, specific root length, and chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents were the maximum at 0.5% natural sunlight, being 142.57 cm2·g-1, 156.86 cm·g-1, 271.87 cm·g-1, 0.07 g·cm-2, and 0.24 g·cm-2, respectively, and the minimum at 55.4% natural sunlight, being 44.89 cm2·g-1, 52.84 cm·g-1, 101.98 cm·g-1, 0.04 g·cm-2, and 0.15 g·cm-2, respectively. The variation of the root/shoot ratio of Q. liaotungensis seedlings under different shading could be the effects of the combination of light intensity and water availability.

Key words:Quercus liaotungensis light intensity seed germination seedling growth 一

7、heart-warming

tough-mined

East China

north and south, east and west

share the weal and woe

rain and shine

inconsistency of deeds with words

the iron and steel industry

quick of eye and deft of hand

food, clothing, shelter and transportation you, he and I

back and forth, to and fro

every means possible

暖人心的

意志坚定的

华东

东南西北

祸福与共

无论晴雨

言行不一

钢铁工业

手疾眼快

衣食住行

我、你、他

前前后后,来来去去

一切可能的手段

8、They often talk horse.

That woman walks the streets.

I’ll report that official.

The machine is in repair.

We’ll stand up to the project. Don’t make a fuss of them.

She is in the dock.

The boss gave her the sack.

That girl student is in the green.

The old lady has gone to her rest. That young man has lost his heart. The old man often takes his medicine. That fellow did hard labor for 3 years. The woman in labor is his wife.

I’m not a little afraid of snakes.

We charged him to do it.

They surprised him doing it.

I have seen him through.

He is the Speaker.

Where is the Book?

Do you know anything about japan?

I bought some salts yesterday.

The man is in the dumps. Don’t call him names!

The little boy is a love child.

He is a confidence man.

He is a medicine man.

What he bought is invaluable. This is a disused machine.

He is disinterested in the affairs. 他们常常吹牛。

那个妇女是妓女。

我要检举那位官员。

那台机器状况良好。

我们将抵制这个计划。

别讨好他们!

她在被告席。

老板解雇了她。

那女学生正值豆蔻年华。

那个老太太安息了。

那个青年人处于热恋之中。

那老人常忍受不愉快的事。

那个家伙服过三年劳役。

分娩的妇女是他得妻子。

我很害怕蛇。

我们责令他干那事。他们撞上他做那个事。我帮助他过难关。

他是议长。

《圣经》在哪?

你了解日本漆吗?

我昨天买了一些泻药。那个人神情沮丧。

别骂他!

那个小男孩是私生子。他是个骗子。

他是个巫医。

他买的东西价值连城。这是一台废弃的机器。他在此事上公正无私。

成人高考英语模拟真题

2012成人高考高起点英语预测试卷及答案一 I . Phonetics(10 Points) Directions: In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined comb in ati ons marked A, letter B, C and D. Compare the un derl ined parts and ide ntify the one that is differe nt from the others in pronun ciatio n. Mark your an swer by blacke ning the corresp onding letter on the An swer Sheet. 1. A. head B. horiz on C. honour D. huma n 2. A. city B. bicycle C. face D. climb 3. A. think B. these C. breathe D. with 4. A. ground B. country C. thousa nd D. found 5. A. pour B. hour C. course D. four 6. A. both B. post C. cold D. son 7. A. altogether B. talk C. always D. also 8. A. suggesti on B. n ati on C. dictati on D. satisfact ion 9. A. started B. closed C. waited D. n eeded 10. A. rare B. fare C. scare D. are n .Vocabulary and Structure(40 points) Directions: There are 40 in complete senten ces in this sect ion. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose one an swer that best completes the sentence and blacke n the corresp onding letter on the An swer Sheet. 11. _____ idea of _______ sounds much better tha n Clare '. A. The, hers B. That, her C. That, hers D. One, her 12. Chi na is famous _______ the Great Wall.

电子信息专业英语复习资料

电子信息专业英语复习资料 一、基本术语(英译汉) 1.probe探针 2.real time operational system 实时操作系统 3.debugger 调试器 4.sourse code 源代码 5.software radio wireless LAN 软件无线电网络 6.base station 基站 7.top-down approach 自顶向下分析法 8.variable 变量 9.data compress 数据压缩 10.signal conditioning circuit 信号调理电路 11.Chebyshev Type Ⅰfilter 切比雪夫Ⅰ型滤波器 12.vertical resolution 垂直分辨率 13.device driver 设备驱动 https://www.360docs.net/doc/9615210225.html,piler 编译器 15.template 模板 16.concurrent process 并发进程 17.object recognition 目标识别 18.Discrete Time Fourier Transform 离散傅立叶变换 https://www.360docs.net/doc/9615210225.html,bined circuit 组合逻辑电路 20.impedance transform 阻抗变换器 21.voltage source 电压源22.passive component 无源器件 23.quality factor 品质因数 24.unit-impulse response 单位脉冲响应 25.noise origin 噪声源 26.Domino effect 多米诺效应 27.output load 输出负载 28.cordless phone 无绳电话 29.Antenna 天线 30.harmonic interference 谐波干涉 31.Parallel Resonant 并联谐振 32.voltage control oscillator 压控振荡器 33.adaptive delta modulation 自适应增量调制 34.amplitude modulation 调幅 二、缩略语(写出全称) 1.LSI:large scale integration 2.PMOS :p-type metal-oxide semiconductor 3.CT:cycle threshold 4.MRI:magnetic resonance imaging 5.ROM:read-only memory 6.DRAM :dynamic random access memory 7.TCXO :temperature compensated X'tal (crystal) Oscillator https://www.360docs.net/doc/9615210225.html,B:Universal Serial Bus 9.DCT:discrete cosine transform

国外现代外语教学主要流派的对比

国外现代外语教学主要流派的对比 特点 优点 缺点 着重培养的能力 适合人群 对待母语的态度 对待错误的态度 翻译法 1)语法体系的完整性和整体性。语法翻译法借助原“希腊--拉丁语法”的规则,形成了非常完整、系统的语法教学体系 2)语法翻译法以及建立在“希腊--拉丁语法”规则上的英语语法体系有利于外语学习者认识目的语的形式、不同的词类,句子的组合等。 3)语法翻译法较好地体现了外语学习的本质,即两种语言形式的转换,进而达到语际信息交流的实际目的。 4)语法翻译法非常重视词汇和语法知识的系统传授;强调对词汇和语法规则的记忆,认为背诵语法规则是学习外语的捷径。不注重语言的实际运用,只强调书面语的阅读能力。5)强调对书面语的分析,着重原文的学习。课文是由艰深的片断文学作品组成,并附有用母语详细注释的词汇表和详细解释的语法规则。 4、优点: 1)经常通过母语的翻译和比较,强调语法学习,能使学生比较深刻地理解外语的抽象词义和复杂的句子结构。重视阅读、翻译能力的培养和语法知识的传授等,对建立外语教学法体系做出了重大的贡献。 2)使用方便,不需要什么教具和设备。 3)容易测试学生,班级易于管理。 1)忽视语音和语调的教学,学生口语能力得不到提高。过分强调语言知识的传授,忽视语言技能的培养,语音、词汇、语法与课文阅读教学脱节。 2)过分强调翻译,单纯通过翻译手段教外语。未能恰当发挥母语在外语教学中的积极作用。

3)过分强调语法在外语教学中的作用。语法讲解从定义出发,根据定义给例句,脱离学生的实际需要和语言水平。学生虽然学了很多的语法规则却不能运用。 4)过分强调教学的主导作用和教师的语言讲解作用,忽视了学习者的实际案,不利于他们语言习惯的养成。 5)学习的语言材料都是一些文学作品片断,词汇很深,脱离学生实际。 6)忽视了语言教学的文化因素。语言运用的内在因素,以及语言在不同情境中使用的客观规律。 7)强调死记硬背,教学方式单一,实践环节单调、课堂气氛沉闷,不易激起学生兴趣。强调书面语的阅读能力。重视阅读、翻译能力的培养和语法知识的传授 高中及以上 未能恰当发挥母语在外语教学中的积极作用。 直接指出错误 听说法 1)听说领先。即口语是学习外语的基础。 2)以句型为中心。句型既是语言的基本结构,是外语教学的基础,也是外语教学的核心。3)对比语言结构,确定教学难点。 4)反复实践,形成习惯。 5)及时纠正错误,培养正确的语言习惯。 6)尽量不用母语。各民族的语言结构是不同的,一种语言很难用另一种民族语言来表达。外语教学利用母语翻译和讲解语言知识只能引起两种语言的混淆,起干扰作用。 7)广泛利用电化教学手段,特别是语言实验室。放矢地、有针对性地编写教材,加强语言知识难点和重点的训练,有效地进行外语教学。 1)强调外语教学的实践性,要求熟练地掌握句型,有利于外语语言习惯的养成。句型操练是一种有效的手段。 2)重视听说训练,使学生在学习外语的初级阶段,在有限的材料范围内就能流利地听说外语。这与外语教学的目的是相呼应的。外语教学的目的是培养听、说、读、写能力,特别是听说能力要通过听说读写的训练才能达到。 3)容易学到比较自然的语音、语调。 4)在对比语言结构的基础上找出难点,有针对性的编写教材,有利于学生学习和掌握外语。 1)过于重视机械训练,不利于学生实际掌握外语。 2)过于重视训练语言的形式,忽视语言的内容和意义,学的语言很不自然。在教学中往往造成学生能自动化地说出一个完整的句子,却不一定了解其意义。语言不仅是一种习惯,更重要的语言是一种创造性的言语活动。外语教学的主要目的是要培养学生创造性地运用语言的交际能力。 3)教学方法机械、单调,容易使学生产生厌倦情绪。由于过分强调机械的句型操练,容易

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