From diagnostics to therapy Prospects of quantum dots
医学类中英文翻译
The methods of diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis1. What Measures Can Be Taken to Prevent BoneLoss?• R1. Maintain adequate calcium intake; use calcium supplements, if needed, to meet minimal requiredintake (Grade A; “best evidence”level or BEL 1).• R2. Maintain adequate vitamin D intake; supplement vitamin D, if needed, to maintain serum levels of25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] between 30 and 60ng/mL (Grade A; BEL 1).• R3. Limit alcohol intake to no more than 2 servingsper day (Grade B; BEL 2).• R4. Limit caffeine intake (Grade C; BEL 3).• R5. Avoid or stop smoking (Grade B; BEL 2).• R6. Maintain an active lifestyle, including weightbearing exercises for at least 30 minutes daily (GradeB; BEL 2).2. What Nonpharmacologic Measures Can Be Recommended for Treatment of Osteoporosis?All the foregoing measures plus the following:• R7. Maintain adequate protein intake (Grade B; BEL3).• R8. Use proper body mechanics (Grade B; BEL 1).• R9. Consider the use of hip protectors in individualswith a high risk of falling (Grade B; BEL 1).• R10. Take measures to reduce the risk of falling(Grade B; BEL 2).• R11. Consider referral for physical therapy and occupational therapy (Grade B; BEL 1).3. Who Needs to Be Screened for Osteoporosis?• R12. Women 65 years old or older (Grade B; BEL 2).• R13. Younger postmenopausal women at increasedrisk of fracture, based on a list of risk factors (see section 4.5) (Grade C; BEL 2).4. How Is Osteoporosis Diagnosed?• R14. Use a central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement (Grade B; BEL 3).• R15. In the absence of fracture, osteoporosis is definedas a T-score of -2.5 or below in the spine (anteroposterior), femoral neck, or total hip (Grade B; BEL 2).• R16. Osteoporosis is defined as the presence of afracture of the hip or spine (see section 4.4.2) (in the absence of other bone conditions) (Grade B; BEL 3).5. How Is Osteoporosis Evaluated?• R17. Evaluate for secondary osteoporosis (Grade B; BEL 2).• R18. Evaluate for prevalent vertebral fractures (see section 4.7.1) (Grade B; BEL 2).6. Who Needs Pharmacologic Therapy?• R19. Those patients with a history of a fracture of the hip or spine (Grade A; BEL 1).• R20. Patients without a history of fractures but with aT-score of -2.5 or lower (Grade A; BEL 1).• R21. Patients with a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5if FRAX (see section 4.5) major osteoporotic fracture probability is ≥20% or hip fracture probability is ≥3% (Grade A; BEL 2).7. What Drugs Can Be Used to Treat Osteoporosis?Use drugs with proven antifracture efficacy:• R22. Use alendronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid,and denosumab as the first line of therapy (Grade A;BEL 1).• R23. Use ibandronate as a second-line agent (Grade A; BEL 1).• R24. Use raloxifene as a second- or third-line agent (Grade A; BEL 1).• R25. Use calcitonin as the last line of therapy (Grade C; BEL 2).• R26. Use teriparatide for patients with very high fracture risk or patients in whom bisphosphonate therapyhas failed (Grade A; BEL 1).• R27. Advise against the use of combination therapy (Grade B; BEL 2).8. How Is Treatment Monitored?• R28. Obtain a baseline DXA, and repeat DXA every1 to2 years until findings are stable. Continue with follow-up DXA every 2 years or at a less frequentinterval (Grade B; BEL 2).• R29. Monitor changes in spine or total hip bone mineral density (BMD) (Grade C; BEL 2).• R30. Follow-up of patients should be in the same facility, with the same machine, and, if possible, withthe same technologist (Grade B; BEL 2).• R31. Bone turnover markers may be used at baselineto identify patients with high bone turnover and can be used to follow the response to therapy (Grade C; BEL2).9. What Is Successful Treatment of Osteoporosis?• R32. BMD is stable or increasing, and no fractures are present (Grade B; BEL 2).• R33. For patients taking antiresorptive agents, bone turnover markers at or below the median value for premenopausal women are achieved (see section 4.9) (Grade B; BEL 2).• R34. One fracture is not necessarily evidence of failure. Consider alternative therapy or reassessment forsecondary causes of bone loss for patients who have recurrent fractures while receiving therapy (Grade B;BEL 2).10. How Long Should Patients Be Treated?• R35. For treatment with bisphosphonates, if osteoporosisis mild, consider a “drug holiday”after 4 to 5years of stability. If fracture risk is high, consider adrug holiday of 1 to 2 years after 10 years of treatment (Grade B; BEL 1).• R36. Follow BMD and bone turnover markers duringa drug holiday period, and reinitiate therapy if bonedensity declines substantially, bone turnover markers increase, or a fracture occurs (Grade C; BEL 3).11. When Should Patients Be Referred to Clinical Endocrinologists?• R37. When a patient with normal BMD sustains afracture without major trauma (Grade C; BEL 4).• R38. When recurrent fractures or continued bone loss occurs in a patient receiving therapy without obvious treatable causes of bone loss (Grade C; BEL 4).• R39. When osteoporosis is unexpectedly severe or has unusual features (Grade C; BEL 4).• R40. When a patient has a condition that complicates management (for example, renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, or malabsorption) (Grade C; BEL 4).Thisfigure is taken from page 28 ofthe 2011 OsteoporosisPrevention and TreatmentGuidelines (in Japanese). a Inpatients taking bisphosphonates,measure after stopping drug forat least 6 months, and inpatients taking otherosteoporosis drugs, measureafter stopping drug for at least1 month. b Measure one typeeach of a resorption marker andformation marker. c Excludingeldecalcitol. d In patientsexpected to be on long-termbisphosphonate therapy,measure bone resorptionmarkers and BAP or P1NP.Changes in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis Together with significant changes in the disease concept of osteoporosis, new technology continues to be incorporatedinto clinical diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Withthe introduction of DXA to measure BMD, more precise diagnostic criteria have been established [11]. The measurement of bone metabolic markers, approved by NHI inroutine clinical practice in the field of osteoporosis, hasallowed (1) estimation of bone turnover state at the time of measurement, (2) prediction of the rate of BMD change innear future, (3) assessment of the effect of drug treatment,and (4) evaluation of bone quality [10].In addition, with the introduction into clinical practice ofvarious bone antiresorptive drugs which can prevent fractures based on scientific evidence, the incidence of fracturesdue to osteoporosis has decreased according toepidemiologic studies [12].In the future, with the goal of ideal treatment to increasebone mass, the risk of fracture or osteoporosis will be evaluated from the bone loss to decide whether to initiatedrug treatment, and strategies will be sought to maintain or increase QOL in osteoporosis and assess fracture risk in lifestyle-related diseases. In other words, there will be relentless efforts towards establishing a comprehensivesystem to manage osteoporosis.Change in views about the significance of measuringbone metabolic markersThe significance of measuring bone metabolic markers was originally considered important as a surrogate marker forBMD change rates, but now its significance as a means to evaluate bone quality [13] and to assess the future risk of fracture has been emphasized [14–16]. In addition, becausethe newly available antiresorptive drugs markedly inhibitbone metabolic markers, the measurement of bone metabolic markers is a useful means to assess drug efficacy [17, 18]. Although the use of bone metabolic markers now hasan important role in the daily management of osteoporosis, their use in Japan is still insufficient because ofinsurance coverage limitations [19]. Since the Japan Osteoporosis Society first created the 2001 guidelines,new bone metabolic markers have been introduced intoclinical practice. The availability of new osteoporosis treatments that promote bone formation has changed the clinical application of bone metabolic markers in current practice. Therefore, the necessity to revise the currentclinical practice led to the proposal to create these new2012 guidelines骨质疏松诊治方法1. 可采取何种措施预防骨丢失？推荐（R）1. 保持足量钙摄入；如果需要，利用钙添加剂亦最低摄入要求（A级；最佳证据水平[BEL]1）。
2020年职称英语考试综合类阅读判断练习及答案(10)
2020年职称英语考试综合类阅读判断练习及答案(10) Disease, Diagnosis, Treatment and PreventionDisease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness–this is, make a diagnosis. A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes body function felt by the patient and the signs(also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs(or symptoms)accompanied a given disease. Such a groupis called a syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patience's disorder is known, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician's orders.In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities inprevention. Throughout most of medical history, thephysician's aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens - to keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health–physical and mental.16. By disease it meant the condition in which one or more parts of the body fail to function properly.a. Rightb. Wrongc. Not mentioned17. A syndrome refers to a complex of signs and/or symptoms typical of a specific disease.a. Rightb. Wrongc. Not mentioned18. The diagnostic aids are indispensable in any case fora physician to diagnose a disease.a. Rightb. Wrongc. Not mentioned19. Because nurses can observe patients closely, they have at the authority to deal with any critical condition happening to patients.a. Rightb. Wrongc. Not mentioned20. Modern medicine attaches much more importance to disease prevention than traditional medicine.a. Rightb. Wrongc. Not mentioned21. An effective system of disease prevention and treatment has been established in every country all over the world.a. Rightb. Wrongc. Not mentioned22. Generally speaking, the physician is more willing to treat patients' physical disease than their mental illness.a. Rightb. Wrongc. Not mentioned。
癌症筛查和癌症过度诊断的英语作文
癌症筛查和癌症过度诊断的英语作文Title: Cancer Screening and the Dilemma of OverdiagnosisIn the modern era of healthcare, cancer screening has become a crucial tool in the early detection of malignancies, enabling prompt treatment and often improving patient outcomes. However, the increasing reliance on screening methods has also led to a controversial issue known as cancer overdiagnosis.Cancer screening refers to the use of various tests and procedures to detect cancer in its early stages, often before symptoms appear. These screening methods range from simple physical examinations to complex imaging techniques and biomarker tests. Breast cancer screening with mammograms, colon cancer screening with colonoscopies, and prostate cancer screening with PSA tests are some common examples. The benefits of early detection are numerous, including increased treatment options, improved survival rates, and a reduced need for aggressive therapies.However, the rise of cancer screening has also brought about the challenge of overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis refers to the identification of a cancer that would not have caused harm if it had not been detected and treated. This can occur when screening tests detect small or slow-growing tumors that may never progress to causesymptoms or threaten a patient's life. The resulting overdiagnosis often leads to unnecessary treatments, such as surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, which can have significant physical and psychological impacts on patients.The dilemma of overdiagnosis is particularly relevant in the context of breast cancer screening. While mammograms have been instrumental in reducing breast cancer mortality, they also have a relatively high false-positive rate. This means that many women are subjected to unnecessary further testing, including biopsies, which can be physically and emotionally distressing. Moreover, some of these women may be diagnosed with cancers that would never have threatened their lives.The issue of overdiagnosis is not limited to breast cancer screening alone. Other screening modalities, such as low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for lung cancer and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for prostate cancer, also have the potential for overdiagnosis. The key to addressing this dilemma lies in the judicious use of screening tests and a balanced approach to cancer detection and treatment.In conclusion, cancer screening is an invaluable tool in the fight against cancer, but it must be used wisely to avoid the pitfalls of overdiagnosis. Healthcare providers and policymakers must worktogether to develop screening programs that are effective, efficient, and tailored to the needs of individual patients. By doing so, we can ensure that cancer screening remains a force for good in the fight against this devastating disease.。
生物工程专业英语
Abstract:Biological engineering, a relatively young yet rapidly growing field, combines principles from biology, engineering, and computer science to solve complex problems in healthcare, agriculture, and the environment. This interdisciplinary field is at the forefront of technological advancements, offering innovative solutions to some of the most pressing challenges faced by humanity. This paper provides an overview of the field of biological engineering, its history, key areas of research, applications, and future prospects.1. IntroductionThe field of biological engineering emerged in the late 20th century as a response to the increasing need for interdisciplinary approaches to address complex problems in various sectors. By integrating knowledge from biology, engineering, and computer science, biological engineers strive to develop innovative solutions that can improve human health, enhance agricultural productivity, and protect the environment. This field has gained significant attention in recent years, thanks to advancements in biotechnology, genetics, and computational tools.2. History of Biological EngineeringThe roots of biological engineering can be traced back to the early 20th century when scientists began to explore the application of engineering principles to biological systems. The field gained momentum in the 1950s and 1960s with the development of recombinant DNA technology and the establishment of biotechnology companies. Over the years, the field has evolved to encompass a wide range of applications, including medical devices, biofuels, and environmental remediation.3. Key Areas of Research in Biological Engineering3.1 Biomedical EngineeringBiomedical engineering is a major subfield of biological engineeringthat focuses on the application of engineering principles to improve human health. This includes the development of medical devices,diagnostic tools, and therapeutic agents. Some key areas of research in biomedical engineering include:- Tissue engineering: Developing bioartificial tissues and organs for transplantation.- Nanomedicine: Using nanotechnology to deliver drugs and imaging agents directly to diseased cells.- Biocompatibility: Ensuring that medical devices and implants are compatible with the human body.3.2 Biochemical EngineeringBiochemical engineering involves the design and optimization of processes that use biological systems to produce valuable products. This includes the development of industrial fermentation processes, enzyme engineering, and bioreactors. Some key areas of research in biochemical engineering include:- Bioprocessing: Developing efficient and sustainable methods for producing biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals.- Enzyme engineering: Improving the properties of enzymes for industrial applications.- Bioreactor design: Optimizing the design of reactors to maximize the production of desired products.3.3 Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental engineering in biological engineering focuses on the development of technologies to protect and restore the environment. This includes the treatment of wastewater, air pollution control, and bioremediation. Some key areas of research in environmental engineering include:- Bioremediation: Using biological agents to clean up contaminated sites.- Wastewater treatment: Developing efficient methods for treating and recycling wastewater.- Air pollution control: Using biological systems to remove pollutants from industrial emissions.4. Applications of Biological Engineering4.1 HealthcareBiological engineering has revolutionized healthcare by developing new treatments, diagnostics, and medical devices. Some notable applications include:- Gene therapy: Using genetic engineering to treat genetic disorders.- Artificial organs: Developing bioartificial organs for transplantation.- Drug delivery systems: Using nanotechnology to deliver drugs directly to diseased cells.4.2 AgricultureBiological engineering has contributed to the development of sustainable agricultural practices that enhance crop yield and reduce environmental impact. Some key applications include:- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Developing crops with improved resistance to pests and diseases.- Precision agriculture: Using sensors and data analytics to optimize crop management.- Biopesticides: Developing environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides.4.3 Environmental ProtectionBiological engineering plays a crucial role in protecting the environment by developing technologies to remediate pollution and reduce waste. Some applications include:- Bioremediation: Using biological agents to clean up oil spills and contaminated sites.- Wastewater treatment: Developing sustainable methods for treating and recycling wastewater.- Air pollution control: Using biological systems to remove pollutants from industrial emissions.5. Future ProspectsThe field of biological engineering is expected to continue growing rapidly in the coming years, driven by technological advancements and increasing demand for sustainable solutions. Some future prospects include:- Development of personalized medicine: Tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.- Advancements in biofuels: Developing more efficient and sustainable methods for producing biofuels.- Addressing global challenges: Using biological engineering to address issues such as climate change, food security, and water scarcity.6. ConclusionBiological engineering is a dynamic and rapidly evolving field that offers immense potential for solving complex problems in healthcare, agriculture, and the environment. By integrating knowledge from various disciplines, biological engineers are at the forefront of technological innovation, developing innovative solutions that can improve the quality of life for people around the world. As the field continues to grow, it is poised to play an even more significant role in shaping the future of humanity.。
中考英语医疗技术的创新与发展趋势单选题40题
中考英语医疗技术的创新与发展趋势单选题40题1. In the hospital, a new medical device can ______ the patient's heart rate more accurately.A. measureB. changeC. stopD. hide答案解析：A。
本题考查对医疗设备功能的理解。
A选项measure 表示测量，新型医疗设备能够更准确地测量病人的心率，这是符合实际医疗场景的功能。
B选项change是改变，医疗设备主要目的不是改变心率，而且随意改变心率是危险的，所以该选项错误。
C选项stop 是停止，这不是医疗设备正常的功能，停止心率是非常危险的，不符合常理。
D选项hide是隐藏，与医疗设备的功能毫无关系，所以也是错误的。
2. A new treatment method for cancer is being developed. It ______ using special drugs to kill cancer cells.A. includesB. avoidsC. forgetsD. hates答案解析：A。
本题考查对新治疗方法内容的理解。
A选项includes 表示包括，新的癌症治疗方法包括使用特殊药物来杀死癌细胞，这是合理的描述。
B选项avoids是避免，新的治疗方法是要杀死癌细胞，而不是避免使用药物，所以该选项错误。
C选项forgets是忘记，这与治疗方法毫无关系，是错误的。
D选项hates是讨厌，同样与医疗技术创新概念无关，也是错误的。
3. The latest medical technology can help doctors ______ the inside of the patient's body without opening it up.A. seeB. touchC. breakD. close答案解析：A。
高三英语学术英语单选题 30 题
高三英语学术英语单选题30 题1<背景文章>Artificial intelligence (AI) has been making remarkable strides in the medical field in recent years. AI - powered systems are being used for a variety of applications, ranging from disease diagnosis to drug discovery.One of the major applications of AI in healthcare is in medical imaging. AI algorithms can analyze X - rays, CT scans, and MRIs with high accuracy, helping doctors detect diseases such as cancer at an earlier stage. For example, some AI - based software can identify tiny tumors in lung X - rays that might be missed by the human eye. This early detection can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.In addition to diagnosis, AI is also playing an increasingly important role in drug development. It can analyze vast amounts of data on drug candidates, predict their effectiveness, and identify potential side effects more quickly than traditional methods. This speeds up the drug discovery process, which is often long and costly.However, the application of AI in medicine also faces several challenges. One of the main concerns is data privacy. Medical data is highly sensitive, and any leakage could have serious consequences for patients. Another challenge is the regulatory environment. Ensuring that AI- based medical products are safe and effective requires clear regulatory guidelines, which are still in the process of being developed in many countries.Despite these challenges, the future of AI in healthcare looks promising. With continuous advancements in technology, AI is expected to become even more integrated into medical practice. For example, AI - powered robots could be used for surgical procedures, providing greater precision and reducing the risk of human error. Moreover, AI could be used to develop personalized medicine, tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup and medical history.1. <问题1>What is one of the major applications of AI in healthcare mentioned in the article?A. Patient monitoringB. Medical imagingC. Hospital managementD. Nursing training答案：B。
蛋白质芯片技术介绍
principle is make various proteins orderly fixed on all
kinds of medium carrier（介质载体） as a test
chip.And then, using the tag antibodies(抗体) that
are specified by the fluorescent(荧光) substance
在同一系统中集发现和检测为一体——利用单克隆抗体芯片，鉴定未知抗 原/蛋白质，以减少测定蛋白质序列的工作量。
8.It can quantitatively use monoclonal antibody chip,.As a result of that the combination to chip antibody is quantitative, it can be used to measure quantity of antigen.
Then comes the protein chip
The protein chip（蛋白芯片） technology is
quickly developed
in recent years in chemical
biology as a high and new technology.It is the basic
Functional protein microarrays (also known as target protein arrays) are constructed by immobilising large numbers of purified proteins and are used to ideantify protein-protein, protein-DNA, protein-RNA, protein-phospholipid, and proteinsmall molecule interactions, to assay enzymatic activity and to detect antibodies and demonstrate their specificity. They differ from analytical arrays in that functional protein arrays are composed of arrays containing full-length functional proteins or protein domains. These protein chips are used to study the biochemical activities of the entire proteome in a single experiment.
cell工程知识点总结
cell工程知识点总结1. Cell CultureCell culture is the process of growing and maintaining cells in a controlled environment outside of their natural habitat. This technique is fundamental to cell engineering, as it allows researchers to study and manipulate cells in a controlled setting. There are several key concepts and techniques in cell culture, including:- Cell lines: Cell lines are a population of cells that are derived from a single cell and are genetically identical. They are commonly used in research and biotechnology, as they can be maintained indefinitely and provide a consistent and reliable source of cells.- Primary cells: Primary cells are cells that are directly isolated from a tissue or organ. They are used for studying the properties and behaviors of specific cell types in their natural state.- Cell culture media: Cell culture media are nutrient-rich solutions that provide the necessary nutrients, growth factors, and hormones for cells to grow and proliferate in culture.- Subculture and passaging: Subculture and passaging refer to the process of transferring cells from one culture vessel to another to allow them to continue growing and dividing. This is important for maintaining healthy and actively growing cell populations.2. Genetic EngineeringGenetic engineering is the process of manipulating an organism's DNA to alter its characteristics or introduce new traits. In the context of cell engineering, genetic engineering is used to modify cells for a variety of purposes, including:- Gene editing: Gene editing techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, allow researchers to precisely modify the DNA of cells, enabling the addition, deletion, or modification of specific genes.- Gene expression: Genetic engineering can be used to control the expression of genes within a cell, regulating the production of specific proteins or enzymes.- Recombinant DNA technology: Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic sequences with novel properties. This technique is often used to produce recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.- Gene therapy: Gene therapy is a promising approach for treating genetic disorders and other diseases by introducing new genes or modifying existing ones within a patient's cells.3. Tissue EngineeringTissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that aims to create functional tissues and organs by combining cells with biomaterials and biochemical factors. This approach holds great potential for regenerative medicine, as it could provide solutions for organ transplantation, tissue repair, and disease treatment. Key concepts and techniques in tissue engineering include:- Scaffold design: Scaffolds are three-dimensional structures that provide the necessary support and environment for cells to grow and organize into functional tissue. Designing optimal scaffolds with suitable biomaterials, porosity, and mechanical properties is crucial for successful tissue engineering.- Cell sources: Tissue engineering relies on a variety of cell sources, including stem cells, primary cells, and cell lines. Stem cells, in particular, are of great interest due to their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types and their potential for regenerative medicine.- Bioreactors: Bioreactors are devices that provide a controlled environment for tissue culture, allowing for the delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors to cells while removing waste products. They play a critical role in scaling up tissue engineering processes for clinical applications.4. Synthetic BiologySynthetic biology is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from biology, engineering, and computer science to design and construct biological systems with novel functionalities. In the context of cell engineering, synthetic biology offers the potential to engineer cells with custom-designed genetic circuits and metabolic pathways for various applications, such as:- Biofuel production: Synthetic biology approaches can be used to engineer microorganisms for the production of biofuels, such as ethanol, biodiesel, and other renewable fuels.- Bioremediation: Engineered cells can be designed to metabolize and degrade environmental pollutants, offering potential solutions for bioremediation and environmental cleanup.- Biosensors: Synthetic biology enables the construction of engineered cells that can detect specific molecules or environmental signals, providing new tools for diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and drug discovery.5. Applications of Cell EngineeringCell engineering has a broad range of applications across different fields, including medicine, biotechnology, and agriculture. Some key applications of cell engineering include:- Cell-based therapies: Cell engineering techniques are being used to develop novel therapies for various diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, andneurodegenerative conditions. For example, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown promising results for treating certain types of cancer.- Biopharmaceutical production: Cell engineering plays a critical role in the production of biopharmaceuticals, including therapeutic proteins, antibodies, and vaccines. Engineered cells, such as mammalian expression systems and microbial hosts, are used to produce these complex biologics at large scales.- Tissue regeneration: Tissue engineering approaches are being explored for creating artificial organs, repairing damaged tissues, and promoting regeneration in the body. This has the potential to revolutionize organ transplantation and regenerative medicine.- Agricultural biotechnology: Cell engineering is used in agricultural biotechnology to develop genetically modified crops with improved traits, such as resistance to pests, environmental stress, and enhanced nutritional content.6. Future Prospects and ChallengesThe field of cell engineering is rapidly advancing, driven by ongoing technological innovations and scientific discoveries. Some future prospects and challenges in the field include:- Personalized medicine: Advances in cell engineering and genetic technologies are paving the way for personalized medicine approaches, where treatments and therapies are tailored to an individual's genetic makeup and specific medical needs.- Organoid and organ-on-a-chip technologies: Organoids are miniature, three-dimensional organ-like structures derived from stem cells, while organ-on-a-chip devices mimic the physiology and function of human organs in vitro. These cutting-edge technologies hold promise for drug screening, disease modeling, and personalized medicine applications.- Ethical and regulatory considerations: As cell engineering technologies continue to advance, there are ongoing ethical and regulatory discussions surrounding their use, particularly in areas such as gene editing, human embryo research, and the creation of novel biological systems.In conclusion, cell engineering is a dynamic and multidisciplinary field that holds great potential for addressing diverse challenges in biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. With ongoing advancements in cell culture, genetic engineering, tissue engineering, synthetic biology, and their applications, we can expect continuous progress and innovation in this exciting field. By leveraging the principles and techniques of cell engineering, we can potentially revolutionize healthcare, biomanufacturing, and environmental sustainability in the years to come.。
术前诊断 英文单词
术前诊断英文单词全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Preoperative diagnosis refers to the process of identifying a medical condition or disease before a surgical procedure is performed. This is an essential step in ensuring the success of the surgery and the overall health and wellbeing of the patient. Preoperative diagnosis involves a comprehensive evaluation of the patient's medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests to determine the precise nature of the condition that requires surgical intervention. In this article, we will discuss the importance of preoperative diagnosis, the various methods and tests used in the process, and how it impacts the overall outcome of the surgery.There are several methods and tests used in the preoperative diagnosis process, each with its own strengths and limitations. These include:第二篇示例：Preoperative diagnosis refers to the process of determining a patient's medical condition before surgery. This is a critical stepin the overall surgical process, as the diagnosis will help guide the surgeon in planning and carrying out the procedure. There are various methods and tools that can be used to make a preoperative diagnosis, including physical examinations, diagnostic tests, and medical imaging.第三篇示例：Preoperative diagnosis refers to the process of identifying a medical condition or disease before a surgical procedure. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the success of the surgery and the overall health outcomes of the patient. In this article, we will explore the importance of preoperative diagnosis and some commonly used English words related to this topic.The first step in the preoperative diagnosis process is the evaluation of the patient's medical history. This involves gathering information about the patient's past medical conditions, surgeries, allergies, medications, and lifestyle habits.A thorough review of the patient's medical history can help the healthcare team identify any potential risks or complications that could arise during surgery.Another important aspect of preoperative diagnosis is the physical examination. This involves a comprehensive assessmentof the patient's vital signs, physical appearance, and overall health status. The healthcare team may also perform specific tests and screenings to evaluate the patient's organ function, blood levels, and overall fitness for surgery.Laboratory tests are often used as part of the preoperative diagnosis process to help identify any underlying medical conditions or abnormalities. Common laboratory tests include blood tests, urine tests, imaging studies, and electrocardiograms. These tests can help the healthcare team determine the appropriate course of treatment and surgical intervention for the patient.Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, are also essential tools in the preoperative diagnosis process. These tests can provide detailed images of the patient's internal organs, bones, and tissues, helping the healthcare team identify any abnormalities, tumors, or other conditions that may require surgical intervention.In addition to medical tests and screenings, the healthcare team may also use diagnostic procedures such as biopsies, endoscopies, and cardiac catheterizations to further evaluate the patient's condition before surgery. These procedures can helpthe team gather more information about the extent of the disease or condition and determine the best course of treatment.Once the preoperative diagnosis is complete, the healthcare team can develop a comprehensive treatment plan for the patient. This plan may include medication management, lifestyle changes, physical therapy, and surgical intervention. The goal of the treatment plan is to optimize the patient's health andwell-being before, during, and after surgery.Commonly used English words related to preoperative diagnosis include:1. Diagnosis: The identification of a medical condition or disease based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, and test results.2. Preoperative: Referring to the period before surgery, including the evaluation, preparation, and planning for the surgical procedure.3. Evaluation: The process of assessing the patient's medical history, physical examination, and test results to determine the appropriate course of treatment.4. Medical history: A record of the patient's past medical conditions, surgeries, medications, and lifestyle habits that can help guide the preoperative diagnosis process.5. Screening: The process of testing or examining a group of people to identify those who may be at risk for a particular medical condition.6. Laboratory tests: Blood tests, urine tests, and other diagnostic tests used to assess the patient's organ function, blood levels, and overall health status.7. Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and other tests that provide detailed images of the patient's internal organs, bones, and tissues.8. Treatment plan: A detailed outline of the patient's course of treatment, including medication management, lifestyle changes, and surgical intervention.9. Surgical intervention: The use of surgery to treat a medical condition or disease, typically after a thorough preoperative diagnosis process.In conclusion, preoperative diagnosis is a critical step in ensuring the success of a surgical procedure and the overall health outcomes of the patient. By conducting a thoroughevaluation of the patient's medical history, performing physical examinations and tests, and using diagnostic procedures as needed, the healthcare team can develop a comprehensive treatment plan to optimize the patient's health and well-being. By familiarizing yourself with the commonly used English words related to preoperative diagnosis, you can better understand the importance of this process and play an active role in your own healthcare journey.第四篇示例：Preoperative diagnosis is a crucial step in the medical field, as it allows healthcare professionals to accurately assess a patient's condition before they undergo surgery. This process typically involves a series of tests and examinations to determine the nature of the patient's illness or injury, and to plan the appropriate treatment.。
检验专业英语试题及答案
检验专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a routine test in clinical laboratory?A. Blood countB. Urine analysisC. Liver function testD. DNA sequencing2. The term "hemoglobin" refers to:A. A type of proteinB. A type of enzymeC. A type of hormoneD. A type of lipid3. What is the primary function of the enzyme amylase?A. To break down proteinsB. To break down carbohydratesC. To break down fatsD. To break down nucleic acids4. The process of identifying the presence of a specific microorganism in a sample is known as:A. CulturingB. IsolationC. IdentificationD. Quantification5. Which of the following is a common method for measuring the concentration of glucose in blood?A. SpectrophotometryB. ChromatographyC. ElectrophoresisD. Enzymatic assay6. The term "ELISA" stands for:A. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayB. Electrophoresis-Linked Immunosorbent AssayC. Enzyme-Linked Immunofluorescence AssayD. Electrophoresis-Linked Immunofluorescence Assay7. In medical diagnostics, what does "PCR" refer to?A. Polymerase Chain ReactionB. Protein Chain ReactionC. Particle Count ReactionD. Pathogen Characterization Reaction8. The process of measuring the amount of a specific substance in a sample is known as:A. TitrationB. CalibrationC. QuantificationD. Qualification9. Which of the following is a common type of clinical specimen?A. BloodB. SoilC. HairD. Water10. The term "antibodies" refers to:A. Proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigensB. Substances that neutralize toxinsC. Hormones that regulate immune responseD. Cells that produce immune responses二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The process of separating molecules based on their size is known as __________.2. In clinical chemistry, the term "assay" refers to a__________ method.3. The unit of measurement for pH is __________.4. A common method for detecting the presence of antibodies in a sample is the __________ test.5. The process of identifying the type of bacteria in a sample is known as __________.6. The process of separating DNA fragments based on their size is known as __________.7. The term "ELISA" is used in __________ to detect the presence of specific antibodies or antigens.8. The process of identifying the genetic makeup of an organism is known as __________.9. The process of measuring the amount of a substance in a sample using a specific wavelength of light is called__________.10. The process of identifying the presence of specific microorganisms in a sample is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Describe the principle of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).2. Explain the importance of maintaining aseptic technique ina clinical laboratory.3. What are the steps involved in performing a blood count?4. Discuss the role of antibodies in the immune response.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Compare and contrast the methods of Chromatography and Electrophoresis in terms of their applications in clinical diagnostics.2. Discuss the ethical considerations in the use of genetic testing for medical purposes.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. 将以下句子从中文翻译成英文：在临床实验室中，酶联免疫吸附测定法是一种常用的检测特定抗体或抗原的方法。
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Review
From diagnostics to therapy: Prospects of quantum dots
Hassan M.E. Azzazy a,⁎, Mai M.H. Mansour a, Steven C. Kazmierczak b
Applications of QDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 In vitro nanodiagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 Immunohistochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 Immunoassays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 Nucleic acid detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 Detection of genetic polymorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 Single-molecule detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 Other in vitro applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 Diagnostic imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922 Surgical guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 Proteomic and genomic applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 Cellular localization studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
a Department of Chemistry and Yousef Jameel Science and Technology Research Center, the American University in Cairo, 113 Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11511, Egypt b Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Azzazy et al. / Clinical Biochemistry 40 (2007) 917–927
Therapeutic applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 Drug delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 Photodynamic therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 Drug discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Received 18 March 2007; accepted 7 May 2007 Available online 29 June 2007
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are among the most promising items in the nanomedicine toolbox. These nanocrystal fluorophores have several potential medical applications including nanodiagnostics, imaging, targeted drug delivery, and photodynamic therapy. The diverse potential applications of QDs are attributed to their unique optical properties including broad-range excitation, size-tunable narrow emission spectra, and high photostability. The size and composition of QDs can be varied to obtain the desired emission properties a makes them amenable for simultaneous detection of multiple targets. Also, numerous surface functionalizations can be used to adapt QDs to the needed application. Recent reports have shown successful use of QDs in various medical applications. With respect to in vivo applications, caution must be exercised with QDs due to their toxic components. Development of appropriate health and safety regulations and resolution of intellectual property issues are necessary for commercialization. In light of these obstacles however, QDs appear to be too valuable to nanomedicine to dismiss, and will eventually come into routine practical use. © 2007 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Preparation, biocompatibility, and functionalization of QDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Biocompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Functionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920