visual navaids on aerodrome-lighting systems 机场目视助航-灯光系统
2023-2024学年河北省承德市高中高一下学期期末考试英语试题
2023-2024学年河北省承德市高中高一下学期期末考试英语试题Our broadcasting camp will open on August 1st. This unique opportunity is designed to attract participants to the world of broadcasting and media production.Camp DetailsDuration: 2 weeksCapacity: 50 participantsVenue: National Media Center, New York Training SchedulesOur camp will cover a wide range of topics, including storytelling, audio and video production techniques, live broadcast and studio operations, social media and digital broadcasting. Each day will be a blend (融合) of lectures, hands-on workshops, and interactive sessions with industry professionals.Benefits for ParticipantsGain practical skills in broadcasting and media production.Network with industry experts and fellow enthusiasts.Receive a certificate of completion recognized by leading media institutions.Opportunities to showcase talent through live broadcasts and digital platforms.Why Join Us?Our camp promises to be an enriching experience that not only equips you with the necessary skills but also opens doors to a career in the broadcasting industry. Whether you’re a student looking to explore your passion or a professional seeking to enhance your skills, our camp is the perfect platform for your growth.Don’t miss this chance to inspire your passion for broadcasting. Apply now and let your voice heard! For more information and to register, click here.1. What does the broadcasting camp feature?A．A very low price. B．Many relative topics.C．The process of production. D．The ways to know experts.2. How can you sign up for the broadcasting camp?A．By visiting a website. B．By registering on-site.C．By calling a teacher. D．By writing to the camp.3. What is the purpose of the text?A．To focus on broadcasting. B．To introduce social media.C．To promote the camp. D．To develop students’ hobbies.Some of the classrooms at Taft Elementary in Santa Clara, California, have one disadvantage in common: They don’t have windows. That’s true for Logan Earnest’s fifth grade classroom, and he felt it was affecting his students.“Most of the day, they’re inside,” Earnest told CBS News. “And they don’t really get to see any trees, grass, or the blue sky.” He said the gray walls could be depre ssing to the kids and may affect their attention and even their attendance.This was confirmed by former school psychologist Ernesto Rodriguez, who said the lack of windows does affect kids, because research shows being in and around nature eases anxiety and benefits students. Though no longer a practicing psychologist, perhaps he knows now more than ever the impact nature has on mental health. Rodriguez became a park ranger (公园管理员) on Southern California’s Catalina Island and began focusing on his passion—landscape photography.It was during his training to become a park ranger that he learned a fact that kids who have views out windows to trees do better academically, emotionally and creatively. So an idea to bring nature into rooms occurred to him: Why not bring landscapes in classrooms—via the ceiling (天花板), because teachers don’t typically use them.Rodriguez took 360 degree shots of tree canopies (树冠) using his photography skills, then he printed them and fit them onto the classroom ceiling of Earnest’s fifth grade. “Beautiful,”one student said as she entered the room. Another student said the trees brought him peace, “When you look up, it feels like you’re sitting under a tree.”Earnest said he thought there would be many positive effects on his students. “I think my attendance is going to go up. The kids are going to want to come here more frequently. Overall, I think the kids are going to be happier,” he said.4. What is the common challenge shared by some classrooms at Taft Elementary?A．Lack of fresh air. B．Absence of windows.C．Insufficient lighting. D．Limited access to technology.5. Why did Ernesto Rodriguez bring landscapes into classrooms?A．To connect the students with nature.B．To promote his photography skills.C．To improve the teac hers’ performance.D．To create an exciting environment for the students.6. How did the students react to Rodriguez’s pictures on the classroom ceiling?A．They did not notice the change.B．They failed to concentrate on lessons.C．They preferred the original gray ceiling.D．They were in favour of the new additions.7. What’s Logan Earnest’s attitude towards the change in the classroom?A．Cautious and objective. B．Appreciative and supportive.C．Concerned but doubtful. D．Curious but unsure.Elephan ts’ important role in maintaining biodiversity and healthy ecosystems has earned them various names including ecosystem engineers and forest gardeners. However, African forest elephants — a species living in the rainforests of central Africa — are increasingly recognized by another name: “climate heroes”.African forest elephants help lessen climate change by increasing carbon storage in their forest habitats, meaning they help remove heat-trapping CO2 from the atmosphere. They do this by influencing the forest structure, including by increasing the diversity and abundance of plant species. It’s estimated that one forest elephant can increase the net carbon capture (捕获) capacity of the forest by almost 250 acres. This is equal to removing from the atmosphere a year’s worth of emissions (排放量) from 2,047 cars.“As strange as it seems, all that eating and destruction help the forest pull more carbon out of the air,” says Alison Pearce Stevens in the book Animal Climate Heroes! . Elephants eat more than 400 pounds of food a day, so they spend a lot of time searching for food. As they walk through the forest, they do a lot of damage to the surrounding smaller trees, leading to the survival of trees that have the ability to absorb and store more CO2.In addition, their thirst for fruits also helps to promote forest growth. This is because elephants disperse fruit seeds. In other words, the seeds pass through the elephant bodies until they drop back to the forest floor.But African forest elephants are seriously endangered and continue to face threats. These mainly come from hunting for the illegal international trade in elephant ivory (象牙), but also from habitat loss and fewer food sources. The number of forest elephants fell by more than 86% over a period of 31 years, and their habitats are thought to have reduced by 75%. Protecting forest elephants and the forests they depend on means we are safeguarding their ecological contributions that we all rely on.8. How do African forest elephants help relieve climate change?A．They increase the diversity of wildlife species.B．They help to maintain the plants of the forest.C．They take in heat-trapping CO 2 from the atmosphere.D．They promote the net carbon capture ability of the forest.9. What does the underlined word “disperse” in paragraph 4 mean?A．Consume. B．Preserve. C．Spread. D．Gather.10. What are the threats facing African forest elephants?A．Illegal hunting and habitat loss.B．The disturbed balance of the forest ecosystem.C．Natural disasters resulting from climate change.D．Competition for water sources with other animals.11. What can be a suitable title for the text?A．Preserving Forests: Elephants’ ContributionB．New Role of African Forest Elephants: Climate HeroesC．Ivory Trade Threatens African Forest ElephantsD．Forest Elephants Are Approaching the Edge of ExtinctionSpace engineers from the University of Glasgow have published new research showing how reflectors (反射器) placed in orbit around Earth could increase the output of future large-scale solar farms by reflecting additional sunlight toward them even after the sun has set.In their paper, the researchers described how they used advanced computer models to help determine the most effective method of using orbiting solar reflectors to produce additional power. Their models showed that putting 20 thin reflectors into orbit 1,000 kilometers from Earth could reflect sunlight to solar farms for an extra two hours each day on average. The additional sunlight could increase the output of the worl d’s future solar farms, particularly after sunset when electricity demand is high. The output could be scaled up further by adding more reflectors or increasing their size.The team developed an algorithm (算法) to determine how the reflectors could be arranged to catch the sun’s rays most effectively, maximizing the additional sunlight reflected to solar farms around Earth in the early morning and late evening. The researchers suggested that 20 reflectors could produce an extra 728 MWh of electricity per day — equal to adding an additional large solar power farm to Earth without the cost of construction.Dr. Onur Çelik, one author of the paper, said, “Solar power has the potential to speed our race to reach net-zero, helping us to relieve the global impacts of climate change by reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.”Moreover, the price of solar panels (太阳能电池板) has dropped quickly in recent years, increasing the pace of their adoption and paving the way for the creation of large solar farms around the world.One of the major limitations of solar power, of course, is that it can only be generated during daylight hours. Putting orbiting solar reflectors in space would help to maximize the effectiveness of solar farms in the years to come. Strategically placing new solar farms in locations which receive the most additional sunlight from the reflectors could make them even more effective.12. What is the purpose of placing reflectors in space?A．To improve communication between Earth and space.B．To bring the effects of climate change under control.C．To produce electricity for agricultural use.D．To increase the production of solar power.13. What may contribute to the application of large-scale solar farms?A．The increased demand for electricity. B．The decrease in the cost of solar panels.C．The development of space technology. D．The requirement to preserve theenvironment.14. What can be inferred about the future of solar farms?A．They’ll replace fossil fuels completely.B．They’ll become the main source of e nergy.C．They’ll be more cost-effective and efficient.D．They’ll rely mainly on orbiting reflectors for sunlight.15. Where is the text most probably taken from?A．A news report. B．A maths website.C．A marketing brochure. D．A policy brief.Adapting to different cultures is an enriching journey that broadens our opinions and improves global understanding. Here are some steps to help you embrace (拥抱) cultural diversity.Admitting cultural differencesAcknowledge and accept that each culture has its own way of life. Admit that no culture is superior or inferior; they are simply different. 16 .Seeking cultural understandingYou should understand the fundamental aspects of the culture you come across. 17 . Engage in conversations with locals to gain insights into their daily lives and values. This approach will not only enrich your knowledge but also deepen your appreciation for the culture.Exploring local food Food is a window into a culture’s soul. Try the local cuisine to experience the diversity of fla vors and cooking styles. 18 , each bite can offer a connection to the culture’s heritage (遗产).Sharing your own cultureRemember, cultural adaptation is reciprocal (相应的). While you’re learning about others, you also have the chance to share stories and aspects of your own culture. 19 .In a word, adapting to different cultures is about embracing the diversity with an open heart and mind. 20 . By doing so, you can enrich your life with new viewpoints and experiences.Ten-year-old Hallee McCoombes was born with spina bifida (脊柱裂), which didn’t stop her becoming a star athlete.As Hallee approached the finish line of the 800-metre run for kids with a _________, the crowd was cheering wildly and calling her _________. With only ten metres to go, Hallee _________ with every strength, without feeling in her waist and knees but _________. When Hallee crossed the finish line and felt _________, her twin, Jada, he ld her up, whispering, “You came in third!”Hallee has set _________ Australian track-and-field records in events for athletes with her type of disability-long-distance running, long jump, discus and javelin. It’s an amazing achievement for someone who was n’t expected to _________. Born with spina bifida, Hallee underwent immediate _________ to repair her spinal cord. After recovery, she tried efforts to walk on her own and_________ upper leg muscle and core support.Her mother, Christine McCoombes, trembled (颤抖) when __________ Hallee’s diagnosis. “The doctors also told us they didn’t know what kind of brain __________ she would have with hydrocephalus (脑积水). We really didn’t know how much she would be able to function physically and __________,” the mothe r said.Every time Hallee’s parents watched their __________ daughter compete, their hearts burst with pride. “I __________ every time, especially when people started cheering for her,” admitted her dad, Gavin. “Hallee has gone against all __________ by becoming a runner despite her spinal condition.”21.A．goal B．hope C．basis D．disability22.A．parents B．twins C．name D．mission23.A．set off B．pushed forward C．broke up D．faded away24.A．fortune B．resource C．energy D．pain25.A．tired B．bored C．confused D．scared26.A．limited B．normal C．several D．flexible27.A．walk B．gather C．grow D．settle28.A．reflection B．option C．permission D．operation29.A．transmit B．maintain C．ignore D．select30.A．spotting B．enjoying C．remembering D．imagining31.A．form B．tension C．range D．function32.A．socially B．mentally C．financially D．environmentally 33.A．weak B．determined C．frightened D．intelligent34.A．cried B．rested C．hesitated D．regretted35.A．intentions B．proposals C．expectations D．arrangements阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
民航英语简答题
cause: deterioration of weather result in the decrease of available ATC capacity malfunction of communication military activities VIP flights Runway closure at the destination airport due emergency Diverted flights form adjacent aerodrome
6、 way of communication
radio, data link, CPDLC, SELCAL
7、 comparison between radio communication and CPDLC
CPDLC means controller pilot data link communication, it offer an alternative, unambiguous communication channel with no risk of misunderstanding, since crews and air traffic controllers can actually read the messages. CPDLC helps increase capacity by reducing voice frequency load.
Solution: In simpler systems, ACCs issue flow control to neighboring area control centers, and publish notices requesting that arriving aircraft are directed towards holding patterns. Holding aircraft would circle at certain holding area until it is their turn to land.
光损伤视网膜细胞的机制研究
国际眼科纵览2021 年 2 月第 45 卷第1期Int Rev Ophthalmol，Feb. 2021，Vol. 45，No. 1•57 •• *光损伤视网膜细胞的机制研究许泽华金子兵首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院北京同仁眼科中心北京市眼科研究所眼科学与视觉科学北京市重点实验室通信作者：金子兵，E m a il:jin z b502@ c c m u.e d u.c n【摘要】人类通过阳光和人工光源的照明实现“看得见”的基本功能。
外界光穿过眼前部透明屈光介质后进人视网膜，通过视循环完成光电转化，将光信号转化为神经信号传递至大脑视觉中枢。
随着平均寿命的延长和人工光源的增加，光辐射对视网膜的损伤受到越来越多的关注，但其机制仍未完全阐明。
本文就视网膜光损伤机制的最新研究进展进行综述，讨论了光损伤视网膜感光细胞、色素上皮细胞以及胶质细胞后导致的活性氧增加、脂褐素累积、炎症激活等病理变化，以期为未来预防及延缓视网膜光损伤提供理论依据和基础。
（国际眼科纵览，2027, 45:57-60)【关键词】光损伤;视网膜;感光细胞;视网膜色素上皮;胶质细胞基金项目：“光健康”国家重点研发计划（2017YFB0403700)D0I：10. 3760/ cma. j. issn. 1673-5803. 2021. 01. 011Mechanisms of light damage to retinal cellsXu Zeh.ua，Jin ZibingBeijing Institute o f Ophthalmology，Beijing Tongren Eye Center，Beijing Tongren Hospital，Capital MedicalUniversity •，Beijing Key Laboratory o f Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences，Beijing 100005，ChinaCorresponding author：Jin Zibing^ Em ail：jinzb502@ccmu. edu. cn【A b stract】“Seeing” is the basic function of the human eye and the light is everywhere for the eyes.The light passes through the cornea and lens to the retina. After absorbing the photons, the outer segment ofthe photoreceptors completes the photoelectric transformation through the visual cycle, and transmitting theexternal visual information to the visual center in the brain. With the increased longevity and artificial lightsources, light radiation has an increasing impact on our retinal health, but the mechanisms are not yet clear.We reviewed the studies on light-induced damage in the retina and discussed the pathological changes suchas increased reactive oxygen species, lipofuscin accumulation, and inflammatory activation in the retina：photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and glial cells after light damage. Knowledge of mechanisms of light damage can improve our understanding of some disease processes that may be associated withlight damage, and aid in the development of new therapies. (Int Rev Ophthalmol，202J , 45: 57-60)【Key words】light damage; retina; photoreceptor; retinal pigment epithelium; glia cellFund program：National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFB0403700)DOI：10.3760/ cma. j. issn. 1673-5803.2021.01.011视网膜是眼球壁内层的半透明薄膜，由视网膜 色素上皮层和神经视网膜层构成。
机场规划和候机楼设计说明书
November 2018
(RGS WG/5)
12
Airport Master Planning Process Cont.
• Physical Planning
– Airspace and air traffic control provisions. – Airfield configuration (including approach zones). – Terminal complex. – Circulation, utility and communications networks. – Support and service facilities. – Ground access systems. – Over‐all land use patterns.
budgets. – Prepare and evaluation and decision format. – Establish coordination and monitoring procedures. – Establish data management and public
information system.
needs among aerodrome authority, businesses
5
and community.
November 2018
(RGS WG/5)
Changi Airport Master Plan
November 2018
(RGS WG/5)
Lesson 4 Visual Navigation Aids
2
Visual Navigation Aids
Aid to Navigation (nav aid) - Any device external to a vessel or aircraft intended to assist a navigator in determining position and safe course, or to warn of dangers or obstructions. –Aids to navigation must be positively identified to be of use: » Daytime: The location, shape, color scheme, auxiliary features and markings of a nav aid are used to identify its purpose.
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Visual Navigation Aids
Light Phase Characteristics: –Fixed (F.) - Shines with steady, unblinking intensity. –Flashing (Fl.) - Appears as a single flash at regular intervals; the duration of the light is always less than the duration of darkness. Flashing lights will not flash more than 30 times per minute.
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Байду номын сангаас
Visual Navigation Aids
选择性必修第四册 Unit 3 Sea Exploration-2024-2025学年高考英语大一轮
Ⅰ.阅读单词——会意1．merchant n．商人；批发商adj.海上货运的2．fleet n．舰队；机群；车队3．behold v t.(beheld，beheld)看；看见4．spice n．(调味)香料5．maritime adj.海的；海运的；海事的6．tournament n．锦标赛；联赛7．laptop n．笔记本电脑；便携式电脑8．press conference 记者招待会；新闻发布会9．manned adj.有人控制的；需人操纵的10．submersible n．潜水器；可潜船11．underwater ad v.在水下adj.水下的12．capsule n．胶囊；太空舱13．coral n．珊瑚14．migration n．迁移；迁徙；移居15．directory n．名录；电话号码簿；(计算机文件或程序的)目录16．exploit v t.开发；利用；剥削17．gallon n．加仑(容积单位，1英制加仑约等于4.5升) 18．log v t.把……载入正式记录；记录n．正式记录；日志；原木19．marine adj.海的；海产的；海生的Ⅱ.重点单词——记形1．tale n．故事；叙述2．negotiate v t.商定；达成(协议) v i.谈判；磋商；协商3．league n．等级；水平；联合会；联赛4．royal adj.皇家的；王室的；高贵的5．withdraw v t.& v i.(withdrew，withdrawn)(使)撤回；撤离6．channel n．航道；海峡；频道7．bond n．纽带；关系v t.& v i.增强信任关系；使牢固结合8．tax v t.对……征税；使纳税n．税；税款9．meanwhile ad v.与此同时；(比较两方面)对比之下10．arrest n．逮捕；拘留；中止v t.逮捕；拘留；阻止Ⅲ.拓展单词——悉变1．extend v t.扩展；使伸长；延长→extensive adj.广阔的；大量的；广泛的→extension n．扩大；延伸；延期；电话分机2．politics n．政治；政治观点→political adj.政治的；政治上的→politician n．政治家；政客3．profession n．职业；行业→professional adj.专业的；职业的→professor n．教授；(大学的)讲师，教员4．mixture n．混合；结合体；混合物→mix v t.配制；混淆；使混合→mixed adj.混合的；人员混杂的5．coverage n．新闻报道；覆盖范围→cover v t.包括；报道；行走；涉及；覆盖6．applaud v t.& v i.鼓掌v t.称赞；赞赏→applause n．鼓掌；掌声；喝彩7．murder v t.谋杀；凶杀；毁坏n．谋杀；凶杀→murderer n．谋杀犯8．mercy n．仁慈；宽恕；恩惠→merciful adj.仁慈的；慈悲的；宽容的→merciless adj.残忍的；无慈悲心的9．possession n．[usually pl.]个人财产；拥有；控制→possess v t.控制；具有；拥有10．opponent n．反对者；对手；竞争者→oppose v t.反对；抵制→opposed adj.反对的；截然不同的1．tiptoe /'t I ptəʊ/n．脚尖v i.踮着脚走；蹑手蹑脚地走2．for sth’s sake 为某事本身的缘故；鉴于某事本身的价值3．disorder /d I s'ɔːdə(r)/n．紊乱；混乱；骚乱4．excessive /I k'ses I v/adj.过度的；过多的5．all-round /ˌɔːl'raʊnd/adj.全面的；全能的；多才多艺的6．obstacle /'ɒbstəkl/n．障碍；障碍物7．accumulation /əˌkjuːmjə'le Iʃn/n．积累；聚积物8．devil /'devl/n．魔鬼；恶魔9．compliment /'kɒmpl I mənt/n．称赞；问候；致意v t.赞美；钦佩10．bolster /'bəʊlstə(r)/v t.改善；加强Ⅳ.背核心短语1．set sail 起航；开航2．in a league of one’s own 独领风骚3．withdraw from 退出；撤回4．in hand 在手头；可供使用；在掌握中；在控制中5．search for寻找6．under the command of在……的指挥下7．in return for作为对……的回报8．for the benefit of为了……的好处/利益9．take action采取行动10．as well as也；又；还Ⅴ.悟经典句式1．The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas，and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.(The aim is to do...)这项倡议旨在鼓励横跨历史悠久的丝绸之路沿线地区的合作与贸易，同时加强中国与世界其他地区之间的联系。
太空对视力的影响英语作文
太空对视力的影响英语作文The Impact of Space on Vision。
Space travel has always been a topic of fascination for humanity. The idea of exploring the unknown, venturing into the vastness of space, and discovering new worlds has captured the imagination of people for centuries. However, one aspect of space travel that is often overlooked is its impact on the human body, specifically on vision.When astronauts travel to space, they are exposed to a variety of factors that can affect their vision. The most well-known of these factors is the lack of gravity. In space, the lack of gravity causes fluids in the body to shift upwards, including the fluids in the eyes. This can lead to an increase in pressure within the eyes, which can cause changes in vision.Another factor that can affect vision in space is radiation. Astronauts are exposed to higher levels ofradiation in space than they are on Earth, which can damage the eyes and lead to vision problems.In addition to these factors, the long duration of space travel can also have an impact on vision. Studies have shown that astronauts who spend extended periods of time in space can experience changes in their vision, including a decrease in visual acuity and an increase in the risk of developing cataracts.To combat these issues, researchers are working on developing new technologies and techniques to protect astronauts' vision during space travel. These include special glasses that filter out harmful radiation, exercises to help maintain eye health, and even potential treatments for vision problems that may arise.In conclusion, while space travel holds great promise for the future of humanity, it is important to consider the potential impact it can have on the human body, including vision. By understanding these risks and developing ways to mitigate them, we can ensure that astronauts can safelyexplore the wonders of space without compromising their health.。
高三英语未来科技单选题70题(答案解析)
高三英语未来科技单选题70题(答案解析)1.In the future, we may use ______ to travel long distances in a short time.A.hoverboardsB.warp drivesC.maglev trainsD.teleporters答案：D。
本题主要考查未来科技相关名词辨析。
选项A“hoverboards”是悬浮滑板，通常用于短距离出行；选项B“warp drives”是曲速引擎，主要用于太空旅行；选项C“maglev trains”是磁悬浮列车，虽然速度较快，但仍不能在短时间内进行长距离旅行；选项D“teleporters”是传送器，可以在短时间内实现长距离传送。
2.Future robots may be equipped with ______ to perform complex tasks.A.artificial intelligence chipsB.nanobotsC.quantum computersD.bionic limbs答案：A。
选项A“artificial intelligence chips”是人工智能芯片，可以让机器人具备学习和执行复杂任务的能力；选项B“nanobots”是纳米机器人，通常用于医疗等领域；选项C“quantum computers”是量子计算机，主要用于数据处理等；选项D“bionic limbs”是仿生肢体，与机器人执行复杂任务关系不大。
3.The development of future technology may rely on ______.A.solar panelsB.wind turbinesC.fusion reactorsD.batteries答案：C。
选项A“solar panels”是太阳能电池板；选项B“wind turbines”是风力涡轮机；选项C“fusion reactors”是核聚变反应堆，未来科技的发展可能依赖于强大的能源供应，核聚变反应堆有潜力提供大量清洁能源；选项D“batteries”是电池。
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precision approach categoryⅠlighting system
Precision approach category 1 DH= 60m
CAT 1 NORMAL OACI
or RVR > 800m
Runway threshold identification lights (Flashing lights)
2 location and composition :
Spacing: 1~4m
3 characteristics of simple approach system 1) Fixed lights/ Distinguishable from other lights 2) Sequence flashing lights 3) Requirements for a non-instrument RWY: on base and final leg / at all angles in azimuth 4) Requirements for a non-precision RWY: on final approach / at all angles in azimuth
No runway lead-in lighting systems during cat. II operations (flashing lights may blind the pilot)
900m
crossbar
150m
150m
Side row barrette
(extend 270m) 侧边灯 Longitudinal rvals:30m
3) Color and form of shining: colored flashes (at land:green;at water: yellow) alternating with white flashes or white flashes only 4)direction: at all angles of azimuth
Visual navaids on aerodrome (Ⅱ)-lighting systems
Ⅰ General requirements
Lights
which may endanger the safety of aircraft & may cause confusion : that non-aeronautical ground light / (shall) be extinguished, screened or modified
Ⅳ Approach lighting system
Simple approach lighting system
precision approach categoryⅠlighting system
precision approach categoryⅡ&Ⅲ lighting system
Aerodrome identification beacon 1) using period: at night 2) location: on or adjacent to the aerodrome in an area of low ambient background lighting 3)orientation: (if the aerodrome is at land) at all angles of azimuth 4) color: at a land :flashing green at water: flashing yellow 5)transmition:the International Morse Code 莫尔斯代码
simple approach lighting system 1 application 1) shall; to serve a non-precision approach RWY 2)should; to serve a non-precision approach RWY; code number is 3 or 4;at night
Ⅱ
Using
Emergency lighting
period: the primary runway in the event of failure of the normal lighting system. Color: conform to the color requirements for RWY lighting
Ⅴ visual approach slope indicator
system 目视下滑道坡度指示系统
Purpose :to serve approach • Conditions of using it similar approach guidance requirements pilot have difficulty in judging the approach the presence of objects physical conditions (undershooting or overrunning) terrain or meteorological conditions
Ⅲ aerodrome beacon &
aerodrome identification beacon
Aerodrome
beacon 1) using period: at night generally 2) location: on or adjacent to the aerodrome in an area of low ambient background lighting; not shielded by objects in significant directions; not dazzle a pilot approaching to land.
Light control Some systems can be operated at compatible intensities: Approach lighting system RWY edge lights RWY threshold lights RWY end lights RWY centre line lights RWY touchdown zone lights Taxiway centre line lights
Longitudinal intervals:30m
150m 150m
crossbar
横排灯
150m
characteristics
Centre line & crossbar lights: fixed variable white lights Each barrette（短排灯）: supplemented by a capacitor discharge light (电容放电灯). (frequency: twice a in sequence; outermost part ☞innermost part; operate independently)
•
ps: “ A” means “abbreviation”
VASIS & AVASIS
3-BAR VASIS & 3-BAR AVASIS
composition
T-VASIS & AT-VASIS
PAPI & APAPI
VASIS 1 disposition of VASIS twelve light units; in upwind and downwind position; symmetrically; two pairs of wing bars(翼排灯) 2 arrangement a white color in its upper part; a red color in its lower part
Lights
intensity 1) adequate intensity& directional light 2) relative intensity: The conspicuity of a light depends on the impression received of contrast between the light and its background. 3) two relative factors of intensity: the condition of background brightness and the visibility
420m
characteristics
a)
b) c)
d)
Barrette: variable white (first 300m from the threshold); length(=>4m);intervals(=<1.5m) Crossbar: fixed variable white; intervals(=<2.7m) Two kinds of composition of each center line lights beyond 300m from the threshold: a barrette (capacitor discharge light; twice a second in sequence) / two light sources in the central 300m of center line, three light sources in the outer 300m of center line Side row lights (barrette): red