生理学名词中英文对照教学文案
人卫版生理学常考专业词汇(中英文对照)-上
人卫版生理学常考专业词汇（中英文对照）-上生理学physiology内环境internal environment稳态homeostasis神经调节neuroregulation体液调节humoral regulation反射reflex旁分泌paracrine自身调节autoregulation负反馈negative regualation正反馈positive regulation前馈feed-forward单纯扩散simple diffusion异化扩散facilitated diffusion原发性主动转运rimary active transport继发性主动转运secondary active transport膜泡运输vesicular transport出胞exocytosis入胞endocytosis吞噬phagocytosis吞饮pinocytosis信号转导signal transduction静息电位resting potential极化polarization动作电位action potential阈强度threshold intensity兴奋性excitability绝对不应期absolute refractory period相对不应期relative refractory period超常期supranormal period低常期subnormal period电紧张电位electrotonic potential局部兴奋local excitation终板电位endplate potential肌节sarcomere肌丝滑行理论myofilament sliding theory肌球蛋白myosin肌动蛋白actin肌钙蛋白troponin兴奋-收缩耦联excitation-contraction coupling 前负荷preload后负荷afterload血液blood血浆plasma造血hemopoiesis血细胞比容hematocrit晶体渗透压crystal osmotic pressure血红蛋白hemoglobin可塑变形性platic deformation悬浮稳定性suspension stability渗透脆性osmotic fragility促红细胞生成素erythropoietin血小板生成素thrombopoietin血液凝固blood coagulation凝血因子coagulation factor内源性凝血途径intrinstic pathway外源性凝血途径extrinsic pathway血型blood group交叉配血试验cross-match test心动周期cardiac cycle心音heart sound搏出量stroke volume射血分数ejection fraction心输出量cardiac output心指数cardiac index心力储备cardiac reserve心室功能曲线ventricular function curve 异长自身调节heterometric autoregulation 心室顺应性ventricular compliance等长调节hemometric regulation自律细胞autorhythmic cell有效不应期effective refractory period期前收缩premature excitation代偿间歇compensatory pause房室延搁atrioventricular delay窦性节律sinus rhythm抢先占领capture超速驱动压抑overdrive suppression血压blood pressure微循环microcirculaltion迂回通路circuitous channel直捷通路thoroughfare channel动静脉短路arterio-venous shunt滤过filtration重吸收reabsorption有效滤过压effective filtration pressure心血管中枢cardiovascular center压力感受器baroreceptor肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统renin-angiotension-aldosterone system 冠脉循环coronary circulation肺循环pulmonary circulation血-脑脊液屏障blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier血脑屏障blood-brain barrier外呼吸external respiration内呼吸internal respiration腹式呼吸abdominal breathing胸式呼吸thoracic breathing胸膜腔pleural cavity肺泡表面张力surface tension肺表面活性物质plumonary surfactant气道阻力airway resistance肺容积pulmonary volume肺容量pulmonary capacity肺通气量pulmonary ventilation生理无效腔physiological dead space 肺泡通气量alveolar ventilation通气/血流比值ventilation/perfusion ratio 肺扩散容量diffusion capacity of lung 氧容量oxygen capacity of Hb氧含量oxygen content of Hb氧饱和度oxygen saturation of Hb 氧解离曲线oxygen dissociation curve 波尔效应Bohr effect何尔登效应Haldane effect化学感受器chemoreceptor肺牵张反射pulmonary stretch reflex 消化digestion吸收absorption慢波slow wave肠神经系统enteric nervous system。
植物生理学名词中英文对照
植物生理学名词中英文对照（按汉字笔画排序）一画乙醛酸体glyoxysome乙醛酸循环glyoxylate cycle，GAC乙醇酸glycolate，glycolic acid乙醇酸氧化酶glycolate oxidase乙醇酸氧化途径glycolic acid oxidation pathway乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase乙烯ethylene乙烯利ethrel二画二型性别dimorphism二苯脲diphenylurea二酰甘油diacylglycerol，DG，DAG二硝基酚dinitrophenol，DNP11,3-二磷酸甘油酸1,3-bisphosphoglycerate二氧化碳猝发CO2outburst二氧化碳饱和点CO2saturation point二氧化碳补偿点CO2compensation point二氨丙烷diaminopropane2，4-二氯苯氧乙酸2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D二氢玉米素dihydrozeatin二氢吡咯pyrroline二氢红花菜豆酸dihydrophaseic acid二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate，DHAP人工种子artificial seeds儿茶酚氧化酶catechol oxidase三画三十烷醇1-triacontanol三碘苯甲酸2，3，5-triiodobenzoic acid，TIBA三氯苯氧乙酸trichlorophenoxyacetic acid三重反应triple response293三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCAC干旱drought干旱胁迫drought stress土壤—植物—大气连续体soil-plant-atmosphere continuum,SPAC 下调作用down regulation大纤丝macrofibril大量元素major element，微量元素macroelement小孔扩散律small pore diffusion law尸胺cadaverine299己糖磷酸途径hexose monophosphate pathway，HMP己糖激酶hexokinase马来酰肼maleic hydrazide,MH四画开放体系open system天然单性结实natural parthenocarpy天冬氨酸aspartate,Asp天冬氨酸转氨酶aspartate amino transferase天线色素antenna pigment无土栽培soilless culture无融合生殖apomixis无辐射退激radiationless deexcitation无氧呼吸anaerobic respiration1无氧呼吸消失点anaerobic respiration extinction point 无籽果实seedless fruit无限生长indeterminate growth无孢子生殖apospory无丝分裂amitosis木酮糖5磷酸xylulose-5-phosphate木质素lignin支链淀粉amylopectin区域化compartmentation瓦伯格效应Warburg effect日中性植物day neutral plant中日照植物intermediate day length plant中央液泡central vacuoleＣ3－Ｃ4中间植物Ｃ3－Ｃ4intermediate plant中间丝intermediate filament中层middle lamella水培hydroponics水培法water culture method水势water potential水杨基氧肟酸salicylhydroxamate，SHAM水杨酸salicylic acid,SA水生植物hydrophytes水氧化钟water oxidizing clock水合补偿点hydration compensation point水分亏缺water deficit水分平衡water balance水分临界期critical period of water水分代谢water bolism水溶清蛋白albumin水通道蛋白water channel protein水孔蛋白aquaporins内吞endocytosis内聚力cohesion内聚力学说cohesion theory内在蛋白intrinsic protein内酯酶lactonase内转换internal conversion内向K +通道inward K +channel，内质网endoplasmic reticulum,ER内膜endomembrane内能internal energy贝壳杉烯kaurene气培法aeroponics气相色谱gas chromatography气腔网络air space netwotk气穴现象cavitation气孔开度stomatal aperture气孔运动stomatal movement气孔蒸腾stomatal transpiration气孔下腔substomatal cavities气孔频度stomatal frequency毛管水capillary water毛细作用capillarity长日植物long day plant长短日植物long short day plant片层lamellae化学势chemical potential化学信号chemical signal化学渗透学说chemiosmotic theory反向传递antiport反馈抑制feedback inhibition反馈调节feedback regulation反应中心reaction center，反应中心色素分子reaction center pigment介电常数dielectric constant分支酶branching enzyme分化differentiation分泌囊泡secretory vesicles比热容specific heat比集运转速率specific mass transfer rate，SMTR比久B9,二甲胺基琥珀酰胺酸 dimethyl aminosuccinamic acid巴斯德效应Pasteur effect双“S”形生长曲线double sigmoid growth curve双光系统two photosystem双向运输bidirectional transport双受精double fertilization五画末端氧化酶terminal oxidase玉米素zeatin，ZT玉米素核苷zeatin riboside玉米素顺反异构酶zeatin cistrans isomerase玉米赤霉烯酮zearaienone正常性种子orthodox seed正化学信号positive chemical signal正向重性positive gravitropism正效应物positive effector去春化作用devernalization去极化depolarization去镁叶绿素pheophytin，Pheo甘氨酸甜菜碱glycine betaine甘油三酯triacylglycerols,TAG甘油3磷酸glycerol-3-phosphate甘油3磷酸脱氢酶glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase甘油醛3磷酸glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate，GAP甘油醛3磷酸脱氢酶ghyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 甘油酸激酶glycerate kinase可溶性氧化酶soluble oxidase可溶性淀粉合成酶soluble starch synthase丙酮酸pyruvate丙酮酸磷酸二激酶pyruvate phosphate dikinase PPPk丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvic acid dehydrogenase complex丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvic acid decarboxylase丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase丙氨酸甜菜碱alaninebetaine丙糖磷酸异构酶triose phosphate isomerase戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway，PPP平衡压力balance pressure平衡石statolith平衡溶液balance solution平衡细胞statocyles灭光信号light off signal卡尔文循环Calvin cycle叶黄素xanthophyll叶面营养foliar nutrition叶面积系数leaf area index，LAI叶肉细胞mesophyll cell叶绿素chlorophyll,Chl叶绿体chloroplast叶绿体被膜chloroplast envelope5′-甲硫基核苷5′-methylthioribose甲硫氨酸methionine甲瓦龙酸甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid电中性electroneutrality电化学势electrochemical potential电负性electronegative田间持水量field capacity四氢吡喃苄基腺嘌呤 tetrahydropyranyl benzyladenine 生理碱性盐physiologically alkaline salt生理酸性盐physiologically acid salt生理中性盐physiologically neutral salt生理钟physiological clock生理休眠physiological dormancy生殖生长reproductive growth生殖细胞无孢子生殖generatine apospory生物大分子biomacromolecule生物固氮biological nitrogen fixation生物钟biological clock生物氧化biological oxidation生物分子biomolecule生物膜biomembrane生长growth生长素auxin生长素梯度学说auxin gradient theory生长素 赖氨酸合成酶IAA lysinesynthetase生长素结合蛋白auxin binding protein生长抑制剂growth inhibitor生长大周期grand period of growth生长呼吸growth respiration生长延缓剂growth retardant生长的周期性growth periodicity生长效率growth efficiency生长发育growth and development生命周期life cycle生色团chromophore代谢bolism代谢库bolic sink代谢源bolic source外排exocytosis外植体explant外在蛋白extrinsic protein外连丝ectodesmata外向K＋通道outward K +channel外膜outer membrane饥饿基因famine gene主动转运active transport主动吸水active absorption of water主动吸收active absorption主宰酶master enzyme主导库dominant sink半醌semiquinone半支莲醛potulai半透膜semipermeable membrane半自主性细胞器semiautonomous organelle半月苔酸lunlaric acid半纤维素hemicellulose它感化合物allelochemical必需元素essential element永久萎蔫permanent wilting永久萎蔫系数permanent wilting coefficient皮孔蒸腾lenticular transpiration发酵fermentation发育development对氯汞苯磺酸parachloro-mercuribenzene sulfonate幼年期juvenile phase丝状亚基fibrous subunits丝氨酸serine丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶 serine glyoxylate aminotransferase六画动作电位action potential，AP动力蛋白dynamin老化aging共振传递resonance transfer共价键covalent bond共向传递体symport共质体symplast共质体运输symplastic transport共质体装载symplastic phloem loading共质体途径symplast pathway亚硝酸还原酶nitrite reductase，NiR亚胺环已酮cycloheximide亚麻酸linolenic acid亚精胺spermidine亚油酸linoleic acid过氧化氢酶catalase，CAT过氧化物酶peroxidase，POD过氧化物体peroxisome过敏反应hypersensitive reaction再春化现象revernalization再生阶段regeneration phase再分配redistribution再分化redifferentiation扩散作用diffusion，协助扩散facilitated diffusion西罗血红素sirohaem压力探针pressure probe压力势pressure potential压力流学说pressure flow hypothesis压力室法pressure chamber有氧呼吸aerobic respiration有益元素beneficial elements有限生长determinate growth有丝分裂reduction mitosis灰分ash灰分元素ash element死亡激素death hormone成花素florigen成花决定态floral determinated state成花启动floral evocation成花诱导floral induction成膜体phragmoplast成熟maturation光形态建成photomorphogenesis光呼吸photorespiration光呼吸碳氧化循环photorespiration carbon oxidation cycle 光敏色素phytochrome，PHY光保护作用photoprotection光化学烟雾photochemical smog光反应light reaction光合速率photosynthetic rate光合有效辐射photosynthetically active radiation，PAR光合碳还原循环photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle光合磷酸化photophosphorylation光合链photosynthetic chain光合午睡现象midday depression of photosynthesis光合作用photosynthesis光合作用的光抑制photoinhibition of photo synthesis 光合膜photosynthetic membrane光合产物photosynthetic yield光合单位photosynthetic unit光合滞后期lag phase of photosynthesis光合细菌photosynthetic bacteria光受体photoreceptor光周期photoperiod光周期现象photoperiodism光周期诱导photoperiodic induction光饱和点light saturation point光系统ⅠphotosystemⅠ，PSⅠ光系统ⅡphotosystemⅡ，PSⅡ光亲和标记photoaffinity labling光滑性内质网smooth endoplasmic reticulum光补偿点light compensation point光调节因子light regulated element光能利用率efficiency for solar energy utilization 早熟发芽precocious germination早前期带preprophase band，PPB，吐水guttation同型二聚体homodimer同化物assimilate同化物运输assimilate transportation同化作用assimilation同化力assimilatory power同源异型基因homeotic gene同源异型突变homeotic mutation吸胀吸水imbibing absorption of water吸胀作用imbibition，吸收光谱absorption spectrum吸附作用absorption回补机制replenishing mechanism传递体transporter休眠dormancy休眠素dormin伤呼吸wound respiration伤流bleeding伤流液bleeding sap自动催化作用autocatalysis自花授粉self pollination自由基free radical自由水free water自由空间free space自由能free energy自交不亲和性self incompatibility自交不育self infertility自养性autotropism自溶作用autolysis向光性phototropism向重性gravitropism向化性chemotropism向触性thigmotropism向性运动tropic movement后熟作用after ripening近似昼夜节奏circadian rhythm杀粉蝶菌素A piericidin A合子zygote肌动蛋白actin肌醇三磷酸inositol-1,4,5-triphophate，IP3肌醇磷脂lipositol负化学信号negative chemical signal负向重性negative gravitropism负效应物negative effector多元酚氧化酶polyphenol oxidase多聚核糖体polyribosome多聚化截留机理polymerization trap mechanism 多聚半乳糖醛酸酶polygalacturonase多克隆抗体polyclonal antibody多胺ployamines,PA色素pigment色素蛋白复合体pigment protein complex色氨酸tryptophan色氨酸单加氧酶thyphophan monooxygenase色胺tryptamine交替氧化酶alternative oxidase交替途径alternative pathway交叉适应现象cross adaptation交叉忍耐cross tolerances次生壁secondary wall次级共运转secondary cotransport次级电子供体secondary electron donor次级电子受体secondary electron acceptor次级库subordinate sinks异花授粉allogamy异构酶isomerase异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitratelyase异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitric acid dehydrogenase异戊烯基腺苷isopentenyl adenosine,iPA 异戊烯基腺嘌呤isopentenyladenine,ip异戊烯转移酶isopentenyl transferase 异戊烯焦磷酸isopentenyl pyrophosphate 异化作用disassimilation阳生植物sun plant阴生植物shade plant红花菜豆酸phaseic acid红光red light红降red drop纤维素cellulose纤维素酶cellulase七画麦芽糖酶maltase形态发生morphogenesis远红光far red light运动反应motor response运转器translocator韧皮部装载phloem loading韧皮部卸出phloem unloading韧皮蛋白P 蛋白phloem protein坏死性死亡necrosis death赤藓糖4磷酸erythrose-4-phosphate赤霉素gibberellin，GA赤霉烷gibberellane抑制剂depressant抗坏血酸氧化酶ascorbate oxidase抗盐性salt resistance抗热性heat resistance抗蒸腾剂antitranspirant抗旱性drought resistance抗虫性pest resistance抗氰呼吸cyanide resistant respiration 抗氰氧化酶cyanide resistant oxidase 抗冻性freezing resistance抗冷性chilling resistance抗病性disease resistance抗性resistance,hardiness抗涝性flood resistance抗张强度tensile strength壳梭孢菌素fusicoccin，FC拟核体nucleoid拟脂体lipid body芽休眠bud dormancy花芽分化flower bud differentiation花的发端initiation of flower花熟状态ripeness to flower state花粉pollen花粉粒pollen grain6-苄基腺嘌呤6-benzyl adenine，BA克隆clone极性polarity极性运输polar transport极性分子polar molecule束缚型赤霉素conjugated gibberellin束缚型生长素bound auxin束缚水bound water两极光周期植物amphophotoperiodism plant还原阶段reduction phase旱害drought injury旱生植物xerophytes吲哚丁酸indole-3-butyric acid，IBA吲哚丙酮酸indole pyruvic acid吲哚丙酸indole propionic acid吲哚乙醛indole acetaldehyde吲哚乙酰天冬氨酸indole acetyl aspartic acid吲哚乙酰葡萄糖indole acetyl glucose吲哚乙酰肌醇indole acetyl inositol吲哚乙酸indole-3-acetic acid，IAA吲哚乙酸氧化酶IAA oxidase吲哚乙腈indole acetonitrile别藻蓝蛋白allophycocyanin延胡索酸酶fumarase体细胞无孢子生殖somatic apospory体细胞胚somatic embryo伸展蛋白extensin低温诱导蛋白low temperature induced protein希尔氧化剂Hill oxidant希尔反应Hill reaction谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase，GS谷氨酸合酶glutamate synthase,GOGAT谷氨酸脱氢酶glutamate dehydrogenase，GDH谷氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶glutamate glyoxylate aminotransferase 谷胱甘肽glutathione谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶glutathione peroxidase，GPX谷胱甘肽还原酶glutathione reductase，GR邻香豆酸ocoumaric acid邻近细胞neighbouring cell免疫immune角质蒸腾cuticular transpiration系统获得性抗性systemic acquired resistance 系统肽systemin冻害freezing injury库sink库强sink strength应变素allergens冷击蛋白cold shock protein冷响应蛋白cold responsive protein冷害chilling injury间质stroma泛醌ubiquinone,UQ泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase完熟ripening初生壁primary wall初级共运转primary cotransport识别recognition层积处理stratification张力tension阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白arabinogalactan protein阿斯匹林aspirin驱动蛋白kinesin纺锤体spindle八画环式光合磷酸化cyclic photophosphorylation 环式电子传递cyclic electron transport环境污染environmental pollution环腺苷酸cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP 环脂肪酸cyclic fatty acid环割试验girdling experiment表面张力surface tension，表异构酶epimerase表观光合速率apparent photosynthetic rate表观库强apparent sink strength顶端优势apical dominance茉莉酸jasmonic acid，JA茉莉酸甲酯methyl jasmonate，MeJA茉莉酸类jasmonates苯丙氨酸phenylalanine苯丙氨酸解氨酶phenylalanine ammonia lyase 苯乙酸phenylactic acid苹果酸malate,Mal苹果酸酶malic enzyme苹果酸代谢学说malate bolism theory苹果酸合成酶malate synthetase苹果酸脱氢酶malic acid dehydrogenase，直链淀粉amylose板块镶嵌模型plate mosaic model刺激感受stimulus perception刺激性单性结实stimulative parthenocarpy矿质元素mineral element矿质营养mineral nutrition转运肽transit peptide转基因植物transgenic plant转醛醇酶transaldolase转酮酶transketolase转移细胞transfer cell,TC转化酶invertase，转录因子tranion factors非环式光合磷酸化non cyclic photophosphorylation非环式电子传递noncyclic electron transport非堆叠区nonappressed region果胶pectin果胶物质pectic substances果胶酶pectinase果胶酸pectic acid果糖1，6二磷酸fructose-1,6-bisphosphate,FBP果糖1，6二磷酸酯酶fructose-1,6-bispho sphate phosphatase 果糖-6-磷酸fructose-6-phosphate,F6P果糖激酶fructokinase固氮酶nitrogenase固定化细胞immobilized cells呼吸速率respiratory rate呼吸电子传递链respiratory electron transport chain呼吸跃变respiratory climacteric呼吸链respiratory chain呼吸作用respiration呼吸系数respiratory coefficient呼吸底物respiratory substrate吸呼效率respiratory ratio呼吸商respiratory quotient，RQ岩棉栽培rockwool culture罗汉松内酯podolactone物理信号physical signal物候期phenological period质蓝素plastocyanin，PC质体plastid质体醌plastoquinone，PQ，质体小球plastoglobulus质壁分离plasmolysis，质壁分离复原deplasmolysis质子动力proton motive force，pmf质子泵proton pump质外体apoplast质外体运输apoplastic transport质外体装载apoplasmic phloem loading质外体途径apoplast pathway受体receptor，，受精作用fertilization乳酸脱氢酶lactic acid dehydrogenase乳酸发酵lactate fermentation胁迫stress胁迫激素stress hormone胁变strain周期性growth periodicity鱼藤酮rotenone饱和蒸气压saturation vapor pressure夜间断night break底物水平磷酸化substrate level phosphorylation 放热呼吸thermogenic respiration放氧复合体oxygen evolving complex，放射免疫检测法radioimmunoassay放线菌素actinomycin D净光合速率net photosynthetic rate净同化率net assimilation rate,NAR，育性转化fertility change性别表达sex expression单“S”形生长曲线single sigmoid growth curve 单盐毒害toxiciy of single salt单克隆抗体monoclonal antibody单酚氧化酶monophenol oxidase单倍体无配子生殖haploid apogamr单倍体孤雄生殖haploid androgenesis单倍体孤雌生殖haploid parthenogenesis单向传递体uniport单性结实parthenocarpy法呢基焦磷酸farnesyl pyrophosphate，油菜素brassin油菜素内酯brassinolide，BR油菜素甾体类化合物brassinosteroids油酸oleic acid油体oil body油体蛋白oleosins泥炭培养peat culture空种皮技术empty seed coat technique衬质matrix衬质势matrix potential衬质水势matrix water potential降解breakdown线性期linear phase线粒体mitochondria，细菌叶绿素bacteriochlorophyll细胞克隆cell clone细胞板cell plate细胞松弛素B cytochalasin B细胞融合cell fusion细胞浆cytosol细胞器cell organelle细胞骨架cytoskeleton细胞繁殖cell reproduction细胞质环流cyclosis细胞质基质cytoplasmic matrix细胞质膜plasma membrane细胞全能性totipotency细胞分裂素cytokinin，CTK细胞分裂素氧化酶cytokinin oxidase细胞分化cell differentiation细胞膜cell membrane细胞周期cell cycle细胞色素cytochrome，Cyt细胞色素氧化酶cytochrome oxidase细胞衰老cellular aging细胞液cell sap细胞学说cell theory细胞壁cell wall孤立体系isolated system孢粉素pollenin孢子体型不亲和sporophyric self incompatibility,SSI九画春化素vernalin春化作用vernalization封闭体系closed system指数期logarithmic phase草酰乙酸oxaloacetic acid，OAA荧光fluorescence荧光猝灭剂fluorescence quencher，胡萝卜素carotene枯斑necrotic spot相互竞争allelospoly相生相克它感作用allelopathy相关性correlation相对生长速率relative growth rate，RGR相对自由空间relative free space,RFS柠檬酸循环citric acid cycle柠檬酸合成酶citrate synthase砂培sand culture砂基培养法sand culture method砂砾栽培gravel culture临界日长critical daylength临界暗期critical dark period钙调蛋白钙调素calmodulin,CaM，氢醌hydroquinone氢化酶hydrogenase选择吸收selective absorption种子劣变seed deterioration种子生活力seed viability种子休眠seed dormancy种子的寿命seed longevity种子活力seed vigor秋水仙素colchicine，重力势gravitational potential重力水gravitational water复种指数multiple crop index复合脂类complex lipids顺乌头酸酶aconitase保卫细胞guard cell信号转导signal transduction，信息传递message transportation胚芽鞘coleoptile胚柄suspensor胚状体embryoid胚胎萌发viviparous germination，vivipary胚胎晚期丰富蛋白late embryogenesis abundant protein,LEA 胚胎发生embryogenesis胞间连丝plasmodesma胞间层intercellular layer亲和性compatibility亲和力affinity类胡萝卜素carotenoid类胡萝卜素途径carotenoid pathway类囊体thylakoid前质体proplastid，前馈活化feedforward activation逆境environmental stress逆境逃避stress avoidance逆境乙烯stress ethylene逆境蛋白stress protein逆境忍耐stress tolerance总光合速率gross photosynthetic rate活化酶activase活性氧active oxygen，染色体chromosome染色质chromatin染色单体chromatid穿梭运动shuttle streaming诱导酶induced enzyme，诱导性单性结实induced parthenocarpy昼夜节律circadian rhythm昼夜周期性daily periodicity结构酶constitutive enzyme结合态淀粉合成酶granule bound starch synthase 结合蛋白binding protein绝对生长速率absolute growth rate，AGR十画顽拗性种子recalcitrant seed载体carrier载色体chromatophore盐碱土saline and alkaline soil盐逆境蛋白salt stress protein盐溶清蛋白globulin盐害salt injury热电偶thermocouple热休克蛋白热激蛋白heat shock proteins,HSPs热害heat injury热力学thermodynamics莽草酸shikimic acid真核生物eukaryote真核细胞eukaryotic cell真光合速率true photosynthetic rate核基质nuclear matrix核酮糖1，5二磷酸ribulose BF-1,5-bisphosphate,BFQ RuBP核酮糖1，5二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶BFQ ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxyla se/oxygenase，Rubisco核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-phosphate,Ru5P核酮糖-5-磷酸表异构酶 ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase核酮糖-5-磷酸激酶ribulose-5-phosphate kinase,Ru5PK核小体nucleosome核仁nucleolus核质nucleoplasm核膜nuclear membrane核糖=5-磷酸ribose-5-phosphate,R5P核糖-5-磷酸异构酶ribose-5-phosphate isomerase核糖体ribosome核液karyolymph核孔nuclear pore根压root pressure根冠比root top ratio,R/T砾培gravel culture原核生物prokaryote原核细胞prokaryotic cell原果胶protopectin原生质protoplasm原生质体protoplast原初电子供体primary electron donor原初电子受体primary electron acceptor1原初反应primary reaction原初主动运转primary active transport原发优势primigenic dominance配子体型不亲和gametophytic self incompatibility,GSI致电泵electrogenic pump圆球体spherosome铁硫黄素蛋白iron sulfur flavoprotein铁硫蛋白iron sulfur protein铁氧还蛋白ferredoxin,Fd铁氧还蛋白-NADP+还原酶 ferredoxin-NADP+reductase，FNR氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation氧自由基oxygen free radical氧饱和点oxygen saturation point1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid,ACC氨基酮戊酸aminolevulinic acid氨基氧乙酸aminooxyacetic acid,AOA氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸 aminoethoxyvinyl glycine,AVG缺绿症chlorosis敌草隆Diuron,DCMU爱默生增益效应Emerson enhancement effect脂氧合酶lipoxygenase,脂肪酸fatty acid胶体colloid胼胝质callose衰老senescence衰老相关基因senescence associated gene衰老特定基因senescence specific gene衰减期senescence phase高尔基体Golgi body高效液相层析high performance liquid chromatography 高温胁迫high temperature stress病原菌disease producing germ病原相关蛋白pathogenesis related proteins,PRs，病原物causal organism病害disease离区abscission zone离层abscission layer离子载体抑制剂ionophore depressant离子颉颃ion antagonism离子交换ion exchange离子通道ion channel凋亡apoptosis凋亡小体apoptotic body涝害flood injury酒精发酵alcohol fermentation流动镶嵌模型fluid mosaic model被动运输passive transport被动吸水passive absorption of water被动吸收passive absorption能荷energy charge能量梯度energy gradient通道channel继代培养subculture十一画堆叠区appressed region授粉pollination培养基medium接触态建成thigmomorphogenesis接触交换contact exchange基态ground state基因组genomes基质matrix基质片层stroma lamella基质类囊体stroma thylakoid基粒granum基粒片层grana lamella基粒类囊体grana thylakoid基细胞basal cell黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide,FAD黄素单核苷酸flavin mononucleotide,FMN黄化现象etiolation黄质醛xanthoxin,萘基邻氨甲酰苯甲酸naphthyphthalamic acid萘氧乙酸naphthoxyacetic acid萘乙酸naphthalene acetic acid,NAA,萌发germination萝卜酰胺raphanusamide萝卜宁raphanusanin萎蔫wilting菊芋素heliangint营养转移nutrient diversion营养生长vegetative growth营养膜技术nutrient film technique,NFT梅勒反应Mehler's reaction副卫细胞subsidiary cell酚氧化酶phenol oxidase辅酶A coenzyme A,CoA辅助色素accessory photosynthetic pigments悬浮培养suspension culture甜菜碱betaines第二信使second messenger敏感性sensitivity偶联因子coupling factor偶联部位coupled site偏向受精preferential fertilization假环式光合磷酸化pseudocyclic photopho sphorylation 假环式电子传递pseudocyclic electron transport脯氨酸proline,Pro，脯氨酸甜菜碱prolinebetaine脱落abscission脱落素abscisin脱落酸abscisic acid,ABA脱支酶debranching enzyme脱分化dedifferentiation脱羧作用decarboxylation阈时presentation time羟基丙酮酸还原酶hydroxypyruvate reductase羟脯氨酸hydroxyproline，Hyp粘性plasticity粘附力adhesionJP粗糙型内质网rough endoplasmic reticulum,RER JP烯醇化酶enolase液晶态liquid crystalline state液泡膜tonoplast淀粉酶amylase淀粉磷酸化酶starch phosphorylase淀粉体amyloplast，淀粉合成酶starch synthase淀粉粒starch grain渗透势osmotic potential渗透吸水osmotic absorption of water渗透作用osmosis渗透胁迫osmotic stress渗透调节osmotic adjustment寄主host寄主特异毒素host specific toxin密度density弹性胁变elastic strain蛋白磷酸酯酶protein phosphatase蛋白激酶protein kinase，隐花植物cryptogamia隐花色素cryptochrome，维持呼吸maintenance respiration维管束鞘细胞bundle sheath cell，BSC绿色荧光蛋白green fluorescent protein绿色硫细菌green sulfur bacteria十二画琥珀酸硫激酶succinic thiodinase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinic dehydrogenase琥珀酸:泛醌氧化还原酶 succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase 超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase,SOD颉颃作用antagonism插入蛋白integral protein葡聚糖ployglucosan葡萄糖-6-磷酸glucose-6-phosphate,G6P葡萄糖6磷酸脱氢酶 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase植醇phytol植物生长物质plant growth substance植物生长调节剂plant growth regulator植物激素plant hormone植物组织培养plant tissue culture植保素phytoalexin硝酸还原酶nitrate reductase，NR硫氧还蛋白thioredoxin硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate硫脂sulpholipid硫辛酸lipoic acid雄性素androecious line雄性生殖单位male gerem unit，MGU暂时萎蔫temporary wilting紫黄质violaxanthin紫外线诱导蛋白UV induced protein紫色硫细菌purple sulfur bacteria紫色非硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria量子需要量quantum requirememt量子效率quantum efficiency量子产额quantum yield喷灌spray irrigation景天科酸代谢crassulacean acid bolism,CAM景天庚酮糖-1，7-二磷酸sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate，SBP景天庚酮糖-1，7-二磷酸酯酶sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase，SBPase景天庚酮糖-7-磷酸sedoheptulose-7-phosphate，S7P蛭石栽培vermiculaponics短日植物short-day plant短 长日植物short-long day plant氰化物cyanide氯丁唑多效唑，PP333,paclobutrazol4-氯吲哚乙酸4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid氯氟代烃chlorofluorocarbous2-氯乙基膦酸2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid稀土元素rare earth element筛管sieve tube筛管装载sieve loading筛管分子sieve element筛管分子 伴胞复合体sieve element companion cell，CC集光色素light harvesting pigment集体效应group effect集流mass flow焦磷酸磷酸果糖激酶 pyrophosphate phosphofructokinase湿害waterlogging温周期现象thermoperiodicity温度补偿点temperature compensation point游离型生长素free auxin270富含羟脯氨酸的糖蛋白hydroxyproline rich glycoprotein，HRGP强迫休眠epistotic dormancy十三画蓝光效应blue light effect蒸气压梯度vapor pressure gradient蒸腾拉力transpirational pull蒸腾速率transpiration rate蒸腾作用transpiration蒸腾系数transpiration coefficient蒸腾效率transpiration ratio蒸腾流-内聚力-张力学说 transpiration-cohesion tension theory蒸发vaporizationα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体α-ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase complex 酪氨酸酶tyrosinase感震性seismonasty感受perception感受蛋白sensor protein感夜性nyctinasty感性运动nastic movement感温性thermonasty4-碘苯氧乙酸4-iodo phenoxy acetic acid雾培spray culture暗呼吸dark respiration暗反应dark reaction跨膜蛋白transmembrane protein蜂蜡醇myricylalcohol嵴cristae锯木培sawdust culture矮壮素氯化氯胆碱chlorocholine chloride，CCC微量元素minorelement微团micell微管microtubule微管蛋白tubulin微体microbody微注射法microinjection technique微梁系统microtrabecular system微纤丝microfibril微丝microfilament愈伤组织callus腺苷三磷酸酶adenosine triphosphatase，ATPase腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase解偶联剂uncoupler新黄质neoxanthin2羧基3酮基阿拉伯糖醇1，5二磷酸2-carboxy-3-ketoarabinitol-1,5-bispho sphate2羧基D阿拉伯糖醇1磷酸 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol1phosphate羧化效率carboxylation efficiency羧化阶段carboxylation phase塑性胁变plastic strain源source源-库单位source-sink unit源强source strength溶酶体lysosome溶质势solute potential溶胶sol溶液培养法solution culture method叠氮化物azide十四画聚光色素复合体light harvesting pigment complex蔗糖磷酸磷酸酯酶sucrose phosphate phosphatase蔗糖磷酸合成酶sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS蔗糖－质子共运输蛋白sucrose-H＋symporter,蔗糖合成酶sucrose synthase,SS碱土alkaline soil碳酸酐酶carbonic anhydrase,CA碳同化carbon dioxide assimilation酶联免疫吸附检测法enzyme linked immunoso rbent assay酶复合体enzyme complex198酶放大的免疫鉴定法enzyme amplified immunoassay酸生长理论acid growth theory酸化作用acidification需水量water requirement雌蕊pistil雌雄同株同花植物hermaphroditic plant雌雄同株异花植物monoecious plant雌雄异株植物dioecious plant雌性生殖单位female germ unit雌性系gynoeciousline锻炼hardening膜动转运cytosis膜不饱和脂肪酸指数unsaturated fatty acid index膜片钳patch clamp,PC膜间空间intermembrane space腐胺putrescine精胺spermine漫灌wild flooding irrigation滴灌drip irrigation滴漏式hourglass寡霉素oligomycin寡糖素oligosaccharin缩合酶condensing enzyme十五画增效作用synergism醇溶谷蛋白prolamin潜在库强potential sink strength缬氨霉素valinomycin十六画操纵子operon燕麦试法avena test薄层层析thin layer chromatography整形素morphactin整合integration醛缩酶aldolase膨压turgor pressure膨压素turgorins膨压运动turgor movement凝聚condensation凝集素lectins凝胶gel糖酵解glycolysis糖脂glycolipid激素受体hormone receptor激动素kinetin，KT激发态excited state激发子elicitor激子传递exciton transfer十七画磷酸运转器pi translocator，PT3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase 磷酸甘油酸phosphoglycerate，PGA磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglyceric kinase,PGK磷酸葡萄糖酸phosphogluconate6-磷酸葡萄糖酸内酯6-phosphogluconolactone6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase磷酸蔗糖合成酶sucrose phosphate synthetase,SPS磷酸丙糖运转器triose phosphate translocator磷酸丙糖异构酶phosphotrioseisomerase磷酸酯酶phosphatase磷酸水解酶phosphorhydrolase磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸phosphenolpruvate，PEP磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase，PEPC 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶PEP carboxykinase磷酸乙醇酸磷酸脂酶phosphoglycolate phosphatase磷酸己糖异构酶phosphohexoseisomerase磷光phosphorescence磷脂phospholipid磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycerol磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidylcholine磷脂酰肌醇phosphatidylinositol,PI磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰丝氨酸phosphatidylserine磷脂酶phos pholipase十九画藻蓝蛋白phycocyanin藻胆素phycobilin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin二十二画囊腔lumen。
生理学英文词汇
第一章绪论生理学physiology内环境internal environment 神经调节nervous regulation 体液调节humoral regulation 旁分泌paracrine自身调节autoregulation正反馈positive feedback 组织液interstitial fluid稳态homeostasis反射弧reflex arc激素hormone神经分泌neurosecretion, neurocrine 负反馈negative feedback前馈feed-forward第二章细胞的基本功能单纯扩散simple diffusion失活inactivation钠-钾泵sodium-potassium pump 入胞endocytosis 易化扩散facilitated diffusion主动转运active transport出胞exocytosis化学门控通道chemically gated channel跨膜信号转导transmembrane signal transduction电压门控通道voltage-gated channel 促离子型受体ionotrpic receptor 鸟苷酸结合蛋白, G-蛋白guanine uncleotide-binding protein, G-protein环一磷酸腺苷cycle adenosine monophosphate, cAMP第二信使second messenger三磷酸肌醇inositol triphosphate, IP3 G-蛋白耦联受体G-protein coupled receptor酪氨酸激酶受体t yrosine kinase receptor兴奋性excitability刺激stimulus阈值threshold动作电位action potential超极化hyperpolarization复极化repolarization锋电位spike potential膜片钳patch clamp相对不应期relative refractory period 局部兴奋local excitation时间性总和temporal summation跳跃式传导saltatory conduction终板电位end-plate potential胆碱酯酶cholinesterase滑行理论sliding theory等长收缩isometric contraction完全强直收缩complete tetanus后负荷afterload长度-张力曲线length-tension curve 磷脂酶C phospholipase C二酰甘油diacylglycerol, DG促代谢型受体metabotropic receptor一氧化氮nitric oxide, NO兴奋excitation阈强度threshold intensity静息电位resting potential极化polarization去极化(除极化) depolarization超射overshoot (potential)“全或无”现象“all or none” phenomenon绝对不应期absolute refractory period阈电位threshold (membrane) potential 电紧张性扩布electrotonic propagation空间性总和spatial summation量子式释放quantal release乙酰胆碱acetylcholine, ACh兴奋-收缩耦联excitation-contraction coupling 等张收缩isotonic contraction单收缩single twitch前负荷preload初长度initial length(肌肉)收缩能力contractility (of muscle)张力-速度(关系)曲线force velocity (relation) curve 钙调蛋白calmodulin, CaM第三章血液血浆plasma粘滞性viscosity胶体渗透压colloid osmotic pressure造血微环境hemopoietic microenvironment 血细胞比容hematocrit晶体渗透压crystal osmotic pressure 渗透脆性osmotic fragility悬浮稳定性suspension stability红细胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR内因子intrinsic factor促红细胞生成素e rythropoietin, EPO集落刺激因子colony stimulating factor, CSF 血小板粘附thrombocyte adhesion血栓烷A2(血栓素A2) thromboxane A2, TXA2血液凝固blood coagulation凝血因子blood clotting factor外源性凝血extrinsic coagulation纤维蛋白溶解系统fibrinolytic system 爆式促进因子burst promoting actvator, BPA 肝素heparin生理性止血physiological hemostasis血小板聚集thrombocyte aggregation前列环素prostacyclin, PGI2血清serum内源性凝血intrinsic coagulation凝血酶thrombin纤维蛋白溶解酶原(纤溶酶原) plasminogen组织因子途径抑制物tissue factor pathway inhibitor, TFPI纤溶酶(血浆素) plasmin(红细胞)凝集agglutination凝集素agglutinin交叉配血试验cross-match test血型blood group凝集原agglutinogen人白细胞抗原human leukocyte antigen, HLA成分输血transfusion of blood components 第四章血液循环心动周期cardiac cycle心室舒张期ventricular diastole 快速射血期rapid ejection period 心音cardiac sound每搏输出量(搏出量) stroke volume output 心输出量cardiac output 心房收缩期atrial systole等容收缩期isovolumic systole减慢充盈期reduced filling period 心音图phonocardiogram射血分数ejection fraction心指数cardiac index心脏作功(量) myocardial work心力储备cardiac reserve传导性conductivity有效不应期effective refractory period 代偿间歇compensatory pause起搏点pacemaker异位心律ectopic rhythm超速驱动压抑overdrive suppression心电图electrocardiogram, ECG 阻力血管resistant vessel容量血管capacitance vessel血流量blood flow血流速度velocity of blood flow顺应性compliance收缩压systolic pressure脉搏压(脉压) pulse pressure中心静脉压central venous pressure 微循环microcirculation直捷通路thoroughfare channel迂回通路circuitous channel重吸收reabsorption缩血管神经纤维v asoconstrictor fiber心血管中枢cardiovascular center压力感受器baroreceptor心肺感受器cardiopulmonary receptor 化学感受器chemoreceptor脑内渗透压感受器brain osmoreceptor 心室功能曲线ventricular function curve自动节律性(自律性) autorhythmicity平台(期) plateau期前收缩premature systole起搏离子流pacemaker current窦性心律(normal) sinus rhythm抢先占领capture, preoccupation房-室延搁atrioventricular delay弹性储器血管windkessel vessel毛细血管前阻力血管precapillary resistant vessel短路血管shunt vessel血压blood pressure外周阻力peripheral resistance循环系统平均充盈压mean circulatory filling pressure 舒张压diastolic pressure动脉脉搏arterial pulse静脉回心血量venous return毛细血管前括约肌precapillary sphincter动-静脉短路arteriovenous shunt滤过filtration有效滤过压effctive filtration pressure, EFP 舒血管神经纤维v asodilator fiber压力感受性反射b aroreceptor reflex缓冲神经buffer nerve容量感受器volume receptor防御反应defence reaction肾素-血管紧张素系统renin-angiotensin system血管紧张素转换酶angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE肾上腺素epinephrine, E, or adrenalone, A去甲肾上腺素norepinephrine, NE, or noradrenalone, NA血管升压素(抗利尿激素) vasopressin, VP (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) 血管活性肠肽vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP内皮舒张因子endothelium-derived relaxing factor, EDRF内皮缩血管因子e ndothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor, EDRF激肽释放酶-激肽系统kallikrein-kinin system 血管舒张素kalidin前列腺素prostaglandin, PG冠脉循环coronary circulation血-脑屏障blood-brain barrier, BBB 缓激肽bradykinin心房钠尿肽atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP 组胺histamine腺苷adenosine血-脑脊液屏障blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier第五章呼吸呼吸respiration吸气inspiration腹式呼吸abdominal breathing平静呼吸eupn(o)ea, or quiet breathing 呼吸困难dysp(o)nea气胸pneumothorax比顺应性specific compliance气道阻力airway resistance 肺通气pulmonary ventilation 呼气expiration胸式呼吸thoracic breathing用力呼吸forced breathing肺内压intrapulmonary pressure 胸膜腔内压intrapleural pressure肺表面活性物质p ulmonary surfactant潮气量tidal volume, TV补吸气量(吸气储备量) inspiratory reserve volume, IRV 补呼气量(呼气储备量) exspiratory reserve volume, ERV 功能残气量(功能余气量) functional residual capacity, FRC残气量(余气量) residual volume, RV肺活量vital capacity, VC时间肺活量timed vital capacity肺总量total lung capacity, TLC 解剖无效腔anatomical dead space肺泡通气量alveolar ventilation气体扩散速率diffusion rate of gas氧合oxygenation氧含量oxygen content氧解离曲线oxygen dissociation curve 肺牵张反射pulmonary stretch reflex 深吸气量inspiratory capacity, IC用力肺活量forced vital capacity, FVC用力呼气量forced expiratory volume, FEV 每分通气量minute ventilation volume肺泡无效腔alveolar dead space气体交换gas exchange通气/血流比值ventilation/perfusion ratio氧容量oxygen capacity氧饱和度oxygen saturation呼吸调整中枢pneumotaxic center吸气切断机制inspiratory off-switch mechanism第六章消化和吸收消化digestion基本电节律basic electrical rhythm, BER 粘膜下神经丛submucosal plexus胃肠激素gastrointestinal hormone胆囊收缩素cholecystokinin, CCK抑胃肽gastric inhibitory polypeptide 唾液saliva胃液gastric juice 吸收absorption慢波slow wave肌间神经丛myenteric plexus 胃泌素gastrin胰泌素secretin营养作用trophic action蠕动peristalsis盐酸hydrochloric acid胃蛋白酶原pepsinogen粘液-碳酸氢盐屏障mucus-bicarbonate barrier假饲sham-feeding胃泌素释放肽gastrin-releasing peptide, GRP 肠-胃反射entero-gastric reflex胃排空gastric emptying胰液pancreatic juice胰脂肪酶lipase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胆汁bile, or gall 胃蛋白酶pepsin生长抑素somatostatin蛙皮素bombesin肠抑胃素enterogastrone容受性舒张receptive relaxation 迷走-迷走反射vago-vagal reflex 胰淀粉酶pancreatic amylase 胰蛋白酶原trypsinogen糜蛋白酶原chymotrypsinogen 肠致活酶enterokinase胆盐bile salt胆盐的肠肝循环e nterohepatic circulation of bile salt排便defection 分节运动segmentation contraction第七章能量代谢和体温能量代谢energy metabolism食物的热价thermal equivalent of food 氧债oxygen debt呼吸商respiratory quotient, RQ氧热价(氧卡价) thermal equivalent of oxygen (caloric value of oxygen)食物特殊动力效应specific dynamic effect of food 体温body temperature生物节律biorhythm战栗产热shivering thermogenesis寒冷性肌紧张thermal muscle tone辐射散热thermal radiation对流散热thermal convection不感蒸发(不显汗) insensible perspiration体温调节regulation of body temperature 热敏神经元warm-sensitive neuron 基础代谢率basal metabolism rate, BMR昼夜节律circadian rhythm生物钟biologic clock产热heat production, or thermogenesis 散热thermolysis, or body heat loss传导散热thermal conduction蒸发(散热) evaporation发汗perspiration, or sweating调定点set point冷敏神经元cold-sensitive neuron视前区-下丘脑前部preoptic-anterior hypothylamus area, POAH致热源pyrogen第八章尿的生成和排出尿生成urine formation球旁器(近球小体) juxtaglomerular apparatus肾血流量renal blood flow肾小球滤过率glomerular filtration rate, GFR 滤过平衡filtration equibibrium分泌secretion尿的浓缩urine concentration渗透性利尿osmotic diuresis定比重吸收constant fraction reabsorption 内移(内化) internalization醛固酮aldosterone菊粉(菊糖) inulin 尿排出urine excretion致密斑macula densa管-球反馈tubuloglomerular feedback 滤过分数filtration fraction肾血浆流量renal plasma flow肾糖阈renal glucose threshold尿的稀释urine dilution球-管平衡glomerulotubular balance 回漏back leak水利尿water diuresis清除率clearance排尿micturition第九章感觉器官的功能感觉器官sense organ适宜刺激adequate stimulus发生器电位generator potential编码(作用) encoding视觉vision视敏度(视力) visual acuity近点near point眼球会聚convergence of the eyeball 感受器receptor换能作用transducer function感受器电位receptor potential适应adaptation简化眼reduced eye(眼的)调节accommodation (of the eye) 瞳孔近反射pupillary near reflex 瞳孔对光反射pupillary light reflex视杆细胞rod晚光觉系统nightlight perceptive system 视锥系统cone system视紫红质rhodopsin视黄醛retinene暗适应dark adaptation视野visual field气传导air conduction螺旋器(柯蒂器) Corti’s organ 视杆系统rod system视锥细胞cone昼光觉系统daylight perceptive system 视蛋白opsin传递蛋白transducin明适应light adaptation听觉audition骨传导bone conduction行波理论travelling wave theory(耳蜗)微音器电位(cochlear) microphonic potential前庭自主神经性反应vestibular autonervous reaction平衡感觉quilibrium sensation嗅觉olfactory sensation, or smell 皮肤感觉cutaneous sensation温度觉temperature sensation 眼震颤nystagmus味觉gustatory sensation, or taste 触-压觉touch and pressure sensation 痛觉pain第十章神经系统的功能神经冲动nerve impulse 神经营养性因子n eurotrophin, NT 顺向轴浆运输anterograde anxoplasmic transport逆向轴浆运输retrograde axoplasmic transport兴奋性突触后电位excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP抑制性突触后电位inhibitory postsynaptic potential, IPSP突触后抑制postsynaptic inhibition突触前易化presynaptic facilitation回返性抑制recurrent inhibition强直后增强posttetanic potentiation敏感化sensitization长时程抑制long-term depression, LTD 突触前抑制presynaptic inhibition传入侧支性抑制a fferent collateral inhibition可塑性plasticity习惯化habituation长时程增强long-term potentiation, LTP 突触延搁synaptic delay非突触性化学传递non-synaptic chemical transmission电突触传递electrical synaptic transmission 局部神经元回路l ocal neuronal circuit, LNC交互性突触reciprocal synapse神经调质neuromodulator递质共存coexistence of transmitters同源脱敏homologous desensitization胆碱能纤维cholinergic fiber毒蕈碱样作用muscarine-like action烟碱样作用nicotine-like action肌肉型烟碱受体m uscle-type nicotinic receptor儿茶酚胺catecholamine肾上腺素能纤维a drenergic fiber 局部回路神经元l ocal circuit neuron, LCN串联性突触serial synapse神经递质neurotransmitter调制作用modulation突触前受体presynaptic receptor异源脱敏heterologous desensitization 胆碱能受体cholinergic receptor毒蕈碱受体muscarinic receptor烟碱受体nicotinic receptor神经元型烟碱受体neuronal-type nicotinic receptor 多巴胺dopamine, DA肾上腺素能受体a drenergic receptor5-羟色胺5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT or serotonin谷氨酸glutamic acid, or glutamate 非条件反射unconditioned reflex辐散状联系divergence connection后放(后发放) after discharge多突触反射polysynaptic reflex非特异投射系统n on-specific projection system γ-氨基丁酸γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA 条件反射conditioned reflex聚合状联系convergence connection单突触反射monosynaptic reflex特异投射系统specific projection system 感觉柱sensory column网状结构上行激动系统ascending reticular activating system本体感觉peoprioception皮层诱发电evoked cortical potential 牵涉痛referred pain脑电图electroencephalogram, EEG自发脑电活动spontaneous electric activity of the brainα波阻断alpha blocking脑电觉醒electroencephalogram arousal 快波睡眠fast wave sleep, FWS快速眼球运动rapid eye movements, REM 最后公路final common path腱反射tendon reflex肌梭muscle spindle随意运动voluntary movement锥体系pyramidal system脊休克spinal shock屈肌反射flexor reflex去大脑僵直decerebrate rigidity翻正反射righting reflex静止性震颤static tremor意向性震颤intention tremor交感神经sympathetic nerve 行为觉醒behavioral arousal慢波睡眠slow wave sleep, SWS异相睡眠paradoxical sleep, PS上行抑制系统ascending inhibitory system 牵张反射stretch reflex肌紧张muscle tonus梭内肌纤维intrafusal fiber运动柱motor column锥体外系extrapyramidal system姿势反射postural reflex对侧伸肌反射crossed extensor reflex状态反射attitudinal reflex震颤麻痹paralysis agitans舞蹈病chorea小脑性共济失调c erebellar ataxia副交感神经parasympathetic nerve下丘脑调节肽hypothalamus regulatory peptide, HRP边缘系统limbic system情绪反应emotional reaction 饱中枢satiety center假怒sham rage奖赏系统reward system惩罚系统punishment system 动机motivation操作式条件反射o perate conditioned reflex 长时性记忆long term memory 失写症agraphia失读症alexia失用症apraxia 本能行为instinctual behavior摄食中枢feeding center格斗-逃避反应fight-flight reaction防御反应区defense zone趋向系统approach system回避系统avoidance system强化reinforcement短时性记忆short term memory运动失语症motor aphasia感觉失语症sensory aphasia一侧优势laterality cerebral dominance 裂脑split brain第十一章内分泌内分泌endocrine自分泌autocrine允许作用permissive action 增量调节(上调) up regulation 远距分泌telecrine神经激素neurohormone 亲和力affinity减量调节(下调) down regulation促甲状腺激素释放激素thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH促性腺激素释放激素gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH生长素释放抑制激素(生长抑素) growth hormone releasing-inhibiting hormone, GHRIH, or somatostatin 生长素释放激素g rowth hormone releasing hormone, GHRH促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素corticotropin releasing hormone, CRH催乳素释放抑制因子prolactin releasing-inhibiting factor, PIF促黑(素细胞)激素释放抑制因子melanophore-stimulating hormone releasing-inhibiting factor, MIF 促黑(素细胞)激素释放因子 melanophore-stimulating hormone releasing factor, MRF促甲状腺激素thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH促卵泡激素follicle stimulating hormone, FSH促黑(素细胞)激素melanophore stimulating hormone, MSH催乳素释放因子p rolactin releasing factor, PRF 黄体生成素luteinizing hormone, LH 催乳素prolactin, PRL 促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticotropin, ACTH生长素growth hormone, GH胰岛素样生长因子insulin-like growth factor, IGF生长素介质somatomedin, SM 催产素oxytocin, OXT 甲状腺素(四碘甲腺原氨酸) thyroxin, or 3,5,3’,5’-tetraiodoythyronine, T4三碘甲腺原氨酸3,5,3’-triiodoythyronine, T3降钙素calcitonin, CT糖皮质激素glucocorticoid皮质醇cortisol应激stress肾上腺髓质素adrenomedullin胰岛素insulin 甲状旁腺激素parathyroid hormone, PTH 1,25-二羟胆钙化醇1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol 盐皮质激素mineralocorticoid雌二醇estradiol, E2应急反应emergency reaction胰高血糖素glucagon褪黑素melatonin, MT第十二章生殖生殖reproduction睾酮testosterone, T 抑制素inhibin排卵ovulation月经周期menstrual cycle 孕激素progestogen妊娠pregnancy着床implantation 生精作用spermatogenesis雄激素androgen, or androgenic hormone 生卵作用oogenesis月经menstruation雌激素estrogen孕酮progesterone, P受精fertilization分娩parturition人绒毛膜促性腺激素human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG。
人体生理学的英文名词解释
人体生理学的英文名词解释Human Physiology: An Explanation of Key English TermsIntroductionHuman physiology encompasses the study of the functions and processes within the human body. It is a complex field that requires the understanding of various English terms. In this article, we will delve into the explanations of important English terms used in the context of human physiology.The Nervous SystemThe nervous system is a vital component of human physiology, responsible for transmitting signals and coordinating bodily functions. Key terms related to the nervous system include neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters.Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrochemical signals. These signals are transmitted across synapses, which are small gaps between neurons. Neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, are chemicals that allow for communication between neurons. These terms are essential for understanding how information flows within the nervous system and how it affects various bodily functions.Muscular SystemThe muscular system is responsible for body movement and maintaining posture. It consists of different types of muscles, such as skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.Skeletal muscles, attached to bones, enable voluntary movements like walking or picking up objects. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for its rhythmic contractions. Smooth muscles are found in organs, blood vessels, and the digestive tract, regulating involuntary movements. Understanding the distinction between these muscle types is crucial when studying human physiology.Respiratory SystemThe respiratory system facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Key English terms associated with the respiratory system include alveoli, diaphragm, and bronchioles.Alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of gases occurs. The diaphragm is a muscle that contracts and relaxes to control the process of breathing. Bronchioles are small airways that lead to the alveoli. Familiarity with these terms aids in comprehending the mechanisms behind respiration and gas exchange.Circulatory SystemThe circulatory system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, and blood, transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. Terms such as arteries, veins, and capillaries are fundamental to understanding this system.Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where the exchange of nutrients and waste products occurs. With knowledge of these terms, one can explore the intricacies of circulation and its role in maintaining physiological homeostasis.Endocrine SystemThe endocrine system consists of glands that produce hormones and regulate bodily functions. Key terms within this system include glands, hormones, and feedback mechanisms.Glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones act as chemical messengers, influencing various processes in the body. Feedback mechanisms, including negative and positive feedback, regulate hormone secretion. Understanding these terms elucidates the intricate interplay between hormones and bodily functions.Digestive SystemThe digestive system processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates waste products. Terms like enzymes, stomach, and intestines play a pivotal role in understanding this system.Enzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions, aiding in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients. The stomach is a muscular organ where food is mixed with gastric acid to initiate digestion. The intestines, comprised of the small and large intestines, further break down food and absorb nutrients. Familiarity with these terms allows one to explore the complexities of digestion and nutrient absorption.ConclusionHuman physiology encompasses an extensive range of English terms that explain the functions and processes within the body. From the nervous and muscular systems to the circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, and digestive systems, each area presents its own set of important terms. Mastery of these terms enhances our understanding of how the human body operates. By unraveling the meaning behind these key English terms, we gain valuable insights into the intricate world of human physiology.。
资料：生理学英文名词解释
血液循环(Blood circulation)心动周期Cardiac cycle ：The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole..心指数Cardiac index：Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.心输出量Cardiac output：The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.中心静脉压Central venous pressure ：The venous pressure is measured at the right atrium.舒张压Diastolic pressure：Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.水肿Edema：Edema refers to the presence of excess fluid in body tissues.有效不应期Effective refractory period（ERP）：The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero. 6射血分数Ejection fraction：The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).平均动脉压Mean arterial blood pressure ：The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.脉搏压Pulse pressure：The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.心脏Starling’s定律：The law defining the relationship between ventricular end-diastolic fiber length (preload) and stroke volume.每搏输出量Stroke volume：Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.搏功Stroke work：The amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.收缩压Systole pressure ：The pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adulte is 100~120mmHg.呼吸(Respiration)肺泡无效腔Alveolar dead space：Occasionally, some of the alveoli themselves are nonfunctional or only partially functional because of absent or poor blood flow through adjacent pulmonary capillaries.解剖无效腔Anatomic dead space：The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful for gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.顺应性Compliance：Distensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, aproperty that reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (V/P), the reciprocal of the compliance.△△用力呼气量Forced expiration volume：The fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) expired during the first second of a forced expiration.功能余气量Functional residual capacity：It equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).黑－伯反射Hering-Breuer reflex：The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is an increase in the duration of expiration produced by steady lung inflation, and the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex is a decrease in the duration of expiration produced by marked deflation of a lung. 补吸气量Inspiratory reserve volume：The air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.胸内压Intrapleural pressure ：The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.It is always lower than the atmoaphere pressure in physiological condition.肺内压Intrapulmonary pressure：The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intraalveolar pressure.每分通气量Minute ventilation volume：The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.氧容量Oxygen capacity：The oxygen capacity is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin when fully saturated with O2, it therefore depends on the individual's hemoglobin concentration.氧含量Oxygen content ：The oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.分压Partial pressure ：The pressure of the individual gases in a mixed gas is called partial pressure.外周化学感受器Peripheral chemoreceptor：Peripheral chemoreceptor is located in carotid body, aortic body, and some other areas outside the brain, which are important for detecting changes in O2, CO2 and H＋concentration in blood.呼吸调整中枢Pneumotaxic center：A center in the reticular formation of the pons that regulates the activities of the apneustic and respiratory rhythmicity centers to adjust the pace of respiration, which involves in controlling the rate and pattern of breathing.肺扩散容量Pulmonary diffusing capacity：The volume of a gas that diffuses through the membrane each minute for a pressure difference of 1 mmHg, which is generally used as a quantitative terms in describing the ability of the respiratory membrane to exchange a gas between the alveoli and the pulmonary blood.呼吸中枢Respiratory centers ：Specific areas of the medulla oblongata, the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group of neurons, pre-Botzinger complex and pons. They are believed to be concerned with respiration and are classically been called the respiratory centers.then a short pause in the expiratory position.表面活性物质Surfactant ：A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is amixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.能量代谢(Energy metabolism)基础代谢率Basal metabolic rate ：The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determinedunder basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room, a comfortable temperature (200C~250C) and 12~14 hours after the last meal as well.传导Conduction：Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact with one another.对流Convection：Convection is the loss of heat occurs from the body surface to the air.能量代谢Energy metabolism ：The energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body. 蒸发Evaporation ：Evaporation is the water molecules absorb heat from their environment and become energetic enough to escape as gas.不感蒸发Insensible perspiration ：Even when a person is not sweating, water still evaporates insensibly from the skin and lung, this is called insensible perspiration which causes continual heat loss at a lower rate.辐射Radiation：A process by which heat is transferred from a warmer surface to a cooler surface by electromagnetic (typically, infrared) waves.食物的特殊动力效应Specific dynamic effect of food ：After a meal is ingested, the metabolic rate increases as a result of the different chemical reactions associated with digestion, absorption, and storage of food in the body. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic effect of food.醛固酮Aldosteron：Aldosteron is a sodium-retaining hormone of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsouption and potassium excretion at the same time by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and decreasing potassium in the body.抗利尿激素Antidiuretic hormone：A product of neurohypohysis which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.皮质肾单位Cortical nephron：The nephrons have their glomeruli located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical nephrons.有效滤过压Effective filtration pressure ：The effective filtration pressure of glomerulus represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.球管平衡Glomerulo-tubular balance：One of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow. This phenomenon is referred to as glomerulo-tubular balance.肾小球滤过分数Glomerular filtration fraction ：The glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.肾小球滤过膜Glomerular filtration membrane ：The barrier between the capillary blood and the fluid inside the Bowmen's capsule is called glomerular filtration membrane.肾小球滤过率Glomerular filtration rate：The minute volume of plasma filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys is called the glomerular filtration rate.近球小体Juxtaglomerular apparatus：The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the juxtaglomerular cells, the macula densa and the extraglomerular mesangiual cell.近球细胞Juxtaglomerular cells：The juxtaglomerular cells are specialized myoepithelial cells in the media of afferent arteriole close to the glomerulus.近髓肾单位Juxtamedullary nephron ：The nephrons have glomeruli that lie deep in the renal cortex near the medulla and have long loops of Henle that are deep into the medulla are called juxtamedullary nephron.致密斑Macula densa：At the end of the thick ascending limb is a short segment which is actually a plaque in its wall, known as the macula densa. The macula densa plays an important role in controlling nephron function.肾单位Nephron：Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron has two major components: renal corpuscle and renal tube.渗透性利尿Osmotic diuresis: An increase in urine flow due to increase of an osmotically active solute in tubular fluid.肾糖阈Renal glucose threshold ：When the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal glucose threshold.肾小管重吸收Tubular reabsorption：Tubular reabsorption denotes the transport of substances from the tubular fluid through the tubular epithelium into peritubular capillary blood.直小血管Vasa recto：In the juxtamedullary nephrons the efferent arterioles also supply the long venous loops－the vasa recta－that pass deep into the medulla.水利尿Water diuresis：The volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH secretion.神经系统（Nervous system）自主神经系统Autonomic nervous system：The autonomic nervous system comprises all the efferent pathways from controlling centers in the brain and spinal cord to effector （visceral）organs other than skeletal muscle.化学性突触Chemical synapse：At the major junction of chemical synapses the arrival of activity in the presynaptic region is followed by the release of chemical transmitters which diffuse across the synaptic cleft. Transmitters interact transiently with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and produce a change in membrane conductance and consequently membrane potential.胆碱能神经元Cholinergic neuron：A kind of neuron that liberates acetylcholine at its synaptic knobs with activity.去大脑僵直Decerebrate rigidity ：When the brain stem is sectioned below the midlevel of the mesencephalon, the rigidity occurs in the antigravity muscles. This phenomenon is called decerebrate rigidity.传出神经Efferent nerve：A nerve which carries impulses out of the central nervous system is called efferent nerve.兴奋性突触后电位Excitatory postsynaptic potential，EPSP：The excitatory postsynaptic potential is the local postsynaptic depolarization due to release of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals. EPSP brings the membrane closer to threshold and makes it more likely that an action potential will be triggered.抑制性突触后电位Inhibitory postsynaptic potential，IPSP：A hyperpolarizing potential at a synapse that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.梭内肌Intraspindle muscle ：The muscle spindle is built around 3 to 12 very small intraspindle muscle fibers that are pointed at their ends and attached to the glycocalyx of the surrounding large extrafusal skeletal muscle (梭外肌) fibers. The intraspindle muscles function as a sensory receptor.记忆Memory：Memory is the ability to recall past events at the conscious or unconscious level.运动神经元Motor neuron：There are two classes of motor neurons-large diameter (up to70 mm) α cells with axons of 12~20mm in diameter that innervate skeletal extrafusalf ibers in skeletal muscle and small γ cells with axons of 1~8mm in diameter that innervate the intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindles.运动单位Motor unit：A motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.神经胶质细胞Neuroglial cell：Neuroglial cells support and segregate groups of neurons and may have additional nutritive functions.神经元Neuron：Neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. Each neuron consists of soma (cell body), dendrite, axon and synaptic terminal.神经递质Neurotransmitter：Substances released from nerve cells at synapses and presumed to mediate normal chemical transmission.伤害感受器Nociceptor：A receptor specialized to fire in response to injurious or noxious stimuli朗飞结Node of Ranvier：The regularly spaced constrictions along a myelin sheath to which the action potentials are restricted during nervous conduction.非特异性投射系统Nonspecific projection system：Diffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.疼痛Pain：Pain can be described as the sensation resulting from stimuli which are intense enough to threaten or to cause tissue injury.外周神经系统Peripheral nervous system：The peripheral nervous system is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside the spinal cord and brain, it comprises both the somatic and the autonomic divisions.突触后抑制Postsynaptic inhibition：The presynaptic neuron liberates an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and /or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the postsynaptic membrane potential. In this hyperpolarized state it is difficult to be excited.突触后电位Postsynaptic potential：The special form of subthreshold potential change occurring across the synaptic membrane of the postsynaptic neuron when an impulsearrives in the presynaptic fiber, see EPSP, IPSP.突触前抑制Presynaptic inhibition：A process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter liberated by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptic knob by the structure of gap junction.牵涉痛Referred pain ：Damage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.反射Reflex：An action carried out without voluntary control, in which a relatively fixed output pattern is produced in response to a simple input.反射弧Reflex arc：Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, it is the basic unit of intergrated neural activity, consisting of sense organ, afferent and efferent nerves, reflex center and effector.网状结构上行激动系统Reticular ascending activating system，RAAS ：Most of the various sensory pathways relay via collaterals to the reticular activating system in the brain stem reticular formation. Activity in this system produces the conscious alert state that makes perception possible.特异性投射系统Specific projection system ：The specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.脊休克Spinal shock：Complete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spind cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenum is called spinal shock.牵张反射Stretch reflex ：When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptie reflex called the stretch reflex.总和Summation ：The addition of separate responses that are adjacent in time or space. The former is called temporal summation; the latter, spatial summation.突触Synapse：The site of cell-to-cell comunication between neurons.突触延搁Synaptic delay：Elapsed time between arrival of a presynaptic impulse at a junction and the first sign of postsynaptic response.传递transmission：The passage of excitation or inhibition crosses synapses; distinguished from conduction and propagation, which occur within a neuron and do not involve synapses.非条件反射Unconditioned reflex：A fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.内分泌（Endocrinology）肢端肥大症Acromegaly：A condition caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in the adult, characterized by thickening of bones and enlargement of cartilages and other soft tissues.醛固酮Aldosterone：A mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; stimulates sodium and water conservation and the secretion of potassium at the kidneys, secreted in response to the presence of angiotensin II.抗利尿激素Antidiuretic hormone，ADH：A hormone is produced by hypothalamas cell and secreted by neurohypohysis. It promotes the conservation of body water at the kidney.皮质醇Cortisol：One of the major corticosteroids secreted by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex; a glucocorticoid, which has multiple metabolic function for control of the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.克汀病（呆小症）Cretinism：Cretinism is caused by extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, and childhood. This condition is characterized especially by failure of growth and by mental retardation.侏儒症Dwarfism ：A deficiency of growth hormone in children leads to dwarfism.内分泌系统Endocrine system：The endocrine system can be defined as the endocrine glands and cells of the body. It is one of the two coordinating and integrating systems of the body, which acts through chemical messengers (hormones) carried in the circulation and is involved in many functions, such as maintenance of the internal environment, control of the storage and utilization of energy enviroment, regulation of growth, development and reproduction, and the body's responses to environmental stimuli.胰高血糖素Glucagon：A large polypeptide hormone secreted by the A（alpha）cells of the islets of Langerhans, especially when the blood glucose concentration falls. Glucagon increases blood glucose level which opposes to effects of insulin.. It acts on the liver to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.糖皮质激素Glucocorticoids：A group of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and are important in mediating the response of the body to fasting and stress. At least 95% of the glucocorticoid activity of the adrenocortical secretions results from the secretion of cortisol.生长素Growth hormone：An anterior pituitary hormone that causes growth of almost all cells and tissues of the body and enhances the body protein, uses up the fat stores and conserves carbohydrate.激素Hormone：A hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and secreted by a specific endocrine cell . It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations and elicits a specific response in target tissues affecting the activities of cells in another portion of the body.垂体门脉系统Hypophyseal portal system：The network of vessels that carry blood from capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the adenohypophysis.胰岛素Insulin：A hormone secreted by the B（beta）cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a reduction in plasma glucose concentrations. Insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by facilitating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting hepatic glucose output.神经垂体Neurohypophysis：The posterior pituitary, or pars nervosa, mainly secretes two peptide hormones, antidiuretic hormone（or called vasopressin）and oxytocin.含氮激素Nitrogenous hormones：Nitrogenous hormones may be classified into two families: One of the derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine, e.g. thyroxine and adrenaline, the other is the proteins or peptides, e.g. growth hormone, insulin and antidiuretic hormone.去甲肾上腺素Norepinephrine：A catecholamine neurotransmitter released at mostsympathetic neuroterminal and at certain synapses inside the central nervous system, also called norepinephrine.旁分泌Paracrine：Some cells release hormones which diffuse into surrounding regions, and act locally.允许作用Permissive action：A hormone which has no effect per se but is in necessary for the full expression of the effects of other hormone.垂体Pituitary gland：An endocrine organ situated in the sella trucica of the sphenoid bone and connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum includes the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) and the anterior pituitary (pars intermedia and pars distalis).第二信使学说Second messenger hypothesis ：Peptide hormones act by binding to specific receptors in the plasma membrane and activate a membrane-bound enzyme, via a G-protein, that stimulates the production of an intracellular messenger. This theory is called second messenger hypothesis.甲状腺激素Thyroid hormone，TH：The thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase the rate of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level of body metabolism.促激素Trophic hormone：Hormones stimulate secretion of hormonally active substances by other endocrine glands or the liver and other tissues.肺弹性回缩力Elastic recoil of lungs：The ability of lungs to tolerate expands in volu me and tends to collapse at each instant of respiration.弹性阻力Elastic resistance：A term used to describe the elastic properties of the l ung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance (V/P),the reciprocal △△of the com pliance.补呼气量Expiratory reserve volume：The volume expelled by an active expiratory ef fort after passive expiration. The maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration; it normally amount s to about 1100ml.外呼吸External respiration：The exchange of gases between blood and the external environment, which involves not only diffusion across the lung capillaries but also t he bulk movement of gases in and out of the lungs.功能性短路Functional shutting：Whenever the ventilation perfusion ratio is below nor mal, there is not ventilation enough to provide the oxygen needed to oxygenate full y the blood flowing through the alveolar capillaries. Therefore, a certain fraction of t he venous blood passing through the pulmonary capillaries does not become oxyge nated. This phenomenon is called functional shutting.何尔登效应Haldane effect：The increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglob in in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen bi nds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released easily.吸气中枢Inspiratory center：A group of neurons, located in the medulla oblongata, which sets the basic rhythm of breathing by automatically initiating inspiration; also known as the dorsal respira tory group.内呼吸Internal respiration：The exchange of gases between the tissue cells and thesystemic capillaries. The diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the cy toplasm.牵涉痛Referred pain ：Damage to an internal organ is commonly associated with p ain or tenderness in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. Thi s phenomenon is called referred pain.脊休克Spinal shock：Complete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spind cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenum is called spinal shock.牵张反射Stretch reflex ：When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stre tched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptie reflex called th e stretch reflex.总和Summation ：The addition of separate responses that are adjacent in time or space. The former is called temporal summation; the latter, spatial summation.传递transmission：The passage of excitation or inhibition crosses synapses; distingu ished from conduction and propagation, which occur within a neuron and do not in volve synapses.。
病理生理学名词中英文对照
病理生理学名词中英文对照病理生理学pathophysiology脑死亡brain death临终关怀hospice care 水电解质代谢紊乱脱水dehydration低渗性脱水hypotonic dehydration 高渗性脱水hypertonic dehydration 等渗性脱水isotonic dehydration 水中毒water intoxication水肿edema全身性水肿anasarca 滤过分数filtration fraction潴留retention低钾血症hypokalemia反常性酸性尿paradoxical acidic urine 高钾血症hyperkalemia反常性碱性尿paradoxical alkaline urine酸碱平衡紊乱挥发酸volatile acid固定酸fixed acid标准碳酸氢盐standard bicarbonate,SB 实际碳酸氢盐actual bicarbonate,AB 缓冲碱buffer base，BB碱剩余base excess,BE 阴离子间隙anion gap，AG代谢性酸中毒metabolic acidosis 乳酸酸中毒lactic acidosis酮症酸中毒keto-acidosis呼吸性酸中毒respiratory acidosis慢性阻塞性肺病chronic obstructive pulmonary disease，COPD肺性脑病pulmonary encephalopathy 代谢性碱中毒metabolic alkalosis盐水反应性碱中毒saline-responsive alkalosis盐水抵抗性碱中毒saline-resistant alkalosis呼吸性碱中毒respiratory alkalosis双重性酸碱失衡double acid-base disorders 缺氧缺氧hypoxia血氧分压partial pressure of oxygen，PO2 血氧容量oxygen binding capacity，CO2max 血氧含量oxygen content，CO2低张性缺氧hypotonic hypoxia乏养性缺氧hypoxic hypoxia发绀cyanosis血液型缺氧hemic hypoxia等张性缺氧isotonic hypoxia 碳氧血红蛋白carboxyhemoglobin，HbCO 高铁血红蛋白methemoglobin，HbFe3+OH 肠源性发绀enterogenous cyanosis循环性缺氧circulatory hypoxia低动力性缺氧hypokinetic hypoxia缺血性缺氧ischemic hypoxia组织性缺氧histogenous hypoxia氧利用障碍性缺氧dysoxidative hypoxia 高原肺水肿high altitude pulmonary edema周期性呼吸periodic breat发热发热fever 过热hyperthermia 视前区下丘脑前部preoptic anterior hypothalamus，POAH内毒素endotoxin，ET致热原pyrogen中杏仁核medial amygdaloid nucleus稽留期fastigium腹中隔ventral septal area，VSA前列腺素prostaglandin，PG热限febrile ceiling应激应激stress良性应激eustress 劣性应激distress 交感-肾上腺髓质系统sympathetic-adrenal medulla system去甲肾上腺素norepinephrine，NE应激性溃疡stress ulcer肠易激综合征irritable bowel syndrome，糖皮质激素glucocorticoid，GC蓝斑locus ceruleus 边缘系统limbic system室旁核paraventricular nucleus抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone，ADH 急性期反应蛋白acute phase protein，AP下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质系统hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system，HPA缺血-再灌注损伤缺血-再灌注损伤ischemia-reperfusion injury，IRI缺血后适应postconditioning氧自由基oxygen free radical黄嘌呤氧化酶xanthine oxidase，XO黄嘌呤脱氢酶xanthine dehydrogenase，XD 呼吸爆发respiratory burst氧爆发oxygen burst 脂质过氧化lipid peroxidation钙超载calcium overload心肌顿抑myocardial stunning再灌注心律失常reperfusion arrhythmia 胀亡oncosis休克休克shock虚脱collapse脓毒性休克septic shock 过敏性休克anaphylactic shock脓毒症sepsis低血容量性休克hypovolemic shock 血管源性休克vasogenic shock微循环microcirculation一氧化氮nitric oxide，NO休克代偿期ischemic anoxia phase 休克失代偿期decompensatory stage 淤血性缺氧期stagnant anoxia phase 白细胞滚动rolling微循环衰竭期microcirculatory failure phase无复流现象no-reflow phenomenon全身炎症反应综合征systemic inflammatory response syndrome，SIRS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征acute respiratorydistress syndrome，ARDS休克肺shock lung多器官功能障碍综合征mutilple organ dysfunction syndrome，MODS 抗凝血平衡紊乱纤溶酶原激活物plasminogen activator，PA弥漫性血管内凝血disseminated intravascular coagulation，DIC裂体细胞schistocyte微血管病性溶血性贫血microangiopathic hemolytic anemia心功能不全心功能不全cardiac insufficiency心力衰竭heart failure前负荷preload容量负荷volume load后负荷afterload压力负荷pressure load低输出量性心力衰竭low output heart failure高输出量性心力衰竭high output heart failure心室重塑ventricular remodeling离心性肥大eccentric hypertrophy颈静脉充盈engorgement of neck vein 肺水肿pulmonary edema 呼吸困难dyspnea劳力性呼吸困难dyspnea on exertion 向心性肥大concentric hypertrophy 心性哮喘cardiac asthma夜间阵发性呼吸困难paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea端坐呼吸orthopnea肺功能不全呼吸衰竭respiratory failure低氧血症型呼吸衰竭hypoxemic respiratory failure伴有高碳酸血症性低氧血症呼吸衰竭hypercapnic respiratory failure限制性通气不足restrictive hypoventilation 阻塞性通气不足obstructive hypoventilation 吸气性呼吸困难inspiratory dyspnea 呼气性呼吸困难expiratory dyspnea弥散障碍diffusion impairment通气与血流比例失调ventilation-perfusion imbalance功能性分流functional shunt静脉血掺杂venous admixture死腔样通气dead space like ventilation 解剖分流anatomic shunt 真性分流true shunt急性呼吸窘迫综合症acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS 慢性阻塞性肺病chronic obstructive pulmonary disease，COPD CO2麻醉carbon dioxide narcosis肺性脑病pulmonary encephalopathy肝功能不全肝功能不全hepatic insufficiency肝功能衰竭hepatic failure肝性脑病hepatic encephalopathy，HE 肝昏迷hepatic coma 扑翼样震颤asterixis氨中毒学说ammonia intoxication hypothesis假性神经递质学说false neurotransmitter hypothesis苯乙醇胺phenylethanolamine 羟苯乙醇胺octpamine 氨基酸失衡学说amino acid imbalance hypothesis芳香族氨基酸aromatic amino acid，AAA 支链氨基酸branched chain amino，BCAA GABA 学说GABA hypothesis肝肾综合症hepatorenal syndrome，HRS肾功能不全肾功能不全renal insufficiency 肾功能衰竭renal failure急性肾功能衰竭acute renal failure，ARF 慢性肾功能不全chronic renal failure，CRF 尿毒症uremia肾前性急性肾功能衰竭prerenal failure 功能性肾功能衰竭functional renal failure 肾前性氮质血症prerenal azotemia肾性急性肾功能衰竭intrarenal failure器质性肾功能衰竭parenchymal renal failure肾小管细胞和间质细胞损伤学说tubular and interstitial cells lesion hypothesis 急性肾小管坏死acute tubular necrosis，ATN肾后性急性肾功能衰竭postrenal failure 肾后性氮质血症postrenal azotemia少尿oliguria无尿anuria 多尿polyuria氮质血症azotemia健存肾单位假说intant nephron hypothesis 矫枉失衡学说trade-off hypothesis肾小球过度滤过假说glomerular hyperfiltration hypothesis夜尿nocturia等渗尿isothenuria低渗尿hyposthenuria血浆氮质尿blood urea nitrogen，BUN 高磷血症hyperphosphatemia高钾血症hyperkalemia肾性骨营养不良renal osteodystrophy 肾性高血压renal hypertension钠依赖性高血压sodium-dependent hypertension 肾素依赖性高血压renin-dependent hypertension 肾性贫血renal anemia终末期肾功能衰竭end-stage renal failure，ESRF 尿毒症性脑病uremic encephalopathy尿素霜urea cream。
生理学教学大纲[008]
生理学专业英语词汇第一章绪论【专业英语词汇】生理学physiology内环境internal environment 神经调节nervous regulation 体液调节humoral regulation 旁分泌paracrine自身调节autoregulation正反馈positive feedback 组织液interstitial fluid稳态homeostasis反射弧reflex arc激素hormone神经分泌neurosecretion, neurocrine 负反馈negative feedback前馈feed-forward第二章细胞的基本功能【专业英语词汇】单纯扩散simple diffusion失活inactivation钠-钾泵sodium-potassium pump 入胞endocytosis 易化扩散facilitated diffusion主动转运active transport出胞exocytosis化学门控通道chemically gated channel跨膜信号转导transmembrane signal transduction电压门控通道voltage-gated channel 促离子型受体ionotrpic receptor 鸟苷酸结合蛋白, G-蛋白g uanine uncleotide-binding protein, G-protein环一磷酸腺苷cycle adenosine monophosphate, cAMP第二信使second messenger三磷酸肌醇inositol triphosphate, IP3G-蛋白耦联受体G-protein coupled receptor 酪氨酸激酶受体t yrosine kinase receptor兴奋性excitability刺激stimulus阈值threshold动作电位action potential超极化hyperpolarization复极化repolarization锋电位spike potential膜片钳patch clamp相对不应期relative refractory period 局部兴奋local excitation时间性总和temporal summation跳跃式传导saltatory conduction终板电位end-plate potential 磷脂酶C phospholipase C二酰甘油diacylglycerol, DG促代谢型受体metabotropic receptor一氧化氮nitric oxide, NO兴奋excitation阈强度threshold intensity静息电位resting potential极化polarization去极化(除极化) depolarization超射overshoot (potential)“全或无”现象“all or none” phenomenon 绝对不应期absolute refractory period 阈电位threshold (membrane) potential电紧张性扩布electrotonic propagation 空间性总和spatial summation量子式释放quantal release胆碱酯酶cholinesterase滑行理论sliding theory等长收缩isometric contraction 完全强直收缩complete tetanus后负荷afterload长度-张力曲线length-tension curve 乙酰胆碱acetylcholine, ACh兴奋-收缩耦联excitation-contraction coupling 等张收缩isotonic contraction单收缩single twitch前负荷preload初长度initial length(肌肉)收缩能力contractility (of muscle)张力-速度(关系)曲线force velocity (relation) curve 钙调蛋白calmodulin, CaM第三章血液【专业英语词汇】血浆plasma粘滞性viscosity胶体渗透压colloid osmotic pressure造血微环境hemopoietic microenvironment 血细胞比容hematocrit晶体渗透压crystal osmotic pressure 渗透脆性osmotic fragility悬浮稳定性suspension stability红细胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR 集落刺激因子colony stimulating factor, CSF内因子intrinsic factor促红细胞生成素e rythropoietin, EPO血小板粘附thrombocyte adhesion血栓烷A2(血栓素A2) thromboxane A2, TXA2血液凝固blood coagulation凝血因子blood clotting factor外源性凝血extrinsic coagulation纤维蛋白溶解系统fibrinolytic system 爆式促进因子burst promoting actvator,BPA肝素heparin生理性止血physiological hemostasis血小板聚集thrombocyte aggregation 前列环素prostacyclin, PGI2血清serum内源性凝血intrinsic coagulation 凝血酶thrombin纤溶酶原plasminogen组织因子途径抑制物 tissue factor pathway inhibitor, TFPI纤溶酶(血浆素) plasmin(红细胞)凝集 agglutination凝集素 agglutinin交叉配血试验 cross-match test 血型blood group凝集原agglutinogen人白细胞抗原human leukocyte antigen, HLA成分输血transfusion of blood components第四章血液循环【专业英语词汇】心动周期cardiac cycle心室舒张期ventricular diastole 快速射血期rapid ejection period 心房收缩期atrial systole等容收缩期isovolumic systole减慢充盈期reduced filling period心音cardiac sound每搏输出量(搏出量) stroke volume output 心输出量cardiac output 心音图phonocardiogram 射血分数ejection fraction 心指数cardiac index心脏作功(量) myocardial work心力储备cardiac reserve传导性conductivity有效不应期effective refractory period 代偿间歇compensatory pause起搏点pacemaker异位心律ectopic rhythm超速驱动压抑overdrive suppression心电图electrocardiogram, ECG 阻力血管resistant vessel容量血管capacitance vessel血流量blood flow血流速度velocity of blood flow顺应性compliance收缩压systolic pressure脉搏压(脉压) pulse pressure中心静脉压central venous pressure 微循环microcirculation直捷通路thoroughfare channel迂回通路circuitous channel重吸收reabsorption缩血管神经纤维v asoconstrictor fiber心血管中枢cardiovascular center压力感受器baroreceptor心肺感受器cardiopulmonary receptor 化学感受器chemoreceptor脑内渗透压感受器brain osmoreceptor 心室功能曲线ventricular function curve 自动节律性(自律性) autorhythmicity平台(期) plateau期前收缩premature systole起搏离子流pacemaker current窦性心律(normal) sinus rhythm抢先占领capture, preoccupation房-室延搁atrioventricular delay弹性储器血管windkessel vessel毛细血管前阻力血管precapillary resistant vessel短路血管shunt vessel血压blood pressure外周阻力peripheral resistance舒张压diastolic pressure动脉脉搏arterial pulse静脉回心血量venous return毛细血管前括约肌precapillary sphincter动-静脉短路arteriovenous shunt滤过filtration有效滤过压effctive filtration pressure, EFP 舒血管神经纤维vasodilator fiber压力感受性反射baroreceptor reflex缓冲神经buffer nerve容量感受器volume receptor防御反应defence reaction肾素-血管紧张素系统renin-angiotensin system循环系统平均充盈压mean circulatory filling pressure血管紧张素转换酶angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE肾上腺素epinephrine, E, or adrenalone, A去甲肾上腺素norepinephrine, NE, or noradrenalone, NA血管升压素(抗利尿激素) vasopressin, VP (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) 血管活性肠肽vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP内皮舒张因子endothelium-derived relaxing factor, EDRF内皮缩血管因子endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor, EDRF激肽释放酶-激肽系统kallikrein-kinin system血管舒张素kalidin前列腺素prostaglandin, PG冠脉循环coronary circulation血-脑屏障blood-brain barrier, BBB 缓激肽bradykinin心房钠尿肽atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP 组胺histamine腺苷adenosine血-脑脊液屏障blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier第五章呼吸【专业英语名词】呼吸respiration吸气inspiration腹式呼吸abdominal breathing平静呼吸eupn(o)ea,or quiet breathing 呼吸困难dysp(o)nea气胸pneumothorax比顺应性specific compliance气道阻力airway resistance 肺通气pulmonary ventilation 呼气expiration胸式呼吸thoracic breathing用力呼吸forced breathing肺内压intrapulmonary pressure 胸膜腔内压intrapleural pressure肺表面活性物质p ulmonary surfactant潮气量tidal volume, TV补吸气量(吸气储备量) inspiratory reserve volume, IRV补呼气量(呼气储备量) exspiratory reserve volume, ERV功能残气量(功能余气量) functional residual capacity, FRC残气量(余气量) residual volume, RV肺活量vital capacity, VC时间肺活量timed vital capacity肺总量total lung capacity, TLC 解剖无效腔anatomical dead space 肺泡通气量alveolar ventilation气体扩散速率diffusion rate of gas氧合oxygenation氧含量oxygen content氧解离曲线 oxygen dissociation curve肺牵张反射pulmonary stretch reflex 深吸气量inspiratory capacity, IC用力肺活量forced vital capacity, FVC用力呼气量forced expiratory volume, FEV 每分通气量minute ventilation volume肺泡无效腔alveolar dead space气体交换gas exchange通气/血流比值ventilation/perfusion ratio氧容量oxygen capacity氧饱和度oxygen saturation呼吸调整中枢pneumotaxic center吸气切断机制inspiratory off-switch mechanism第六章消化和吸收【专业英语名词】消化digestion基本电节律basic electrical rhythm, BER 粘膜下神经丛submucosal plexus胃肠激素gastrointestinal hormone胆囊收缩素cholecystokinin, CCK抑胃肽gastric inhibitory polypeptide 唾液saliva胃液gastric juice 吸收absorption慢波slow wave肌间神经丛myenteric plexus 胃泌素gastrin胰泌素secretin营养作用trophic action蠕动peristalsis盐酸hydrochloric acid胃蛋白酶原pepsinogen粘液-碳酸氢盐屏障mucus-bicarbonate barrier 假饲sham-feeding胃泌素释放肽gastrin-releasing peptide, GRP 肠-胃反射entero-gastric reflex胃排空gastric emptying胰液pancreatic juice胰脂肪酶lipase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胆汁bile, or gall 胃蛋白酶pepsin生长抑素somatostatin蛙皮素bombesin肠抑胃素enterogastrone容受性舒张receptive relaxation 迷走-迷走反射vago-vagal reflex 胰淀粉酶pancreatic amylase 胰蛋白酶原trypsinogen糜蛋白酶原chymotrypsinogen 肠致活酶enterokinase胆盐bile salt胆盐的肠肝循环e nterohepatic circulation of bile salt排便defection 分节运动segmentation contraction第七章能量代谢和体温【专业英语词汇】能量代谢energy metabolism食物的热价thermal equivalent of food 氧债oxygen debt呼吸商respiratory quotient, RQ氧热价(氧卡价) thermal equivalent of oxygen (caloric value of oxygen)食物特殊动力效应specific dynamic effect of food体温body temperature生物节律biorhythm战栗产热shivering thermogenesis寒冷性肌紧张thermal muscle tone辐射散热thermal radiation对流散热thermal convection不感蒸发(不显汗) insensible perspiration 体温调节regulation of body temperature 热敏神经元warm-sensitive neuron 基础代谢率basal metabolism rate, BMR 昼夜节律circadian rhythm生物钟biologic clock产热heat production, or thermogenesis 散热thermolysis, or body heat loss 传导散热thermal conduction蒸发(散热) evaporation发汗perspiration, or sweating调定点set point冷敏神经元cold-sensitive neuron致热源pyrogen视前区-下丘脑前部preoptic-anterior hypothylamus area, POAH第八章尿的生成和排出【专业英语词汇】尿生成urine formation球旁器(近球小体) juxtaglomerular apparatus 肾血流量renal blood flow肾小球滤过率glomerular filtration rate, GFR 滤过平衡filtration equibibrium分泌secretion 尿排出urine excretion致密斑macula densa管-球反馈tubuloglomerular feedback 滤过分数filtration fraction肾血浆流量renal plasma flow肾糖阈renal glucose threshold尿的浓缩urine concentration渗透性利尿osmotic diuresis定比重吸收constant fraction reabsorption 内移(内化) internalization醛固酮aldosterone菊粉(菊糖) inulin 尿的稀释urine dilution球-管平衡glomerulotubular balance 回漏back leak水利尿water diuresis清除率clearance排尿micturition第九章感觉器官的功能【专业英语词汇】感觉器官sense organ适宜刺激adequate stimulus发生器电位generator potential编码(作用) encoding视觉vision视敏度(视力) visual acuity近点near point眼球会聚convergence of the eyeball 视杆细胞rod晚光觉系统 nightlight perceptive system视锥系统cone system视紫红质rhodopsin视黄醛retinene暗适应dark adaptation视野visual field气传导air conduction螺旋器(柯蒂器) Corti’s organ 感受器receptor换能作用transducer function感受器电位receptor potential适应adaptation简化眼reduced eye(眼的)调节accommodation (of the eye) 瞳孔近反射pupillary near reflex瞳孔对光反射pupillary light reflex视杆系统rod system视锥细胞cone昼光觉系统daylight perceptive system 视蛋白opsin传递蛋白transducin明适应light adaptation听觉audition骨传导bone conduction行波理论travelling wave theory(耳蜗)微音器电位(cochlear) microphonic potential前庭自主神经性反应vestibular autonervous reaction平衡感觉quilibrium sensation嗅觉olfactory sensation, or smell 皮肤感觉cutaneous sensation温度觉temperature sensation 眼震颤nystagmus味觉gustatory sensation, or taste 触-压觉touch and pressure sensation 痛觉pain第十章神经系统的功能【专业英语词汇】神经冲动nerve impulse 神经营养性因子n eurotrophin, NT 顺向轴浆运输anterograde anxoplasmic transport逆向轴浆运输retrograde axoplasmic transport兴奋性突触后电位excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP抑制性突触后电位inhibitory postsynaptic potential, IPSP突触后抑制 postsynaptic inhibition 突触前易化 presynaptic facilitation 突触前抑制presynaptic inhibition传入侧支性抑制afferent collateral inhibition回返性抑制 recurrent inhibition强直后增强 posttetanic potentiation敏感化sensitization长时程抑制 long-term depression, LTD 可塑性plasticity习惯化habituation长时程增强long-term potentiation, LTP 突触延搁synaptic delay非突触性化学传递non-synaptic chemical transmission电突触传递 electrical synaptic transmission局部神经元回路l ocal neuronal circuit, LNC交互性突触reciprocal synapse神经调质neuromodulator递质共存coexistence of transmitters同源脱敏homologous desensitization 胆碱能纤维cholinergic fiber毒蕈碱样作用muscarine-like action烟碱样作用nicotine-like action肌肉型烟碱受体m uscle-type nicotinic receptor儿茶酚胺catecholamine肾上腺素能纤维a drenergic fiber 局部回路神经元local circuit neuron, LCN串联性突触serial synapse神经递质neurotransmitter调制作用modulation突触前受体presynaptic receptor异源脱敏heterologous desensitization胆碱能受体cholinergic receptor毒蕈碱受体muscarinic receptor烟碱受体nicotinic receptor神经元型烟碱受体neuronal-type nicotinic receptor 多巴胺dopamine, DA肾上腺素能受体adrenergic receptor5-羟色胺5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT or serotonin谷氨酸glutamic acid, or glutamate 非条件反射unconditioned reflex辐散状联系divergence connection后放(后发放) after discharge多突触反射polysynaptic reflex非特异投射系统n on-specificprojection system γ-氨基丁酸γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA 条件反射conditioned reflex聚合状联系convergence connection单突触反射monosynaptic reflex特异投射系统specific projection system 感觉柱sensory column网状结构上行激动系统ascending reticular activating system本体感觉peoprioception皮层诱发电evoked cortical potential 牵涉痛referred pain脑电图electroencephalogram, EEG自发脑电活动spontaneous electric activity of the brain波阻断alpha blocking脑电觉醒electroencephalogram arousal 快波睡眠fast wave sleep, FWS快速眼球运动rapid eye movements, REM 最后公路final common path腱反射tendon reflex肌梭muscle spindle随意运动voluntary movement锥体系pyramidal system脊休克spinal shock屈肌反射flexor reflex去大脑僵直decerebrate rigidity翻正反射righting reflex静止性震颤static tremor意向性震颤intention tremor交感神经sympathetic nerve 行为觉醒behavioral arousal慢波睡眠slow wave sleep, SWS 异相睡眠paradoxical sleep, PS 上行抑制系统ascending inhibitory system 牵张反射stretch reflex肌紧张muscle tonus梭内肌纤维intrafusal fiber运动柱motor column锥体外系extrapyramidal system 姿势反射postural reflex对侧伸肌反射crossed extensor reflex 状态反射attitudinal reflex震颤麻痹paralysis agitans舞蹈病chorea小脑性共济失调cerebellar ataxia副交感神经parasympathetic nerve下丘脑调节肽hypothalamus regulatory peptide, HRP边缘系统limbic system情绪反应emotional reaction饱中枢satiety center假怒sham rage奖赏系统reward system惩罚系统punishment system动机motivation操作式条件反射operate conditioned reflex 长时性记忆long term memory失写症agraphia失读症alexia失用症apraxia 本能行为instinctual behavior摄食中枢feeding center格斗-逃避反应fight-flight reaction防御反应区defense zone趋向系统approach system回避系统avoidance system强化reinforcement短时性记忆short term memory运动失语症motor aphasia感觉失语症sensory aphasia一侧优势laterality cerebral dominance 裂脑split brain第十一章内分泌【专业英语词汇】内分泌endocrine自分泌autocrine允许作用permissive action增量调节(上调) up regulation远距分泌telecrine神经激素neurohormone亲和力affinity减量调节(下调) down regulation促甲状腺激素释放激素thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH促性腺激素释放激素gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH生长素释放抑制激素(生长抑素) growth hormone releasing-inhibiting hormone, GHRIH,or somatostatin生长素释放激素growth hormone releasing hormone, GHRH促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素corticotropin releasing hormone, CRH催乳素释放抑制因子prolactin releasing-inhibiting factor, PIF促黑(素细胞)激素释放抑制因子melanophore-stimulating hormone releasing-inhibiting factor, MIF促黑(素细胞)激素释放因子melanophore-stimulating hormone releasing factor, MRF促甲状腺激素thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH促卵泡激素follicle stimulating hormone, FSH促黑(素细胞)激素melanophore stimulating hormone, MSH催乳素释放因子prolactin releasing factor, PRF促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticotropin, ACTH胰岛素样生长因子insulin-like growth factor, IGF黄体生成素luteinizing hormone, LH催乳素prolactin, PRL生长素介质somatomedin, SM甲状腺素(四碘甲腺原氨酸) thyroxin, or 3,5,3’,5’-tetraiodoythyronine, T4甲状旁腺激素parathyroid hormone, PTH1,25-二羟胆钙化醇1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol盐皮质激素mineralocorticoid雌二醇estradiol, E2应急反应emergency reaction胰高血糖素glucagon褪黑素melatonin, MT第十二章生殖【专业英语词汇】生殖reproduction睾酮testosterone, T 抑制素inhibin排卵ovulation月经周期menstrual cycle 孕激素progestogen妊娠pregnancy着床implantation 生精作用spermatogenesis雄激素androgen,or androgenic hormone 生卵作用oogenesis月经menstruation雌激素estrogen孕酮progesterone, P受精fertilization分娩parturition人绒毛膜促性腺激素human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG。
人体解剖生理学英文名词解释
人体解剖生理学英文名词解释英文回答：Anatomical Nomenclature.Anatomy: The study of the structure and form of the body.Physiology: The study of the functions of the body and its parts.Cell: The basic unit of life.Tissue: A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.Organ: A structure composed of two or more tissuesthat perform a specific function.System: A group of organs that work together toperform a specific function.Integumentary System: The system that protects the body from the environment.Skeletal System: The system that provides support and protection for the body.Muscular System: The system that allows the body to move.Nervous System: The system that controls the body's activities.Endocrine System: The system that produces and secretes hormones.Cardiovascular System: The system that transports blood throughout the body.Lymphatic System: The system that helps fight infection.Respiratory System: The system that allows the body to breathe.Digestive System: The system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.Urinary System: The system that removes waste products from the body.Reproductive System: The system that allows for reproduction.Physiological Terms.Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body.Metabolism: The chemical processes that occur in the body to maintain life.Respiration: The process by which the body takes inoxygen and releases carbon dioxide.Circulation: The movement of blood throughout the body.Excretion: The process by which the body removes waste products.Reproduction: The process by which new individuals are created.Growth: The increase in size and complexity of an organism.Development: The process by which an organism changes from a simple to a more complex form.Adaptation: The process by which an organism changesin response to its environment.Evolution: The process by which populations of organisms change over time.中文回答：解剖学名词解释。
生物类中英文术语对照
生物类中英文术语对照生物类中英文术语对照生物学是研究生命的科学领域，涉及到许多专业术语。
以下是一些常见的生物类中英文术语对照：1.细胞 - Cell2.细胞膜 - Cell membrane3.细胞核 - Cell nucleus4.细胞质 - Cytoplasm5.基因 - Gene6.DNA - DNA7.RNA - RNA8.蛋白质 - Protein9.酶 - Enzyme10.组织 - Tissue11.器官 - Organ12.系统 - System13.呼吸系统 - Respiratory system14.消化系统 - Digestive system15.循环系统 - Circulatory system16.神经系统 - Nervous system17.免疫系统 - Immune system18.感觉器官 - Sense organs19.植物 - Plant20.动物 - Animal21.真核生物 - Eukaryote22.原核生物 - Prokaryote23.进化 - Evolution24.自然选择 - Natural selection25.种群 - Population26.种 - Species27.物种多样性 - Biodiversity28.生态系统 - Ecosystem29.食物链 - Food chain30.生态位 - Ecological niche31.水生生物 - Aquatic organisms32.陆生生物 - Terrestrial organisms33.哺乳动物 - Mammal34.鸟类 - Bird35.爬行动物 - Reptile36.鱼类 - Fish37.節肢動物 - Arthropod38.昆虫 - Insect39.线虫 - Nematode40.软体动物 - Mollusk41.硬壳动物 - Crustacean42.植物分类 - Plant taxonomy43.界 - Kingdom44.门 - Phylum45.纲 - Class46.目 - Order47.科 - Family48.属 - Genus49.种 - Species50.进化论 - Theory of evolution51.遗传学 - Genetics52.基因组 - Genome53.遗传变异 - Genetic variation54.基因突变 - Gene mutation55.基因表达 - Gene expression56.遗传工程 - Genetic engineering57.克隆 - Cloning58.基因编辑 - Gene editing59.生物技术 - Biotechnology60.生物多样性保护 - Conservation of biodiversity61.细胞分裂 - Cell division62.有丝分裂 - Mitosis63.减数分裂 - Meiosis64.受精 - Fertilization65.胚胎 - Embryo66.胚胎发育 - Embryonic development67.遗传 - Heredity68.基因型 - Genotype69.表现型 - Phenotype70.遗传显性 - Dominant inheritance71.遗传隐性 - Recessive inheritance72.基因型比例 - Genotypic ratio73.表现型比例 - Phenotypic ratio74.自交 - Self-fertilization75.杂交 - Cross-fertilization76.光合作用 - Photosynthesis77.呼吸作用 - Respiration78.发酵 - Fermentation79.光合细菌 - Photosynthetic bacteria80.蓝藻 - Cyanobacteria81.植物生长 - Plant growth82.营养 - Nutrition83.吸收 - Absorption84.植物激素 - Plant hormones85.光周期 - Photoperiodism86.花期 - Flowering period87.叶绿素 - Chlorophyll88.光合作用速率 - Rate of photosynthesis89.光合产物 - Photosynthetic products90.光合产氧 - Oxygen production in photosynthesis91.繁殖 - Reproduction92.雄性 - Male93.雌性 - Female94.配子 - Gamete95.授粉 - Pollination96.传粉 - Pollination by animals97.结实 - Fruiting98.种子 - Seed99.胚 - Embryo100.发芽 - Germination这只是一小部分生物类中英文术语的对照，生物学领域的术语非常广泛。
生物学 生命科学概论中英文对照专有名词
Eukarytic Cell
真核細胞
Ethylene
乙烯
Family
科名
Fern
蕨類
Fibrous root
鬚根
Ecology
生態學
Fermentation
發酵
Food Sciences
食品科學
Forestry
森林
Fungi
真菌界
Gibberellin
激勃素
Germination
萌芽
Gametophyte
周鞘
Physiological unit
生理單位
Primary Roots
主根
Protective Tissue
保護組織
Prokaryotes
原核生物
Phylum Porifera
海綿動物門
PhylumCnidaria
腔腸動物門
PhylumPlatyhelminthes
扁形動物門
Phylumannelids
植物學、動物學、微生物學、微生物學、細胞學生理學、遺傳學、生物化學、生物物理學、分子生物學、分子生物學、解剖學、免疫學、生統、分類學、生態學
DNA=DeoxyribonucleicAcid(double helix)
去氧核糖核酸
(雙螺旋狀)
Amino acid
氨基酸
Adenosine(A)、Thymine,(T)、(A=T)
環節動物門
PhylumArthropoda
節肢動物門
PhylumEchinodermata
棘皮動物門
PhylumAmphibia、Reptilia、
Aves、Mammalia
兩棲動物門、爬蟲類、鳥類、哺乳類動物門
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1 / 9 生理学名词中英文对照 第一章绪论 1.机体的内环境(internal environment) 2.稳态（homeostasis） 3.反射(reflex) 4.反射弧(reflex arc) 5.旁分泌调节（paracrine regulation）6.自身调节（autoregulation） 7.负反馈（negative feedback）8.正反馈（positive feedback） 9.前馈(feed-forward) 第二章细胞的基本功能 10.被动转运（passive transport）11.单纯扩散（simple diffusion） 12.经载体易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via carrier） 13.经通道易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via ion channel） 14.电压门控通道(voltage gated ion channel) 15.离子通道（ion channel） 16.化学门控通道(chemically gated ion channel) 17.机械门控通道(mechanically gated ion channel) 18.原发性主动转运（primary active transport） 19.继发性主动转运（secondary active transport） 20.同向转运（symport）21.反向转运（antiport） 22.出胞（exocytosis）23.入胞（endocytosis） 24.跨膜信号转导（transmembrane signal transduction） 25.刺激(stimulation) 26.兴奋(excitation) 2 / 9
27.兴奋性(excitability) 28.阈值(threshold) 29.极化（polarization）30.去极化（depolarization） 31.超极化（hyperpolarization）32.复极化（repolarization） 33.内向电流（inward current）34.外向电流（outward current） 35.电化学驱动力（electrochemical driving force） 36.静息电位(resting potential) 37. K平衡电位（Kequilibrium potential）
38.动作电位(action potential) 39.超射（overshoot） 40.“全或无”现象（“all or none”phenomenon） 41.阈电位（threshold potential）42.局部电位（local potential） ++ 43.时间性总和（temporal summation）44.空间性总和（spatial summation） 45.量子释放（quantal release） 46.兴奋-收缩耦联（excitation-contraction coupling） 47.等长收缩（isometric contraction）48.等张收缩（isotonic contraction） 49.前负荷（preload）50.后负荷（afterload） 51．肌肉收缩能力(contractility) 52．不完全强直收缩（incomplete tetauns）53．完全强直收缩（complete tetanus）54.运动单位（motor unit）
第三章血液 55.血细胞比容（hematocrit）56.血浆渗透压（plasma osmotic pressure） 57.血浆晶体渗透压（plasma crystal osmotic pressure） 3 / 9
58.血浆胶体渗透压（plasma colloid osmotic pressure） 59.悬浮稳定性（suspension stability） 60.红细胞沉降率（erythrocyte sedimentation rate） 61.红细胞渗透脆性（osmotic fragility）62.血小板黏附（platelet adhesion） 63.血小板聚集（platelet aggregation）64.生理性止血（hemostasis） 65.出血时间（bleeding time）66.凝血时间（clotting time） 67.血液凝固（blood coagulation）68.血清（serum） 69.凝血因子（clotting factor）70.内源性凝血途径（intrinsic pathway） 71.外源性凝血途径（extrinsic pathway）72.纤维蛋白溶解（fibrinolysis） 73.血型（blood group）74.红细胞凝集（agglutination） 75.凝集原（agglutinogen）76.凝集素（agglutinin） 77.交叉配血试验（corss-match test） 第四章血液循环 78.心动周期（cardiac cycle） 79.等容收缩期（period of isovolumic contraction） 80.等容舒张期（period of isovolumic relaxation） 81.每搏输出量（stroke volume）82.射血分数（ejection fraction） 83.心输出量（cardiac output）84心指数（cardiac index） 85.异长调节（heterometric regulation） 86.心室功能曲线（ventricular function curve） 87.心肌收缩能力(myocardial contractility) 4 / 9
88.等长调节（homometric regulation） 89.快反应细胞（fast response cell）90.慢反应细胞（slow response cell） 91.期前收缩（premature systole）92.代偿间歇（compensatory pause） 93.自动节律性(autorhythmicity)94.正常起搏点（normal pacemaker） 95.潜在起搏点（latent pacemaker）96.异位起搏点（ectopic pacemaker） 97.房室延搁（atrioventricular delay） 98.膜反应曲线（membrane responsiveness curve） 99.钙触发钙释放（calcium-induced Carelease） 100.外周阻力（peripheral resistance） 101.动脉血压（arterial blood pressure）102.收缩压（systolic pressure） 103.舒张压（diastolic pressure）104.平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure） 105.中心静脉压（central venous pressure） 106.微循环（microcirculation）107.压力感受性反射（baroreceptor reflex）2+
第五章呼吸 108.肺通气（pulmonary ventilation）109.肺换气（gas exchange in lungs） 110.呼吸运动（respiratory movement）111.弹性阻力（elastic resistance） 112.顺应性(compliance) 113.肺的静态顺应性（static compliance）
114.比顺应性(specific compliance) 115.肺表面活性物质（pulmonary surfactant）
116.气道阻力(airway resistance) 117.潮气量(tidal volume) 5 / 9
118.余气量(residual volume) 119.功能余气量(functional residual capacity) 120.肺活量(vital capacity) 121.用力肺活量(forced vital capacity) 122.用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume) 123.肺通气量(pulmonary ventilation) 124.解剖无效腔(anatomical dead space) 125.肺泡无效腔(alveolar dead space) 126.肺泡通气量(alveolar ventilation) 127.通气/血流比值(ventilation/perfusion ratio) 128.血氧容量(oxygen capacity) 129.血氧含量(oxygen content) 130.血氧饱和度(oxygen saturation) 131.氧解离曲线(oxygen dissociation curve)
132.肺牵张反射(pulmonary stretch reflex) 第六章消化与吸收 133.消化（digestion）134.机械性消化（mechanical digestion） 135.化学性消化（chemical digestion）136.吸收（absorption） 137.慢波（slowwave）138.胃肠激素（gastrointestinalhormone） 139.脑-肠肽（braingut peptide） 140.黏液-碳酸氢盐屏障（mucus bicarbonate barrier） 141.胃黏膜屏障（gastric mucosal barrier） 142.容受性舒张（receptive relaxation） 143.紧张性收缩（tonic contraction）144.胃的排空（gastric emptying）